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Dergiler / Journal of the Turkish Chemical Society Section A: Chemistry / 2026 / Volume: 2026 Issue: 2

Development of Spectrophotometric Method for Determination of Famotidine in Tablets via Oxidation-Reduction Reaction

Rawaa Zakaria(University of Mosul)0000-0003-4818-5000
Zeena Al Abdali(University of Mosul)0000-0002-4526-4574
Nabeel Othman(University of Mosul)0000-0002-5930-3925
Nagham Nathim(University of Mosul)0000-0002-0513-3975
Sayfa
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Yayın Tarihi
2026-10-19
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The proposed method was successfully applied to the determination of FAT in pharmaceutical tablets.

📌 3 Maddede Bu Makale

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Amaç & Hipotez:A simple and sensitive spectrophotometric method was developed and validated for the determination of famotidine (FAT) in its pure form and in tablet formulations using an oxidation–reduction reaction.
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Temel Bulgular & Veri:Subsequently, the residual NBS reacts with p-anisidine (PAN) under acidic conditions to form a reddish-violet brominated product, whose absorbance is measured at 522 nm.
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Sonuç & Katkı:The proposed method was successfully applied to the determination of FAT in pharmaceutical tablets.
🔬Tür:Research Article
📍Kapsam:Genişletilmiş Akademik Örneklem
⚙️Değişkenler:Famotidine · p-Anisidine · N-bromosuccinimide

Abstract

A simple and sensitive spectrophotometric method was developed and validated for the determination of famotidine (FAT) in its pure form and in tablet formulations using an oxidation–reduction reaction. The method involves the oxidation of FAT with excess N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) in an acetic acid medium. Subsequently, the residual NBS reacts with p-anisidine (PAN) under acidic conditions to form a reddish-violet brominated product, whose absorbance is measured at 522 nm. Beer’s law was obeyed over the concentration range of 1–20 mg/L, with a molar absorptivity of 2.193 × 10⁴ L mol⁻¹ cm⁻¹. The limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) were 0.034 and 0.114 mg/L, respectively. The method demonstrated high accuracy, with a mean recovery of 99.91%, and good precision, with relative standard deviation (RSD) values below 0.38%. The proposed method was successfully applied to the determination of FAT in pharmaceutical tablets.

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Bu Makaleye Atıf Yap

Zakaria, R., Abdali, Z. A., Othman, N., Nathim, N. (2026). Development of Spectrophotometric Method for Determination of Famotidine in Tablets via Oxidation-Reduction Reaction. Journal of the Turkish Chemical Society Section A: Chemistry, Volume: 2026 Issue: 2. https://doi.org/10.18596/jotcsa.1986264

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Kaynakça (50)

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  27. Sneader W. Drug discovery: A history. John Wiley and Sons; 2005. 214–215 p. Available from:.
  28. Nautiyal H, Kazmi I, Kaleem M, Afzal M, Ahmad MM, Zafar A, et al. Mechanism of action of drugs used in gastrointestinal diseases. In: How Synthetic Drugs Work. Elsevier; 2023. p. 391–419. Available from:.
  29. Singhal M, Bhatt P, Nagarajan K. Formulation development and characterization of powder for oral suspension containing H2 blocker drug to combat GERD and peptic ulcer. 2022;20(11):1258–73. Available from:.
  30. Chandrasekhar Reddy G, Shyamala P, Murali Krishna R, Venkata Narayanarao KM, Durga Babu M. Characterization of famotidine API and simultaneous quantification of its organic impurities by UPLC. Res J Pharm Technol. 2023 Mar 31;1421–7. Available from:.
  31. Yasin HKA, Al-Tabakha MM, Ahmad T, Khan SN, Chan SY. A rapid and green RP-HPLC method for the simultaneous quantification of ketoprofen and famotidine: Development and validation. Acta Chromatogr. 2026 Aug 18;38(3):649–58. Available from:.
  32. El Abass SA, Walash MI. Development and validation of spectrophotometric and pre-column derivatization HPLC method for determination of famotidine in pharmaceuticals by reaction with sodium nitroprusside; application to combined tablets. Pharm Anal Acta. 2016;7(5):1000476. Available from:.
  33. Wang X, Rytting E, Abdelrahman DR, Nanovskaya TN, Hankins GDV, Ahmed MS. Quantitative determination of famotidine in human maternal plasma, umbilical cord plasma and urine using high‐performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. Biomed Chromatogr. 2013 Jul 12;27(7):866–73. Available from:.
  34. Assali M, Abualhasan M, Zohud N, Ghazal N. RP-HPLC method development and validation of synthesized codrug in combination with indomethacin, paracetamol, and famotidine. Int J Anal Chem. 2020 Jul 1;2020:1894907. Available from:.
  35. Zounr RA, Khuhawar MY, Khuhawar TMJ, Lanjwani MF, Khuhawar MY. GC analysis of metformin, ranitidine and famotidine from pharmaceuticals and human serum. J Chromatogr Sci. 2023 Nov 5;61(9):807–13. Available from:.
  36. Badameh A, Nezhadali A. A disposable homemade screen printed electrode for famotidine analysis using a computer-designed molecularly imprinted polymer based on the MWCNT-Fe 3 O 4 nanocomposite in simulated real samples. Anal Methods. 2024;16(44):7534–45. Available from:.
  37. Salehniya H, Amiri M, Nekoueian K. Voltammetric determination of famotidine using a bilayer of electrodeposited gold nanodendrites and mercapto-propanioc acid. Anal Bioanal Chem Res. 2022 Jan 1;9(1):59–71. Available from:.
  38. Walash MI, Sharaf-El-Din MK, Metwally MES, Shabana MR. Polarographic determination of famotidine through complexation with nickel(II) chloride. J Chinese Chem Soc. 2005 Oct;52(5):927–35. Available from:.
  39. Al-Samarrai SY. Analytical Method: Determination of famotidine drug using chemiluminescence method. Anal Methods Environ Chem J. 2024 Mar 1;7(1):65–75. Available from:.
  40. Aldosari AM, Radwan A, Mahrous G, Alghaith A. Spectroscopic determination and computational characterization of the charge transfer complex of famotidine with bromanil. ACS Omega. 2025 Dec 30;10(51):63324–35. Available from:.
  41. Al Samarrai SY, AlZubaidi R, Al-Ansari N. Charge transfer complex-based spectrophotometric analysis of famotidine in pure and pharmaceutical dosage forms. Sci Rep. 2024 Feb 13;14(1):3661. Available from:.
  42. Zakaria SA, Al-Saffar RS, Othman NS. A simple spectrophotometric method for the determination of famotidine via reaction with alizarin red S. Chem Methodol. 2022 Mar 1;6(3):228–36. Available from:.
  43. Hassoni FA, Mashkour S. Spectrophotometric determination of anti-ulcer drug (Famotidine) by brady reagent. J Posit Sch Psychol. 2022(9):1812–23. Available from:.
  44. Taghizade M, Ebrahimi M, Fooladi E, Yoosefian M. Simultaneous spectrophotometric determination of the residual of ciprofloxacin, famotidine, and tramadol using magnetic solid phase extraction coupled with multivariate calibration methods. Microchem J. 2021 Jan;160:105627. Available from:.
  45. Saeed AMA, Salih ES. Indirect spectrofluorometric method for the determination of cefotaxime sodium, ciprofloxacin hydrochloride and famotidine in pharmaceuticals using bromate-bromide and acriflavine dye. Baghdad Sci J. 2020 Mar 1;17(1):12. Available from:.
  46. Khan MN, Begum N, Hameed S, Nisar M, Zia M, Ullah Z. Fluorescence quenching–based quantification of famotidine in pharmaceutical formulations and biological fluids using eosin Y. Luminescence. 2026 Mar 24;41(3):e70463. Available from:.
  47. Pooja, Ghatak T, Ankita, Althagafi I, Yadav DK, Pratap R. Redefining N‐Bromosuccinimide: Chemistry beyond allylic bromination. Chem – An Asian J. 2026 Jul 20;21(14):e70859. Available from:.
  48. Zakaria RA, Salih ES. Indirect spectrophotometric determination of carvedilol, olanzapine and domperidone maleate in pharmaceuticals using potassium permanganate and alkali blue 4B dye. J Educ Sci. 2023 Sep 1;32(3):60–79. Available from:.
  49. Płotka-Wasylka J. A new tool for the evaluation of the analytical procedure: Green Analytical Procedure Index. Talanta. 2018 May;181:204–9. Available from:.
  50. Pena-Pereira F, Wojnowski W, Tobiszewski M. AGREE─Analytical GREEnness metric approach and software. Anal Chem. 2020 Jul 21;92(14):10076–82. Available from:.