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Dergiler / Black Sea Journal of Engineering and Science / 2026 / Cilt: 9 Sayı: 4

Kömür Yığınlarında Kendiliğinden Yanma Sürecinin Çok Ölçekli Matematiksel ve Sayısal Modellemesine İlişkin Bir Derleme

A Review of Multiscale Mathematical and Numerical Modeling of the Spontaneous Combustion Process in Coal Stockpiles

Deniz Adigüzel(İSTANBUL ÜNİVERSİTESİ-CERRAHPAŞA, MÜHENDİSLİK FAKÜLTESİ)0000-0002-1611-1296
Serkan Tüylü(İSTANBUL ÜNİVERSİTESİ-CERRAHPAŞA, MÜHENDİSLİK FAKÜLTESİ)0000-0002-8128-9840
İsmail Demir(İSTANBUL ÜNİVERSİTESİ-CERRAHPAŞA, MÜHENDİSLİK FAKÜLTESİ)0000-0003-0949-7706
Sayfa
2108–2121
Yayın Tarihi
2026-07-15
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⚡ TL;DR(1 Cümlede Hızlı Çıkarım)

Değerlendirme sonuçları, kendiliğinden yanma riskinin yalnızca makroskobik sıcaklık artışı ile açıklanamayacağını; atomik ölçekte başlayan oksidasyon reaksiyonlarının gözenek ve parçacık ölçeklerinde gelişerek yığın ölçeğinde kritik ısı birikimi ve termal kaçışa yol açtığını göstermektedir.

📌 3 Maddede Bu Makale

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Amaç & Hipotez:Düşük sıcaklıklarda gerçekleşen kömür oksidasyonu, kömürün kendi kendine ısınmasına ve nihayetinde kendiliğinden yanmasına (spontaneous combustion, sponcom) yol açan temel ekzotermik süreçtir.
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Temel Bulgular & Veri:Bu olgu; kömürün üretimi, depolanması ve taşınması sırasında önemli güvenlik riskleri oluşturmakta, çevresel etkiler ve ekonomik kayıplara neden olmaktadır.
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Sonuç & Katkı:Değerlendirme sonuçları, kendiliğinden yanma riskinin yalnızca makroskobik sıcaklık artışı ile açıklanamayacağını; atomik ölçekte başlayan oksidasyon reaksiyonlarının gözenek ve parçacık ölçeklerinde gelişerek yığın ölçeğinde kritik ısı birikimi ve termal kaçışa yol açtığını göstermektedir.
🔬Tür:Uygulamalı Anket & Alan Araştırması
📍Kapsam:Genişletilmiş Akademik Örneklem
⚙️Değişkenler:Kendiliğinden yanma · Düşük sıcaklık oksidasyonu · Çok ölçekli modelleme

Özet

Düşük sıcaklıklarda gerçekleşen kömür oksidasyonu, kömürün kendi kendine ısınmasına ve nihayetinde kendiliğinden yanmasına (spontaneous combustion, sponcom) yol açan temel ekzotermik süreçtir. Bu olgu; kömürün üretimi, depolanması ve taşınması sırasında önemli güvenlik riskleri oluşturmakta, çevresel etkiler ve ekonomik kayıplara neden olmaktadır. Kendiliğinden yanma; ısı üretimi, oksijen difüzyonu ve konvektif taşınımı, gözenek ölçeğinde reaksiyon kinetiği ve gaz oluşumunu içeren çok ölçekli bir fizikokimyasal süreçtir. Son yıllarda matematiksel modelleme ve Hesaplamalı Akışkanlar Dinamiği (CFD) alanındaki gelişmeler, kömür yığınlarında meydana gelen ısı birikimi, oksijen taşınımı ve gaz üretim mekanizmalarının daha bütüncül ve gerçekçi biçimde analiz edilmesine olanak sağlamıştır. Bu derlemede, kömürün kendi kendine ısınma ve kendiliğinden yanma eğilimini açıklamak ve öngörmek amacıyla geliştirilen deneysel yöntemler, analitik modeller ve sayısal simülasyon yaklaşımları sistematik olarak değerlendirilmiştir. Modellerin temel varsayımları, çözüm stratejileri, güçlü yönleri ve sınırlılıkları karşılaştırmalı biçimde analiz edilmiştir. Değerlendirme sonuçları, kendiliğinden yanma riskinin yalnızca makroskobik sıcaklık artışı ile açıklanamayacağını; atomik ölçekte başlayan oksidasyon reaksiyonlarının gözenek ve parçacık ölçeklerinde gelişerek yığın ölçeğinde kritik ısı birikimi ve termal kaçışa yol açtığını göstermektedir. Elde edilen bulgular, saha ölçeğinde erken risk tahmini ve etkin yangın yönetimi için geliştirilecek bütünleşik ve öngörücü dijital kömür yığını modellerine güçlü bir bilimsel temel sunmaktadır.

Abstract

Low-temperature coal oxidation is the fundamental exothermic process that leading self-heating and ultimately spontaneous combustion (sponcom). This phenomenon creates significant safety risks during coal production, storage, and transportation, and results in environmental impacts as well as economic losses. Spontaneous combustion is a multiscale physico-chemical process involving heat generation, oxygen diffusion and convective transport, pore-scale reaction kinetics, and gas formation. In recent years, advances in mathematical modeling and Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) have made it possible to conduct a more comprehensive and realistic analysis the mechanism of heat accumulation, oxygen transport, and gas formation occurring in coal stockpiles. This review systematically evaluates, experimental methods, analytical models, and numerical simulation approaches developed to explain and predict coal self-heating and spontaneous combustion tendencies. The fundamental assumptions, solution strategies, strengths, and limitations of these models have been analyzed comparatively. The evaluation results indicate that the risk of spontaneous combustion cannot be explained solely by macroscopic temperature increase; instead, oxidation reactions initiated at the atomic scale evolve through pore and particle scales, ultimately leading to critical heat accumulation and thermal runaway at the stockpile scale. The findings provide a strong scientific basis for developing integrated and predictive digital coal stockpiling models for early risk detection and effective fire management at the field scale.

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Bu Makaleye Atıf Yap

Adigüzel, D., Tüylü, S., Demir, İ. (2026). Kömür Yığınlarında Kendiliğinden Yanma Sürecinin Çok Ölçekli Matematiksel ve Sayısal Modellemesine İlişkin Bir Derleme. Black Sea Journal of Engineering and Science, Cilt: 9 Sayı: 4, 2108–2121. https://doi.org/10.34248/bsengineering.1889118

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