Dergiler / International Journal of Politics and Security / 2026 / Cilt: 8 Sayı: 1

Supply Chain Resilience and Indo-U.S. Relations Since 2020 Opportunities and Limitations

Eyevee Pakrashi(Asansol Girls' College,)0009-0002-0651-1437
Sayfa
144–163
Yayın Tarihi
2026-05-23
🏛️Bu makalenin bibliyografik verileri ve tam metin bağlantısı DergiPark üzerinden sağlanmıştır.
DergiPark Kaydı ↗
✨

Yapay Zeka Hızlı Bakış & Çıkarımlar

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(1 Cümlede Hızlı Çıkarım)

Sonuç olarak, makale, tedarik zinciri dayanıklılığının şüphesiz Hindistan-ABD ilişkilerini güçlendirdiğini, ancak henüz dengeli veya sürdürülebilir bir ortaklığa dönüşmediğini savunuyor.

📌 3 Maddede Bu Makale

🎯
Amaç & Hipotez:ABD-Çin ticaret savaşı, COVID-19 pandemisi, Rusya-Ukrayna savaşı ve daha yakın zamanda ABD'nin ekonomik milliyetçi gümrük tarifesi politikalarının neden olduğu kesintiler, son yıllarda yüksek derecede yoğunlaşmış ve birbirine bağımlı küresel tedarik zinciri ağının kırılganlıklarını ortaya çıkarmıştır.
📊
Temel Bulgular & Veri:Bu durumlar, sırayla, küresel tedarik zincirini çağdaş stratejik rekabetin temel meselelerinden biri haline getirmiştir.
💡
Sonuç & Katkı:Sonuç olarak, makale, tedarik zinciri dayanıklılığının şüphesiz Hindistan-ABD ilişkilerini güçlendirdiğini, ancak henüz dengeli veya sürdürülebilir bir ortaklığa dönüşmediğini savunuyor.
🔬Tür:Araştırma Makalesi
📍Kapsam:2020 Verileri
⚙️Değişkenler:Tedarik zinciri · Hindistan-ABD ilişkileri · Çin

Özet

ABD-Çin ticaret savaşı, COVID-19 pandemisi, Rusya-Ukrayna savaşı ve daha yakın zamanda ABD'nin ekonomik milliyetçi gümrük tarifesi politikalarının neden olduğu kesintiler, son yıllarda yüksek derecede yoğunlaşmış ve birbirine bağımlı küresel tedarik zinciri ağının kırılganlıklarını ortaya çıkarmıştır. Bu durumlar, sırayla, küresel tedarik zincirini çağdaş stratejik rekabetin temel meselelerinden biri haline getirmiştir. Bu bağlamda, bu makale, 2020'den bu yana Hindistan-ABD stratejik ilişkilerinde bir faktör olarak tedarik zinciri dirençliliğini, politika belgeleri, anlaşmalar, hükümet raporları, dergi makaleleri vb. nitel analiz kullanarak incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Makale, üç önemli itici faktörü ele almaktadır: Çin, COVID-19 pandemisi ve Hint-Pasifik bölgesinde stratejik yakınsama; ayrıca çeşitli Hindistan-ABD işbirliği girişimlerini ve sınırlılıklarını vurgulamaktadır. Sonuç olarak, makale, tedarik zinciri dayanıklılığının şüphesiz Hindistan-ABD ilişkilerini güçlendirdiğini, ancak henüz dengeli veya sürdürülebilir bir ortaklığa dönüşmediğini savunuyor.

Abstract

The disruptions caused by the U.S.–China trade war, the COVID-19 pandemic, the Russia-Ukraine war, and, more recently, the U.S. economic nationalist tariff policies have exposed the vulnerabilities of the highly concentrated and interdependent global supply chain network in recent years. These, in turn, have transformed the global supply chain as one of the primary issues of contemporary strategic competition. In this context, this article aims to explore supply chain resilience as a factor in India-U.S. strategic relations since 2020, using qualitative analysis of policy documents, agreements, government reports, journal articles, etc. The article examines three important driving factors: China, the COVID-19 pandemic, and strategic convergence in the Indo-Pacific region and highlights various Indo-U.S. cooperation initiatives and limitations. In the end, the article concludes that, while supply chain resilience has undoubtedly strengthened the Indo-U.S. relationship, it has not yet matured into a balanced or sustainable partnership.

🔖

Bu Makaleye Atıf Yap

Pakrashi, E. (2026). Supply Chain Resilience and Indo-U.S. Relations Since 2020 Opportunities and Limitations. International Journal of Politics and Security, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 1, 144–163. https://doi.org/10.53451/ijps.1878163

📄 Tam Metin PDF Okuyucu

📄

PDF görüntüleyici hazırlanıyor...

Kaynakça (105)

  1. Ballou, R. (2007). The Evolution and Future of Logistics and Supply Chain Management. European Business Review. 19, 332 348. https://doi.org/10.1108/09555340710760 152
  2. Banerjee, D. (2024). Pursuing engineering once a fad, now dilemma: Only 10 percent of 15 lakh graduates likely to land job this year. The Times of India. Retrieved January 18, 2026, from https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/education/news/pursuing engineering once a fad now a dilemma only 10 percent of 15 lakh graduates likely to land jobs thisyear/articleshow/114686084.cms
  3. Barroso, A, Machado, V.H., & Cruz Machado, V. (2011). Supply Chain Resilience Using the mapping approach. Supply chain management 16 (2), 161 184.
  4. Baruah, D. M. (2025). China in the Indian Ocean: A stronger Indo Pacific presence. IIS: Facts. Analysis. Influence. Retrieved January 18, 2026, from https://www.iiss.org/online analysis/charting china/2025/05/china in the indian ocean a stronger indo pacific presence/
  5. Basrur, A. (2025).The Quad Critical Minerals Initiative. Observer Research Foundation. Retrieved January 18, 2026, from https://www.orfonline.org/expert speak/the quad critical mineralsinitiative
  6. Bhandari, K. (2024).India Signs a Security of Supply Arrangement (SOSA) with the United States: What Can We Expect? Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. January 17, 2026, from https://carnegieendowment.org/posts/2024/09/india signs a security of supply arrangement sosa with the united states what can we expect?lang=en
  7. Bhandari, K. (2025, Aug 25).India s Semicon ductor Mission: The Story So Far. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Retrieved January 18, 2026, from https://carnegieendowment.org/research/2025/08/ indias semiconductor mission the story sofar?lang=en
  8. Bhaskar, N. J. (2021).India s developing economic ties with the Indo Pacific. Observer Research Foundation. Retrieved January 18, 2026, https://www.orfonline.org/expert speak/indiadeveloping economic ties indo pacific#_edn7
  9. Bhattacharya, S. (2020).India US Relations under the Biden Administration ’, Indian Foreign Affairs Journal, October December, 15 4 )), (Special Issue on India US Relations under the Joe Biden Administration), pp. 312 319. Retrieved on January 18, 2026, from ttps://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/48630196
  10. Blackwill, R. & Harris, J. M. (2016). War by Other Means: Geoeconomics and Statecraft. The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press
  11. Bloomberg. (2025, April 05). China s export curbs on rare earth elements put multiple US industries at risk. Hindustan Times. Retrieved January 10, 2026 https://www.hindustantimes.com/worldnews/chinas export curbs on rare earth elements put multiple us industries at risk101743814933616.html
  12. Business Standard (2026). The employment paradox: Skilling schemes need more realistic streamlining. Retrieved January 17, 2026, from https://www.businessstandard.com/opinion/editorial/the employment paradox skillingschemes need more realistic streamlining 125030401331_1.html
  13. Chaudhuri, R. & Bhandari, K. (2024).The U.S. India Initiative on Critical and Emerging Technology (iCET) from 2022 to 2025: Assessment, Learning, and the Way Forward. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Retrieved January 18, 2026, from https://carnegieendowment.org/research/2024/10/theus india initiative on critical and emerging technology icet from 2022 to 2025 assessment learnings and the way forward?lang=en/
  14. CHIPS and Science Act.(2022). Retrieved Januar y 6, 2026, from https://www.congress.gov/bill/117th congress/house bill/4346
  15. Das, U. (2019 ). What Is the Indo-Pacific? Like every imaginative space, the Indo-Pacific is a construct of contested interpretation. The Diplomat. Retrieved January 15, 2026, https://thediplomat.com/2019/07/what is the indo pacific/
  16. Datta, P. P, Christopher, M., & Allen, P (2007). Agent-based modelling of complex production/distribution systems to improve resilience. International Journal of Logistics Research and Applications, 10 (3). 187 203. https://doi.org/10.1080/13675560701467144 Retrieved January 8, 2026, from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/247522867_Agentbased_modelling_of_complex_productiondistribution_systems_to_improve_resilience/
  17. Dhaliwal, S. (Eds.) (2022)Indo US Relations: Steering through the Changing World Order. Routledge.
  18. Ganguly, S. and Mason, C. (2021). The Futu re of U. India Security Cooperation. Manchester University Press.
  19. Gereffi G. (2020). What does the COVID 19 pandemic teach us about global value chains? The case of medical supplies. Journal of International Business Policy 3 (3), 287 301. https://doi.org/10.1057/s42214 020 00062 w
  20. Global Times. (2024). China's Export Of Semiconductors Tops 1 Trillion Yuan In First 11 months despite US curbs. Retrieved January 10, 2026, from https://www.globaltimes.cn/page/202412/1324739.shtml
  21. Graham, N. (2025). Pharmaceuticals are China s next trade weapon. Atlantic Council. Retrieved January 10, 2026 from https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/econographics/sinographs/pharmaceuticals are chinasnext trade weapon/
  22. Grieco, J., Powell, R. & Snidal, D. (1993). The Relative Gains Problem for International Cooperation. The American Political Science Review, 87 (3). 727 743 Retrieved on January 8, 2026, from http://www.jstor.org/stable/2938747Grimes,
  23. S. & Du, D. (2024): China s interdependent positioning in the semiconductor global value chain. Area Development and Policy, 9, 1 23 DOI:https://doi.org/10.1080/23792949.2024. 2397973
  24. Heskett, J.L., Glaskowsky, N. A., & Ivie, R. M. (1964/1973).Business Logistics: Physical Distribution and Material Management. 2 nd Edition )). Ronald Press
  25. Hornby, A.S. (2015). Resilience. Oxford Advanced Learner s Dictionary of Current English. 9 th Edition). Oxford University Press
  26. Indo Pacific Strategy of the United States. (2022). Washington, U.S.A.: The White House. Retrieved January 18, 2026, https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/wp content/uploads/2022/02/U.S.Indo Pacific Strategy.pdf
  27. Jaishankar, D. (2025). Navigating Export Controls in U.S.India Relations. ORF America. Retrieved January 18, 2026, from https://orfamerica.org/newresearch/us india export controlsnuclear#:~:text=Five 2C%20a%20longer%2Drunning%20issue,India%2DU.S.%20strategic20commercial%20relations
  28. Jones, C. & MacRae, P. (2025, August 27). Trump imposes 50% tariff on India as punishment for buying Russian oil. The Guardian. Retrieved January 18, 2026, from https://www.theguardian.com/usnews/2025/aug/27/trump tariff india russian oil purchase
  29. Kalal, G. (2025, Aug 14). Inside China's API Export Surge: Growth, Challen ges & Global Dominance. APIFDF. Retrieved January 10, 2026, from https://www.apifdf.com/blog/apis export from china/
  30. Kim, T. Y., Dhir, S., Dasgupta, A. & Scanziani, A. ( 2025), With new export controls on critical minerals, supply concentration risks become reality. IEA, Paris. Retrieved January 10, 2026, from https://www.iea.org/commentaries/with new export controls on critical minerals supplyconcentration risks become reality/
  31. Kumar, A. & Bharadwaj, T. (2024). One Year of the INDUS X: Defense Innovation Between India and the U.S. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Retrieved January 18, 2026, from https://carnegieendowment.org/research /2024/06/one year of the indus x defense innovation between india and the us?lang=en
  32. Madan, T. ( Fateful Triangle: How China Shaped U.S. India Relations During the Cold War Brookings Institution Press.
  33. Manning, C. and Chowdhary, A. (2024).The U.S. India Relationship: Navigating Strategic Multi Alignment ’ American Security Project. Retrieved July 20, 2024, from ttps://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep58033
  34. Mapping Approach. In P. Li (Ed.) Supply Chain Management. InTech. (pp 161 184) https://doi.org/10.5772/15006 Retrieved January 8, 2026, from https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/15535#
  35. Merriam Webster Dictionary. (2026). Resilience. Merriam Webster.com dictionary. Retrieved January 8, 2026, from ht tps://www.merriam webster.com/dictionary/resilience
  36. Ministry of Chemicals & Fertilizer, Department of Pharmaceuticals, Govt. of India. (2023). Survey for Novel/ Innovative and Cost effective Technologies for Route of Synthesis to Decrease the Cost of Produ ction of APIs which are currently being Imported to Reduce Import Dependency. Retrieved January 18, 2026, from https://pharmadept.gov.in/sites/default/files/Final%20ReportSurvey%20of%20Novel%20Technologies%20for%20Productoion%20of%20APIs.pdf
  37. Ministry of Commerce & Industry, Govt. of India (2024, October 4). Secretary Raimondo and Minister Goyal Convene 6th U.S. India Commercial Dialogue Meetings. Retrieved January 17, 2026, from https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=2062128&reg=3&lang=2
  38. Ministry of Commerce and Industry, Govt. of India. (2024, December 03). Supply Chain Council formedunder Supply Chain Resilience Agreement, with USA as Chair and India as Vice Chair. Retrieved January 18, 2026, from https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2080247&reg=3&lang=2
  39. Ministry of Education, Govt. of India. (n.d.). Indo Initiative for Critical and Emerging Technologies (iCET). ECII iCET. Retrieved Ja nuary 18, 2026, from https://eciic.iith.ac.in/icetgci
  40. Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology, Govt. of India. (2026.). India Semiconductor Mission. Retrieved January 18, 2026, from https://ism.gov.in/
  41. Nandy, D. (2014) New Diplomatic Ties between the World's Largest and Oldest Democracies In the Post Cold War Period: India and the United States. Journal of Political Science and Public Affairs. 2(4) 2 10 Retrieved on April 13, 2026, from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/307794982_New_Diplomatic_Ties_between_ the_World_Largest_and_Oldest_Democracies_in_the_PostCold_War_Period_India_and_the_United_States
  42. Nandy, D. (2024). India and the United States in the Multiplex World: Engagements, Equations and Complexities. In P.P. Basu & T. Arshed (eds.) 75 Years of India s Foreign Policy. Palgrave Macmillan, Singapore. 85 109 https://doi.org/10.1007/978 981 97 6054 1_5
  43. Office of the United States Trade Representative, Executive Office of the President (n.d.). China Trade Summary. Retrieved January 10, 2026, from https://ustr.gov/countries regions/china mongoli ataiwan/peoples republic china
  44. Pant, H. V. and Lall, V. (Eds.) (2014).Aligned but Autonomous: India US Relations in the Modi Era ’(Global Policy ORF Series) ORF and Global Policy Journal, Retrieved on December 10, 2025, from https://www.orfonline.org/public/uploads/posts/pdf/20240415103359.pdf
  45. PIB, Govt. of India. (2023, November).Press Statement on Indo Pacific Economic Framework for Prosperity Meetings in San Francisco. https://static.pib.gov.in/WriteReadData/specificdocs/documents/2023/nov/doc2023111727100 1.pdf
  46. PIB, The Govt. of India (2023).MoU on semiconductor Supply Chain and Innovation Partnership between India and US signed following the Commercial Dialogue 2023, Retrieved January 6, 2026, from https:https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1905522&reg=3&lang=2
  47. Ponomarov, S. & Holcomb, M. (2009). Understanding the Concept of Supply Chain Resilience. The International Journal of Logistics Management, 20 (1). 124 143. https://doi.org/10.1108/09574090910954873
  48. Prabir De, P. ( 2019). Navigating the Indo Pacific Cooperation. The Economic Times.
  49. Rappeport, A. (2019, September 20). Trump Calls China a Threat to the World ’ as Trade Talks Approach. The New York Times. Retrieved January 10, 2026 https://www.nytimes.com/2019/09/20/us/politics/trump china theat to world.html
  50. Savoy, C. M. (2023). Supply Chain Resilience and Shoring. In The Promise of Strategic Shoring: Supply Chain Resilience, Economic Growth, and Development Finance (pp. 7 11). Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS). http://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep53724.5
  51. Schmid, M. (2019). Rare Earths in the Trade Dispute Between the US and China: A Déjà vu. Intereconomics, 54 ( 378 384. Retrieved January 10, 2026, from https://www.intereconomics.eu/pdfdownload/year/2019/number/6/article/rare earths in thetrade dispute between the us and china a deja vu.html
  52. Semiconductor Industry Association (SIA). (2021). Sia Whitepaper: Taking Stock of China's Semiconductor Ind ustry. Retrieved January 10, 2026 https://www.semiconductors.org/wpcontent/uploads/2021/07/Taking Stock of China s Semicondu ctor Industry_final.pdf
  53. Shetty, R. (2024). India's reliance on China for critical minerals: Explained. The Hindu. Retrieved January 10, 2026, from https://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/indias reliance on china for critical minerals explained/article69020390.ece
  54. Singh, A. K. (2020).India US Relations: Continued Convergence, New Vistas, Managing Differ ences ’ Indian Foreign Affairs Journal, 15( 4 Special Issue on India US Relations under the Joe Biden Administration (October December), pp. 286 296. Retrieved on January 10, 2026, from https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/48630193
  55. Sirohi, S. (2023). Friends with Benefits: The India US Story. Harper Collins Publishers
  56. Sutter, R., & Limaye, S. (2020). US Relations with Indo-Pacific Countries Beyond US-China Relations. In A Hardening US-China Competition: Asia Policy in America's 2020 Elections and Regional Responses (pp. 48 72). East West Center. Retrieved on January 22, 2026, from http://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep28846.8
  57. Suzuki, H. (2021). Building Resilient Global Supply Chains: The Geopolitics of the Indo Pacific Region. Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS). http://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep29340
  58. The Department of Commerce, Ministry of Commerce and Industry, Govt. of India (2023). Indo Pacific Economic Framework for Prosperity (IPEF) Supply Chain Agreement signed by the 14 IPEF Partners. Retrieved January 16, 2026 from https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1977529&reg=3&lang=2
  59. The Department of State, United States of America. (2022). Joint Statement on Cooperation on Global Sup ply Chains. Retrieved January 18, 2026, from https://2021 2025.state.gov/supply chain ministerial joint statement/
  60. The Department of State, United States of America. (2023). Indo-Pacific Economic Framework for Prosperity Agreement Relating to Supply Chain Resilience in Trade and Investment Indo-Pacific Economic Framework for Prosperity Agreement Between the United States of America and Other Governments. Treaties and Oth er International Acts Series. 24 224 Retrieved January 18, 2026 from https://www.state.gov/wp content/uploads/2025/02/24 224 IPEF Supply Chains Agreeme nt.pdf
  61. The Economic Times. (2025). India's exports to China skyrocket but a $106 billion trade deficit looms. Retrieved January 10, 2026, from https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/foreign trade/indias exports to china skyrocket but a 106 bill ion trade deficitlooms/articleshow/126072258.cms?utm_source=contentofinterest&utm_medium=text&utm_campaign=cppst
  62. The Office of the Principal Scientific Adviser to the Government of India. (2026.). US India TRUST Initiative (formerly iCET). Retrieved Ja nuary 18, 2026, from https://www.psa.gov.in/icet
  63. The World Bank. (n.d.) Global Ranking 2023. Logistics Performance Index. Retrieved January 17, 2026, from https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/entities/publication/b6a73b40 d095 47c5 86e7 162f0e18796c
  64. Trump, D. (2017).The Inaugural Address, Retrieved May 24, 2018, from https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefings statements/the inaugural address/
  65. United States China Economic and Security Review Commission. (2015). Chapter 1 U.S. China Trade and Economic Relations. Annual Report to Congress. 37 230 https://www.uscc.gov/sites/default/files/Annual_Report/Chapters/Chapter%201%20U.S.China%20Economic%20and%20Trade%20Relations.pdf
  66. Upadhyay, S. (2020).India US Relations: Will Continue to Flourish but in a Mor e Structured Manner ’ Indian Foreign Affairs Journal, October December, Vol. 15, No. 4, Special Issue on India US Relations under the Joe Biden Administration, pp. 343 349. Retrieved on December 16, 2025, from https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/48630200
  67. Wright, T.J. (2017).All Measures Short of War: The Contest for the Twenty First Century and the Future of American Power. Yale University Press
  68. Xu, Z., Elomri, A., Kerbache, L., & El Omri, A. (2020). Impacts of COVID 19 on Global Supply Chains: Facts and Perspectives. IEEE Engineering Management Review 48 (3), 153 166. https://doi.org/10.1109/EMR.2020.3018420
  69. Yadav, T. S. (2025). From SAGAR to MAHASAGAR: India s Strategic Evolution in the Indian Ocean Region. Indo Pacific Studies Center Retrieved January 16, 2026, from https://www.indopacificstudiescenter.org/ommentaries/india mahasagar initiative/
  70. Ballou, R. (2007). The Evolution and Future of Logistics and Supply Chain Management. European Business Review. 19, 332 348. https://doi.org/10.1108/09555340710760 152
  71. Banerjee, D. (2024). Pursuing engineering once a fad, now dilemma: Only 10 percent of 15 lakh graduates likely to land job this year. The Times of India. Retrieved January 18, 2026, from https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/education/news/pursuing engineering once a fad now a dilemma only 10 percent of 15 lakh graduates likely to land jobs thisyear/articleshow/114686084.cms
  72. Baruah, D. M. (2025). China in the Indian Ocean: A stronger Indo Pacific presence. IIS: Facts. Analysis. Influence. Retrieved January 18, 2026, from https://www.iiss.org/online analysis/charting china/2025/05/china in the indian ocean a stronger indo pacific presence/
  73. Basrur, A. (2025).The Quad Critical Minerals Initiative. Observer Research Foundation. Retrieved January 18, 2026, from https://www.orfonline.org/expert speak/the quad critical mineralsinitiative
  74. Bhandari, K. (2024).India Signs a Security of Supply Arrangement (SOSA) with the United States: What Can We Expect? Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. January 17, 2026, from https://carnegieendowment.org/posts/2024/09/india signs a security of supply arrangement sosa with the united states what can we expect?lang=en
  75. Bhattacharya, S. (2020).India US Relations under the Biden Administration ’, Indian Foreign Affairs Journal, October December, 15 4 )), (Special Issue on India US Relations under the Joe Biden Administration), pp. 312 319. Retrieved on January 18, 2026, from ttps://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/48630196
  76. Blackwill, R. & Harris, J. M. (2016). War by Other Means: Geoeconomics and Statecraft. The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press
  77. Das, U. (2019 ). What Is the Indo-Pacific? Like every imaginative space, the Indo-Pacific is a construct of contested interpretation. The Diplomat. Retrieved January 15, 2026, https://thediplomat.com/2019/07/what is the indo pacific/
  78. Datta, P. P, Christopher, M., & Allen, P (2007). Agent-based modelling of complex production/distribution systems to improve resilience. International Journal of Logistics Research and Applications, 10 (3). 187 203. https://doi.org/10.1080/13675560701467144 Retrieved January 8, 2026, from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/247522867_Agentbased_modelling_of_complex_productiondistribution_systems_to_improve_resilience/
  79. Ganguly, S. and Mason, C. (2021). The Futu re of U. India Security Cooperation. Manchester University Press.
  80. Global Times. (2024). China's Export Of Semiconductors Tops 1 Trillion Yuan In First 11 months despite US curbs. Retrieved January 10, 2026, from https://www.globaltimes.cn/page/202412/1324739.shtml
  81. Graham, N. (2025). Pharmaceuticals are China s next trade weapon. Atlantic Council. Retrieved January 10, 2026 from https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/econographics/sinographs/pharmaceuticals are chinasnext trade weapon/
  82. Grieco, J., Powell, R. & Snidal, D. (1993). The Relative Gains Problem for International Cooperation. The American Political Science Review, 87 (3). 727 743 Retrieved on January 8, 2026, from http://www.jstor.org/stable/2938747Grimes,
  83. S. & Du, D. (2024): China s interdependent positioning in the semiconductor global value chain. Area Development and Policy, 9, 1 23 DOI:https://doi.org/10.1080/23792949.2024. 2397973
  84. Indo Pacific Strategy of the United States. (2022). Washington, U.S.A.: The White House. Retrieved January 18, 2026, https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/wp content/uploads/2022/02/U.S.Indo Pacific Strategy.pdf
  85. Kalal, G. (2025, Aug 14). Inside China's API Export Surge: Growth, Challen ges & Global Dominance. APIFDF. Retrieved January 10, 2026, from https://www.apifdf.com/blog/apis export from china/
  86. Kim, T. Y., Dhir, S., Dasgupta, A. & Scanziani, A. ( 2025), With new export controls on critical minerals, supply concentration risks become reality. IEA, Paris. Retrieved January 10, 2026, from https://www.iea.org/commentaries/with new export controls on critical minerals supplyconcentration risks become reality/
  87. Kumar, A. & Bharadwaj, T. (2024). One Year of the INDUS X: Defense Innovation Between India and the U.S. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Retrieved January 18, 2026, from https://carnegieendowment.org/research /2024/06/one year of the indus x defense innovation between india and the us?lang=en
  88. Manning, C. and Chowdhary, A. (2024).The U.S. India Relationship: Navigating Strategic Multi Alignment ’ American Security Project. Retrieved July 20, 2024, from ttps://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep58033
  89. Mapping Approach. In P. Li (Ed.) Supply Chain Management. InTech. (pp 161 184) https://doi.org/10.5772/15006 Retrieved January 8, 2026, from https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/15535#
  90. Merriam Webster Dictionary. (2026). Resilience. Merriam Webster.com dictionary. Retrieved January 8, 2026, from ht tps://www.merriam webster.com/dictionary/resilience
  91. Ministry of Chemicals & Fertilizer, Department of Pharmaceuticals, Govt. of India. (2023). Survey for Novel/ Innovative and Cost effective Technologies for Route of Synthesis to Decrease the Cost of Produ ction of APIs which are currently being Imported to Reduce Import Dependency. Retrieved January 18, 2026, from https://pharmadept.gov.in/sites/default/files/Final%20ReportSurvey%20of%20Novel%20Technologies%20for%20Productoion%20of%20APIs.pdf
  92. Ministry of Education, Govt. of India. (n.d.). Indo Initiative for Critical and Emerging Technologies (iCET). ECII iCET. Retrieved Ja nuary 18, 2026, from https://eciic.iith.ac.in/icetgci
  93. Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology, Govt. of India. (2026.). India Semiconductor Mission. Retrieved January 18, 2026, from https://ism.gov.in/
  94. Nandy, D. (2014) New Diplomatic Ties between the World's Largest and Oldest Democracies In the Post Cold War Period: India and the United States. Journal of Political Science and Public Affairs. 2(4) 2 10 Retrieved on April 13, 2026, from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/307794982_New_Diplomatic_Ties_between_ the_World_Largest_and_Oldest_Democracies_in_the_PostCold_War_Period_India_and_the_United_States
  95. PIB, The Govt. of India (2023).MoU on semiconductor Supply Chain and Innovation Partnership between India and US signed following the Commercial Dialogue 2023, Retrieved January 6, 2026, from https:https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1905522&reg=3&lang=2
  96. Ponomarov, S. & Holcomb, M. (2009). Understanding the Concept of Supply Chain Resilience. The International Journal of Logistics Management, 20 (1). 124 143. https://doi.org/10.1108/09574090910954873
  97. Rappeport, A. (2019, September 20). Trump Calls China a Threat to the World ’ as Trade Talks Approach. The New York Times. Retrieved January 10, 2026 https://www.nytimes.com/2019/09/20/us/politics/trump china theat to world.html
  98. Schmid, M. (2019). Rare Earths in the Trade Dispute Between the US and China: A Déjà vu. Intereconomics, 54 ( 378 384. Retrieved January 10, 2026, from https://www.intereconomics.eu/pdfdownload/year/2019/number/6/article/rare earths in thetrade dispute between the us and china a deja vu.html
  99. Singh, A. K. (2020).India US Relations: Continued Convergence, New Vistas, Managing Differ ences ’ Indian Foreign Affairs Journal, 15( 4 Special Issue on India US Relations under the Joe Biden Administration (October December), pp. 286 296. Retrieved on January 10, 2026, from https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/48630193
  100. Suzuki, H. (2021). Building Resilient Global Supply Chains: The Geopolitics of the Indo Pacific Region. Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS). http://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep29340
  101. The Department of Commerce, Ministry of Commerce and Industry, Govt. of India (2023). Indo Pacific Economic Framework for Prosperity (IPEF) Supply Chain Agreement signed by the 14 IPEF Partners. Retrieved January 16, 2026 from https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1977529&reg=3&lang=2
  102. Trump, D. (2017).The Inaugural Address, Retrieved May 24, 2018, from https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefings statements/the inaugural address/
  103. United States China Economic and Security Review Commission. (2015). Chapter 1 U.S. China Trade and Economic Relations. Annual Report to Congress. 37 230 https://www.uscc.gov/sites/default/files/Annual_Report/Chapters/Chapter%201%20U.S.China%20Economic%20and%20Trade%20Relations.pdf
  104. Upadhyay, S. (2020).India US Relations: Will Continue to Flourish but in a Mor e Structured Manner ’ Indian Foreign Affairs Journal, October December, Vol. 15, No. 4, Special Issue on India US Relations under the Joe Biden Administration, pp. 343 349. Retrieved on December 16, 2025, from https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/48630200
  105. Wright, T.J. (2017).All Measures Short of War: The Contest for the Twenty First Century and the Future of American Power. Yale University Press