KaydedilenlerDerginizi ekleyin

Dergiler / JENAS Journal of Environmental and Natural Studies / 2026 / Cilt: 8 Sayı: 1

Termal İşlemden Pankreas Hücre Hasarına: Oksidatif Stres Üzerinde Gıda Kaynaklı Bir Kontaminant Olarak Akrilamidin Değerlendirilmesi

From Thermal Processing to Pancreatic Cell Damage: Assessing Acrylamide as a Foodborne Contaminant on Oxidative Stress

Ceren Börçek Kasurka(ORDU ÜNİVERSİTESİ)0000-0002-5772-9463
Sayfa
1–16
Yayın Tarihi
2026-03-04
🏛️Bu makalenin bibliyografik verileri ve tam metin bağlantısı DergiPark üzerinden sağlanmıştır.
DergiPark Kaydı ↗
✨

Yapay Zeka Hızlı Bakış & Çıkarımlar

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(1 Cümlede Hızlı Çıkarım)

Klonojenik assay bulguları, akrilamidin düşük dozlarda bile hücrelerin koloni oluşturma yeteneğini baskıladığını ve uzun süreli maruziyetin proliferatif kapasiteyi inhibe ettiğini ortaya koymuştur.

📌 3 Maddede Bu Makale

🎯
Amaç & Hipotez:Akrilamid, termal olarak işlenmiş gıdalarda Maillard reaksiyonu sonucu oluşan bir bileşiktir.
📊
Temel Bulgular & Veri:Bu çalışmanın amacı, akrilamid maruziyetinin sağlıklı insan pankreas kanal epitel hücreleri (hTERT-HPNE) üzerindeki sitotoksik, proliferatif ve oksidatif etkilerini in vitro düzeyde incelemektir. hTERT-HPNE hücrelerinin farklı konsantrasyonlarda (0.5-1-1.5 mM) akrilamid maruziyeti sonrasında hücre canlılığı MTT analizi ile belirlenmiş; akrilamidin uzun dönemli proliferatif etkileri ve koloni oluşturma kapasitesi klonojenik assay ile değerlendirilmiştir.
💡
Sonuç & Katkı:Klonojenik assay bulguları, akrilamidin düşük dozlarda bile hücrelerin koloni oluşturma yeteneğini baskıladığını ve uzun süreli maruziyetin proliferatif kapasiteyi inhibe ettiğini ortaya koymuştur.
🔬Tür:Deneysel Tarla Denemesi
📍Kapsam:Genişletilmiş Akademik Örneklem
⚙️Değişkenler:Akrilamid · hTERT-HPNE · Sitotoksisite

Özet

Akrilamid, termal olarak işlenmiş gıdalarda Maillard reaksiyonu sonucu oluşan bir bileşiktir. Yaygın bir kirletici olan akrilamid, genel nüfus üzerinde birikimli beslenme maruziyeti potansiyeli nedeniyle önemli bir halk sağlığı riski olarak kabul edilmektedir. Pankreas, nispeten düşük içsel antioksidan savunma kapasitesi ve kritik metabolik rolleri nedeniyle bu tür gıda kaynaklı toksinlere karşı özellikle savunmasızdır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, akrilamid maruziyetinin sağlıklı insan pankreas kanal epitel hücreleri (hTERT-HPNE) üzerindeki sitotoksik, proliferatif ve oksidatif etkilerini in vitro düzeyde incelemektir. hTERT-HPNE hücrelerinin farklı konsantrasyonlarda (0.5-1-1.5 mM) akrilamid maruziyeti sonrasında hücre canlılığı MTT analizi ile belirlenmiş; akrilamidin uzun dönemli proliferatif etkileri ve koloni oluşturma kapasitesi klonojenik assay ile değerlendirilmiştir. Hücresel redoks dengesindeki değişimleri saptamak amacıyla Total Antioksidan Seviye (TAS) ve Total Oksidan Seviye (TOS) kolorimetrik yöntemlerle ölçülmüştür. MTT sonuçları, akrilamidin hTERT-HPNE hücrelerinde doz bağımlı bir sitotoksisiteye neden olduğunu ve hücre canlılığının 1 mM ve üzeri dozlarda anlamlı derecede (p < 0.05) azaldığını göstermiştir. Klonojenik assay bulguları, akrilamidin düşük dozlarda bile hücrelerin koloni oluşturma yeteneğini baskıladığını ve uzun süreli maruziyetin proliferatif kapasiteyi inhibe ettiğini ortaya koymuştur. Biyokimyasal analizlerde, akrilamid dozundaki artışa paralel olarak TOS değerlerinde istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir artış, TAS değerlerinde ise azalma kaydedilmiştir. Özellikle 1 mM eşik dozundan itibaren oksidatif stresin hücresel hasarın birincil tetikleyicisi olduğu saptanmıştır. Bu çalışma; akrilamidin sağlıklı pankreas hücreleri üzerindeki doğrudan toksik etkilerini, özellikle TAS/TOS ve klonojeniklik eksenlerine odaklanarak göstererek, nispeten sınırlı olan literatüre katkıda bulunmaktadır. Verilerimiz, akrilamid maruziyetinin pankreas hücrelerine zarar verebileceğini ve oksidatif stresin neden olduğu hücre ölümünü ve karsinojenezi kolaylaştırabileceğini göstermektedir. Bu da halk sağlığı risk değerlendirmelerinde beslenme kaynaklı akrilamidin izlenmesinin öncelikli bir konu olduğunu vurgulamaktadır.

Abstract

Acrylamide is an ingredient generated by the Maillard reaction in thermally processed foods. As a ubiquitous contaminant, acrylamide is considered a significant public health risk due to the potential for cumulative dietary exposure across the general population. The pancreas is particularly vulnerable to such foodborne toxins owing to its relatively low intrinsic antioxidant defense capacity and critical metabolic roles. This study aims to examine the cytotoxic, proliferative, and oxidative effects of acrylamide exposure on healthy human pancreatic duct epithelial cells (hTERT-HPNE) in vitro. After exposing hTERT-HPNE cells to several concentrations (0.5-1-1.5 mM) of acrylamide, cell viability was assessed using the MTT test; the prolonged proliferative effects of acrylamide and its ability to form colonies were analyzed by clonogenic assay. The Total Antioxidant Status (TAS) and Total Oxidant Status (TOS) were assessed via colorimetric methods to identify alterations in the cellular redox equilibrium. MTT assays indicated that acrylamide induced dose-dependent cytotoxicity in hTERT-HPNE cells, with a significant reduction in cell viability (p < 0.05) observed at doses of 1 mM and higher. The clonogenic assay results indicated that acrylamide diminished the colony-forming capability of cells, even at low concentrations, and that extended exposure curtailed proliferative potential. Biochemical tests indicated a statistically significant elevation in TOS values and a reduction in TAS values corresponding to the increment in acrylamide dosage. Oxidative stress was identified as the principal catalyst of cellular damage, especially at concentrations exceeding the 1 mM threshold. This study contributes to the relatively limited literature by demonstrating the direct toxic effects of acrylamide on healthy pancreatic cells, specifically focusing on the TAS/TOS and clonogenicity axes. Our data indicate that acrylamide exposure may result in damage to pancreatic cells and facilitate oxidative stress-induced cell death and carcinogenesis, underscoring the necessity of monitoring dietary acrylamide as a priority for public health risk evaluations.

🔖

Bu Makaleye Atıf Yap

Kasurka, C. B. (2026). Termal İşlemden Pankreas Hücre Hasarına: Oksidatif Stres Üzerinde Gıda Kaynaklı Bir Kontaminant Olarak Akrilamidin Değerlendirilmesi. JENAS Journal of Environmental and Natural Studies, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 1, 1–16. https://doi.org/10.53472/jenas.1857245

📄 Tam Metin PDF Okuyucu

📄

PDF görüntüleyici hazırlanıyor...

Kaynakça (88)

  1. Abdel Hadi, N., Reyes-Castellanos, G., & Carrier, A. (2021). Targeting redox metabolism in pancreatic cancer. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 22(4), 1534.
  2. Adascălului, A. C., Negoiță, M., Mihai, A. L., & Horneț, G. A. (2021). Acrylamide in french fries prepared in at home and fast food conditions. Current Trends in Natural Sciences, 10(20), 06-12.
  3. Ahmed, Z. A., & Mohammed, N. K. (2023). Influence of Multiple Deep-Frying Cycles on the Characteristics of Corn Oil and Acrylamide Content in French Fries. In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science (Vol. 1262, No. 6, p. 062033). IOP Publishing.
  4. Aktağ, I. G., Hamzalıoğlu, A., Kocadağlı, T., & Gökmen, V. (2022). Dietary exposure to acrylamide: A critical appraisal on the conversion of disregarded intermediates into acrylamide and possible reactions during digestion. Current Research in Food Science, 5, 1118-1126.
  5. Albalawi, A., Alhasani, R. H. A., Biswas, L., Reilly, J., & Shu, X. (2017). Protective effect of carnosic acid against acrylamide-induced toxicity in RPE cells. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 108(Pt B), 543–553.
  6. Alsoliman, M. A., Alotaibi, K. F., & Alkhulaifi, A. S. (2025). Correlation between fast food consumption and lipid profiles. International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health, 13(1), 443–448. https://doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20254097
  7. Atlı Şekeroğlu, Z., Aydın, B., & Şekeroğlu, v. (2017). Argan oil reduces oxidative stress, genetic damage and emperipolesis in rats treated with acrylamide. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, 94, 873–879.
  8. Atlı Şekeroğlu, Z., Şekeroğlu, V., Işık, S., & Aydın, B. (2021). Trimetazidine alone or in combination with gemcitabine and/or abraxane decreased cell viability, migration and ATP levels and induced apoptosis of human pancreatic cells. Clinics and Research in Hepatology and Gastroenterology, 45(6), 101632.
  9. Aykas, D. P., Urtubia, A., Wong, K., Ren, L., López-Lira, C., & Rodriguez-Saona, L. E. (2022). Screening of acrylamide of par-fried frozen french fries using portable FT-IR spectroscopy. Molecules, 27(4), 1161.
  10. Basaran, B. (2024). Estimation of the Dietary Acrylamide Exposure of the Turkish Population: An Emerging Threat for Human Health. Nutrients, 16(18), 3088. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16183088
  11. Bosetti, C., Bertuccio, P., Negri, E., La Vecchia, C., Zeegers, M. P., & Boffetta, P. (2012). Pancreatic cancer: overview of descriptive epidemiology. Molecular Carcinogenesis, 51(1), 3-13.
  12. Cao, J., Liu, Y., Jia, L., Jiang, L. P., Geng, C. Y., Yao, X. F.,. & Zhong, L. F. (2008). Curcumin attenuates acrylamide-induced cytotoxicity and genotoxicity in HepG2 cells by ROS scavenging. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 56(24), 12059–12063.
  13. Chen, J. H., Tsou, T. C., Chiu, I. M., & Chou, C. C. (2010). Proliferation inhibition, DNA damage, and cell-cycle arrest of human astrocytoma cells after acrylamide exposure. Chemical Research in Toxicology, 23(9), 1449–1458.
  14. Chen, W., Feng, L., Shen, Y., Su, H., Li, Y., Zhuang, J.,. & Zheng, X. (2013). Myricitrin inhibits acrylamide‐mediated cytotoxicity in human Caco‐2 cells by preventing oxidative stress. BioMed Research International, 2013(1), 724183.
  15. Erdemli, Z., Erdemli, M. E., Bag, H. G. G., & Altinoz, E. (2022). Effects of acrylamide and crocin on rat lung tissue. Annals of Medical Research, 29(4), 397–400.
  16. Fazendeiro, M. S. P. P. (2013). DNA damage induced by acrylamide: Role of genetic polymorphisms in DNA damage levels [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. New University of Lisbon.
  17. Friedman, M. (2015). Acrylamide: Inhibition of formation in processed food and mitigation of toxicity in cells, animals, and humans. Food & Function, 6(6), 1752–1772.
  18. Garg, S., Huifu, H., Kaul, S. C., & Wadhwa, R. (2018). Integration of conventional cell viability assays for reliable and reproducible read-outs: experimental evidence. BMC Research Notes, 11(1), 403.
  19. Hogervorst, J., Schouten, L., Konings, E., Goldbohm, R., & van den Brandt, P. (2007). A prospective study of dietary acrylamide intake and pancreatic cancer risk. Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention, 16(12_Supplement), B49-B49.
  20. Hosseini-Esfahani, F., Ildarabadi, A., Daei, S., Koochakpoor, G., Nematollahi, A., Mirmiran, P., & Azizi, F. (2025). Acrylamide intake and metabolic syndrome risk: The Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study. Food Science & Nutrition, 13(4), e70038.
  21. Hu, W. G., & Lu, Q. P. (2014). Impact of oxidative stress on the cytoskeleton of pancreatic epithelial cells. Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 8(5), 1438-1442.
  22. Huchthausen, J., Escher, B. I., Grasse, N., König, M., Beil, S., & Henneberger, L. (2023). Reactivity of acrylamides causes cytotoxicity and activates oxidative stress response. Chemical Research in Toxicology, 36(8), 1374–1385.
  23. Hung, C. H., Lin, Y. C., Tsai, Y. G., Lin, Y. C., Kuo, C. H., Tsai, M. L.,. & Liao, W. T. (2021). Acrylamide induces mitophagy and alters macrophage phenotype via reactive oxygen species generation. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 22(4), 1683.
  24. Ishak, Z., Fin, L. S., Wan Ibrahim, W. A. H., Md. Zain, F., Yahya, A., Selamat, R.,. & Mokhtar, A. H. (2022). Fast food intake, emotional and behavioral problems among adolescents with overweight and obese problems participating in MyBFF@ school intervention program. Sage Open, 12(1), 21582440221086604.
  25. Ito, M., Makino, N., Matsuda, A., Ikeda, Y., Kakizaki, Y., Saito, Y.,. & Kawata, S. (2017). High glucose accelerates cell proliferation and increases the secretion and mRNA expression of osteopontin in human pancreatic duct epithelial cells. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 18(4), 807.
  26. Ji, K., Kang, S., Lee, G., Lee, S., Jo, A., Kwak, K., Kim, D., Kho, D., Lee, S., Kim, S., Kim, S., Huang, Y. F., Wu, K. Y., & Choi, K. (2013). Urinary levels of N-acetyl-S-(2-carbamoylethyl)-cysteine (AAMA), an acrylamide metabolite, in Korean children and their association with food consumption. Science of the Total Environment, 456–457, 17–23.
  27. Kacar, S., & Sahinturk, V. (2021). The protective agents used against acrylamide toxicity: An in vitro cell culture study-based review. Cell Journal (Yakhteh), 23(4), 367–381.
  28. Kacar, S., Sahinturk, V., & Kutlu, H. M. (2019). Effect of acrylamide on BEAS-2B normal human lung cells: Cytotoxic, oxidative, apoptotic and morphometric analysis. Acta Histochemica, 121(5), 595-603.
  29. Kacar, S., Vejselova, D., Kutlu, H., Sahinturk, V. (2017). Acrylamide-derived cytotoxic, anti-proliferative, and apoptotic effects on A549 cells. Human & Experimental Toxicology. 37(5):468-474. doi:10.1177/096032711771238
  30. Kamendulis, L. M., Wu, Q., Sandusky, G. E., & Hocevar, B. A. (2014). Perfluorooctanoic acid exposure triggers oxidative stress in the mouse pancreas. Toxicology Reports, 1, 513-521.
  31. Kaur, N., & Halford, N. G. (2023). Reducing the Risk of Acrylamide and Other Processing Contaminant Formation in Wheat Products. Foods, 12(17), 3264. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12173264
  32. Kawahito, S., Kitahata, H., & Oshita, S. (2009). Problems associated with glucose toxicity: role of hyperglycemia-induced oxidative stress. World Journal of Gastroenterology: WJG, 15(33), 4137.
  33. Kenwood, B. M., Zhu, W., Zhang, L., Bhandari, D., & Blount, B. C. (2022). Cigarette smoking is associated with acrylamide exposure among the US population: NHANES 2011–2016. Environmental Research, 209, 112774.
  34. Kito, K., Ishihara, J., Kotemori, A., Zha, L., Liu, R., Sawada, N., Iwasaki, M., Sobue, T., & Tsugane, S. (2020). Dietary Acrylamide Intake and the Risk of Pancreatic Cancer: The Japan Public Health Center-Based Prospective Study. Nutrients, 12(11), 3584. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12113584
  35. Kontaş Yedier, S., Şekeroğlu, Z. A., Şekeroğlu, V., & Aydın, B. (2022). Cytotoxic, genotoxic, and carcinogenic effects of acrylamide on human lung cells. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 161, 112852.
  36. Kozak, H. H., Kılınç, İ., & Özkürkçüler, A. (2020). Biochemical evaluation of the effects of quercetin on experimental acute methanol intoxication in rats. Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International, 32(20), 195–201.
  37. Kumar, J., Das, S., & Teoh, S. L. (2018). Dietary acrylamide and the risks of developing cancer: facts to ponder. Frontiers in Nutrition, 5, 14.
  38. Li, X., Wang, T., Zhou, Q., Li, F., Liu, T., Zhang, K.,. & Huang, W. (2024). Isorhamnetin alleviates mitochondrial injury in severe acute pancreatitis via modulation of KDM5B/HtrA2 signaling pathway. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 25(7), 3784.
  39. Lipworth, L., Sonderman, J. S., Tarone, R. E., & McLaughlin, J. K. (2012). Review of epidemiologic studies of dietary acrylamide intake and the risk of cancer. European Journal of Cancer Prevention, 21(4), 375–386.
  40. Lyn-Cook Jr, L. E., Tareke, E., Word, B., Starlard-Davenport, A., Lyn-Cook, B. D., & Hammons, G. J. (2011). Food contaminant acrylamide increases expression of Cox-2 and nitric oxide synthase in breast epithelial cells. Toxicology and Industrial Health, 27(1), 11-18.
  41. Mallepogu, V., Jayasekhar, B., Doble, M., Suman, B., Nagalakshmamma, v., Chalapathi, P. v., & Thyagaraju, K. (2017). Effects of acrylamide on cervical cancer (HeLa) cells proliferation and few marker enzymes. Austin Journal of Biomedical Engineering, 4(4), 1087–1091.
  42. Marković, J., Stošić, M., Kojić, D., & Matavulj, M. (2018). Effects of acrylamide on oxidant/antioxidant parameters and CYP2E1 expression in rat pancreatic endocrine cells. Acta Histochemica, 120(2), 73-83.
  43. Maronpot, R. R., Thoolen, R. J. M. M., & Hansen, B. (2015). Two-year carcinogenicity study of acrylamide in Wistar Han rats with in utero exposure. Experimental and Toxicologic Pathology, 67(2), 189–195.
  44. Martins-Gomes, C., Nunes, F. M., & Silva, A. M. (2024). Natural products as dietary agents for the prevention and mitigation of oxidative damage and inflammation in the intestinal barrier. Antioxidants, 13(1), 65.
  45. Mehri, S., Abnous, K., Mousavi, S. H., Shariaty, V. M., & Hosseinzadeh, H. (2012). Neuroprotective effect of crocin on acrylamide-induced cytotoxicity in PC12 cells. Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, 32(2), 227-235.
  46. Mihalache, O. A., & Dall’Asta, C. (2024). The burden of disease due to dietary exposure to acrylamide in Italy: A risk assessment-based approach. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 188, 114699.
  47. Moldoveanu, S. C., & Gerardi, A. R. (2011). Acrylamide analysis in tobacco, alternative tobacco products, and cigarette smoke. Journal of Chromatographic Science, 49(3), 234-242.
  48. Mottram, D. S., Wedzicha, B. L., & Dodson, A. T. (2002). Acrylamide is formed in the Maillard reaction. Nature, 419(6906), 448–449.
  49. Nowak, A., Zakłos-Szyda, M., Żyżelewicz, D., Koszucka, A., & Motyl, I. (2020). Acrylamide decreases cell viability, and provides oxidative stress, DNA damage, and apoptosis in human colon adenocarcinoma cell line Caco-2. Molecules, 25(2), 368.
  50. Oliveira, N. G., Pingarilho, M., Martins, C., Fernandes, A. S., Vaz, S., Martins, v., Rueff, J., & Gaspar, J. F. (2009). Cytotoxicity and chromosomal aberrations induced by acrylamide in V79 cells: Role of glutathione modulators. Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis, 676(1–2), 87–92.
  51. Partyka, O., Pajewska, M., Kwaśniewska, D., Czerw, A., Deptała, A., Budzik, M., Cipora, E., Gąska, I., Gazdowicz, L., Mielnik, A., Sygit, K., Sygit, M., Krzych-Fałta, E., Schneider-Matyka, D., Grochans, S., Cybulska, A. M., Drobnik, J., Bandurska, E., Ciećko, W.,. Kozłowski, R. (2023). Overview of Pancreatic Cancer Epidemiology in Europe and Recommendations for Screening in High-Risk Populations. Cancers, 15(14), 3634. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers15143634
  52. Parzefall, W. (2008). Minireview on the toxicity of dietary acrylamide. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 46(4), 1360–1364.
  53. Pedersen, M., Vryonidis, E., Joensen, A., & Törnqvist, M. (2022). Hemoglobin adducts of acrylamide in human blood–What has been done and what is next?. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 161, 112799.
  54. Pelucchi, C., Rosato, V., Bracci, P. M., Li, D., Neale, R. E., Lucenteforte, E.,. & La Vecchia, C. (2017). Dietary acrylamide and the risk of pancreatic cancer in the International Pancreatic Cancer Case–Control Consortium (PanC4). Annals of Oncology, 28(2), 408-414.
  55. Poteser, M., Laguzzi, F., Schettgen, T., Vogel, N., Weber, T., Murawski, A., Schmidt, P., Rüther, M., Kolossa-Gehring, M., Namorado, S., Nieuwenhuyse, A. V., Appenzeller, B., Dufthaksdóttir, E., Olafsdóttir, K., Haug, L. S., Thomsen, C., Barbone, F., Rosolen, V., Rambaud, L., Riou, M., Göen, T., Nübler, S., Schäfer, M., Zarrabi, K. H. A., Gilles, L., Rodriguez Martin, L., Schoeters, G., Sepai, O., Govarts, & E. Moshammer, H. (2022). Trends of Exposure to Acrylamide as Measured by Urinary Biomarkers Levels within the HBM4EU Biomonitoring Aligned Studies (2000–2021). Toxics, 10(8), 443. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics10080443
  56. Prasad, S. N. (2013). Neuroprotective efficacy of eugenol and isoeugenol in acrylamide-induced neuropathy in rats: Behavioral and biochemical evidence. Neurochemical Research, 38(2), 330–345.
  57. Rajeh, N. A. (2020). Acrylamide toxicity and mitigation strategies: A summary of recent reports. Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal, 28(9), 1167–1178.
  58. Rice, J. M. (2005). The carcinogenicity of acrylamide. Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis, 580(1–2), 3–20.
  59. Rodríguez-Ramiro, I., Ramos, S., Bravo, L., Goya, L., & Martín, M. Á. (2011). Procyanidin B2 and a cocoa polyphenolic extract inhibit acrylamide-induced apoptosis in human Caco-2 cells by preventing oxidative stress and activation of JNK pathway. The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry, 22(12), 1186–1194.
  60. Salimi, A., Baghal, E., Ghobadi, H., Hashemidanesh, N., Khodaparast, F., & Seydi, E. (2021). Mitochondrial, lysosomal and DNA damages induced by acrylamide attenuate by ellagic acid in human lymphocyte. PLOS ONE, 16(2), e0247776.
  61. Seçer Çelik, F., Cora, T., & Kalayci Yigin, A. (2018). Investigation of genotoxic and cytotoxic effects of acrylamide in HEK293 cell line. Journal of Cancer Prevention & Current Research, 9(5), 260–264.
  62. Sahinturk, V., Kacar, S., Vejselova, D., & Kutlu, H. M. (2018). Acrylamide exerts its cytotoxicity in NIH/3T3 fibroblast cells by apoptosis. Toxicology and Industrial Health, 34(7), 481-489.
  63. Şekeroğlu, Z. A., Şekeroğlu, V., & Küçük, N. (2021). Effects of reverse transcriptase inhibitors on proliferation, apoptosis, and migration in breast carcinoma cells. International Journal of Toxicology, 40(1), 52-61.
  64. Sen, A., Ozgun, O., Arinç, E., & Arslan, S. (2012). Diverse action of acrylamide on cytochrome P450 and glutathione S-transferase isozyme activities, mRNA levels and protein levels in human hepatocarcinoma cells. Cell Biology and Toxicology, 28(3), 175-186.
  65. Shi, J., Fu, Y., & Zhao, X. H. (2018). Effects of Maillard-type caseinate glycation on the preventive action of caseinate digests in acrylamide-induced intestinal barrier dysfunction in IEC-6 cells. RSC Advances, 8(66), 38036–38046.
  66. Song, J., Zhao, M., Liu, X., Zhu, Y., Hu, X., & Chen, F. (2013). Protection of cyanidin-3-glucoside against oxidative stress induced by acrylamide in human MDA-MB-231 cells. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 58, 306–310.
  67. Tan, D., Li, L., Wang, S., Wei, B., Zhang, X., Sun, B., & Ji, S. (2013). The cytogenetic effects of acrylamide on Carassius auratus peripheral blood cells. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 62, 318–322.
  68. Tareke, E., Rydberg, P., Karlsson, P., Eriksson, S., & Törnqvist, M. (2002). Analysis of acrylamide, a carcinogen formed in heated foodstuffs. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 50(17), 4998–5006.
  69. Vesper, H. W., Caudill, S. P., Osterloh, J. D., Meyers, T., Scott, D., & Meyers, G. L. (2010). Exposure of the U.S. population to acrylamide in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003–2004. Environmental Health Perspectives, 118(2), 278–283.
  70. Virk-Baker, M. K., Nagy, T. R., Barnes, S., & Groopman, J. (2014). Dietary acrylamide and human cancer: A systematic review of the literature. Nutrition and Cancer, 66(5), 774–790.
  71. Visconti, R., & Grieco, D. (2009). New insights on oxidative stress in cancer. Current Opinion in Drug Discovery & Development, 12(2), 240–245.
  72. Walton, B., Kaplan, N., Hrdlicka, B., Mehta, K., & Arendt, L. M. (2024). Obesity induces DNA damage in mammary epithelial cells exacerbated by acrylamide treatment through CYP2E1-mediated oxidative stress. Toxics, 12(7), 484.
  73. Wang, A., Wan, X., Zhu, F., Liu, H., Song, X., Huang, Y.,. & Zhang, Y. (2024). Habitual daily intake of fried foods raises transgenerational inheritance risk of heart failure through Notch1-triggered apoptosis. Research, 7, 0401.
  74. Wang, B., Qiu, W., Yang, S., Cao, L., Zhu, C., Ma, J.,. & Chen, W. (2020). Acrylamide exposure and oxidative DNA damage, lipid peroxidation, and fasting plasma glucose alteration: Association and mediation analyses in Chinese urban adults. Diabetes Care, 43(7), 1479–1486.
  75. Wang, Z. X., Zhang, L. L., & Zhao, X. H. (2025). Covalent grafting of inorganic selenium to the water-soluble and nondigestive Chinese yam polysaccharides causes greater protection of IEC-6 cells with acrylamide injury. Foods, 14(9), 1560.
  76. Yang, L., Dong, L., Zhang, L., Bai, J., Chen, F., & Luo, Y. (2021). Acrylamide induces abnormal mtDNA expression by causing mitochondrial ROS accumulation, biogenesis, and dynamics disorders. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 69(27), 7765-7776.
  77. Yaribeygi, H., Noroozadeh, A., Mohammadi, M. T., Johnston, T. P., & Sahebkar, A. (2019). Crocin improves oxidative stress by potentiating intrinsic anti-oxidant defense systems in pancreatic cells during uncontrolled hyperglycemia. Journal of Pharmacopuncture, 22(2), 83.
  78. Yuan, Y., Yucai, L., Lu, L., Hui, L., Yong, P., & Haiyang, Y. (2022). Acrylamide induces ferroptosis in HSC-T6 cells by causing antioxidant imbalance of the XCT-GSH-GPX4 signaling and mitochondrial dysfunction. Toxicology Letters, 368, 24-32.
  79. Cao, J., Liu, Y., Jia, L., Jiang, L. P., Geng, C. Y., Yao, X. F.,. & Zhong, L. F. (2008). Curcumin attenuates acrylamide-induced cytotoxicity and genotoxicity in HepG2 cells by ROS scavenging. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 56(24), 12059–12063.
  80. Chen, W., Feng, L., Shen, Y., Su, H., Li, Y., Zhuang, J.,. & Zheng, X. (2013). Myricitrin inhibits acrylamide‐mediated cytotoxicity in human Caco‐2 cells by preventing oxidative stress. BioMed Research International, 2013(1), 724183.
  81. Hung, C. H., Lin, Y. C., Tsai, Y. G., Lin, Y. C., Kuo, C. H., Tsai, M. L.,. & Liao, W. T. (2021). Acrylamide induces mitophagy and alters macrophage phenotype via reactive oxygen species generation. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 22(4), 1683.
  82. Ishak, Z., Fin, L. S., Wan Ibrahim, W. A. H., Md. Zain, F., Yahya, A., Selamat, R.,. & Mokhtar, A. H. (2022). Fast food intake, emotional and behavioral problems among adolescents with overweight and obese problems participating in MyBFF@ school intervention program. Sage Open, 12(1), 21582440221086604.
  83. Ito, M., Makino, N., Matsuda, A., Ikeda, Y., Kakizaki, Y., Saito, Y.,. & Kawata, S. (2017). High glucose accelerates cell proliferation and increases the secretion and mRNA expression of osteopontin in human pancreatic duct epithelial cells. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 18(4), 807.
  84. Li, X., Wang, T., Zhou, Q., Li, F., Liu, T., Zhang, K.,. & Huang, W. (2024). Isorhamnetin alleviates mitochondrial injury in severe acute pancreatitis via modulation of KDM5B/HtrA2 signaling pathway. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 25(7), 3784.
  85. Partyka, O., Pajewska, M., Kwaśniewska, D., Czerw, A., Deptała, A., Budzik, M., Cipora, E., Gąska, I., Gazdowicz, L., Mielnik, A., Sygit, K., Sygit, M., Krzych-Fałta, E., Schneider-Matyka, D., Grochans, S., Cybulska, A. M., Drobnik, J., Bandurska, E., Ciećko, W.,. Kozłowski, R. (2023). Overview of Pancreatic Cancer Epidemiology in Europe and Recommendations for Screening in High-Risk Populations. Cancers, 15(14), 3634. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers15143634
  86. Pelucchi, C., Rosato, V., Bracci, P. M., Li, D., Neale, R. E., Lucenteforte, E.,. & La Vecchia, C. (2017). Dietary acrylamide and the risk of pancreatic cancer in the International Pancreatic Cancer Case–Control Consortium (PanC4). Annals of Oncology, 28(2), 408-414.
  87. Wang, A., Wan, X., Zhu, F., Liu, H., Song, X., Huang, Y.,. & Zhang, Y. (2024). Habitual daily intake of fried foods raises transgenerational inheritance risk of heart failure through Notch1-triggered apoptosis. Research, 7, 0401.
  88. Wang, B., Qiu, W., Yang, S., Cao, L., Zhu, C., Ma, J.,. & Chen, W. (2020). Acrylamide exposure and oxidative DNA damage, lipid peroxidation, and fasting plasma glucose alteration: Association and mediation analyses in Chinese urban adults. Diabetes Care, 43(7), 1479–1486.