KaydedilenlerDerginizi ekleyin

Dergiler / Akdeniz Spor Bilimleri Dergisi / 2024 / Cilt: 7 Sayı: 4

Rekreatif Amaçlı Bir Aktivite Olarak Ultramaraton Koşmaya Yönelik Motivasyon Faktörleri

Motivational Factors for Running an Ultramarathon as a Recreational Activity

Serkan Düz(İnonu University)0000-0001-7611-4838
Ayşe Eda Kinaci(Inonu University Institute of Health Science)0000-0003-1621-3345
Rabia Hürrem Özdurak Sıngın(MALATYA TURGUT ÖZAL ÜNİVERSİTESİ)0000-0003-3729-5028
Burak Tozoğlu(Erzurum Gençlik Hizmetleri ve İl Spor Müdürlüğü)0000-0002-5955-1777
Sayfa
706–723
Yayın Tarihi
2024-12-28
🏛️Bu makalenin bibliyografik verileri ve tam metin bağlantısı DergiPark üzerinden sağlanmıştır.
DergiPark Kaydı ↗
✨

Yapay Zeka Hızlı Bakış & Çıkarımlar

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(1 Cümlede Hızlı Çıkarım)

Sonuç olarak UM koşularına katılan rekreasyonel koşucuların katılım motivasyonlarının yaş, cinsiyet ve eğitim durumuna göre farklılık gösterdiği anlaşılmıştır.

📌 3 Maddede Bu Makale

🎯
Amaç & Hipotez:Sağlık üzerinde olumlu etkileri nedeniyle eğlence amaçlı başlanan koşuların son yıllarda yarı maraton mesafelerinden fizyolojik ve zihinsel sınırlarını zorlayan ultramaraton (UM) koşusuna doğru bir geçiş sergilediği görülmektedir.
📊
Temel Bulgular & Veri:Bu çalışmanın amacı, 119 km'lik Kapadokya Ultramaratonunda yarışan eğlence amaçlı koşucuların motivasyon faktörlerini araştırmaktır. 98 dayanıklılık koşucusunun verileri Ultra Maraton Motivasyon Ölçeği (UMMS) ile toplanmış ve cinsiyet, yaş, medeni durum, eğitim düzeyi, haftalık antrenman sıklığı ve koşu mesafesi bağımsız değişkenlerine göre analiz edilmiştir.
💡
Sonuç & Katkı:Sonuç olarak UM koşularına katılan rekreasyonel koşucuların katılım motivasyonlarının yaş, cinsiyet ve eğitim durumuna göre farklılık gösterdiği anlaşılmıştır.
🔬Tür:Araştırma Makalesi
📍Kapsam:Genişletilmiş Akademik Örneklem
⚙️Değişkenler:Ultramaraton · motivasyon · koşu

Özet

Sağlık üzerinde olumlu etkileri nedeniyle eğlence amaçlı başlanan koşuların son yıllarda yarı maraton mesafelerinden fizyolojik ve zihinsel sınırlarını zorlayan ultramaraton (UM) koşusuna doğru bir geçiş sergilediği görülmektedir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, 119 km'lik Kapadokya Ultramaratonunda yarışan eğlence amaçlı koşucuların motivasyon faktörlerini araştırmaktır. 98 dayanıklılık koşucusunun verileri Ultra Maraton Motivasyon Ölçeği (UMMS) ile toplanmış ve cinsiyet, yaş, medeni durum, eğitim düzeyi, haftalık antrenman sıklığı ve koşu mesafesi bağımsız değişkenlerine göre analiz edilmiştir. Çalışmanın sonuçları, özellikle 45 yaş üstü rekreatif amaçlı koşan sporcuları UM koşmaya motive eden faktörlerin öz saygı, bağlılık, kişisel hedef başarısı, sağlık yönelimi, yaşam anlamı ve kendisiyle rekabet olduğunu göstermiştir. Ayrıca erkek koşucuları kadın koşuculara göre UM koşularına daha fazla katılmaya motive eden nedenin diğer koşucularla rekabet duygusu olduğu, koşucuların eğitim düzeyi arttıkça kilo kaygısının onları motive etmede en etkili faktör olduğu anlaşılmıştır. Ancak koşucuların medeni durumlarının, haftalık antrenman sıklıklarının ve koşu mesafelerinin UM koşularına katılma motivasyonları üzerinde bir etkisi olmadığı belirlenmiştir. Sonuç olarak UM koşularına katılan rekreasyonel koşucuların katılım motivasyonlarının yaş, cinsiyet ve eğitim durumuna göre farklılık gösterdiği anlaşılmıştır. UM koşusu tek bir spor etkinliği olarak düşünülmemelidir, zira mesafeye veya zamana bağlı olarak değişen çeşitli formları bulunmaktadır. Bu nedenle gelecekteki çalışmalarda farklı UM etkinliklerine katılan rekreasyonel koşucuları motive eden faktörlerin ayrı ayrı incelenmesi önem taşımaktadır.

Abstract

Although runners mostly start for health benefits and recreational purposes, there is a shift in the recent years from half-marathon to ultramarathon (UM) running that pushes the physiological and mental limits of human body. The aim of this study was to investigate the factors for motivation of recreational runners competing in the 119 km Cappadocia Ultramarathon Run. Data of 98 endurance runners was collected via The Ultra Marathon Motivation Scale (UMMS) and analyzed according to the independent variables gender, age, marital status, education level, weekly training frequency and running distance. Results of the study showed that the factors that motivate recreational runners, especially those over the age of 45, more likely to run UM are self-esteem, affiliation, personal goal achievement, health orientation, life meaning and competition with oneself. Moreover, it has been understood that the reason that motivates male runners to participate in UM runs more than female runners is the feeling of competition with other runners, and as the education level of runners increases, weight concern is the most effective factor in motivating them. However, it was determined that the runners' marital status, weekly training frequency and running distance did not have any effect on their motivation to participate in UM runs. It can be concluded that the motivation of recreational runners to participate in UM runs differed according to their age, gender and educational status. Since UM running is not considered a single sporting event and has various forms that vary depending on distance or time, it is of great importance to examine the motivational factors in several UM events with different characteristics.

🔖

Bu Makaleye Atıf Yap

Düz, S., Kinaci, A. E., Sıngın, R. H. Ö., Tozoğlu, B. (2024). Rekreatif Amaçlı Bir Aktivite Olarak Ultramaraton Koşmaya Yönelik Motivasyon Faktörleri. Akdeniz Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 4, 706–723. https://doi.org/10.38021/asbid.1555510

📄 Tam Metin PDF Okuyucu

📄

PDF görüntüleyici hazırlanıyor...

Kaynakça (65)

  1. Anderson, J. K. (1985). Hunting in the ancient world. University of California Press. Bale, J. (2004). Running cultures: Racing in time and space. Frank Cass.
  2. Billat, V. L., Demarle, A., Slawinski, J., Paiva, M., & Koralsztein, J. P. (2001). Physical and training characteristics of top-class marathon runners. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 33(12), 2089-97. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005768-200112000-00018
  3. Çalışkan, A., & Ardahan, F. (2022). Developing the motivational factor scale for participating in ultra marathon. International Journal of Holistic Health, Sport and Recreation, 1(1), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7489962
  4. Çetin, A., & Özman, C. (2019). Runners’ motivational dimensions for participation in the ultra-marathon events and the comparison of these factors with their life satisfaction and success perceptions. Spormetre, 17(2), 177-187. https://doi.org/10.33689/spormetre.531348,
  5. da Fonseca-Engelhardt, K., Knechtle, B., Rüst, C. A., Knechtle, P., Lepers, R., & Rosemann, T. (2013). Participation and performance trends in ultra-endurance running races under extreme conditions-‘Spartathlon’versus ‘Badwater’. Extreme Physiology & Medicine, 2, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1186/2046-7648-2-15
  6. Deutsche Ultramarathon Vereinigung. (2024, 21 June). Ultra marathon statistics. Deutsche Ultramarathon Vereinigung. http://statistik.d-u-v.org/index,php
  7. Eichenberger, E., Knechtle, B., Rüst, C. A., Rosemann, T., & Lepers, R. (2012). Age and gender interactions in mountain ultra-marathon running-the 'Swiss Alpine Marathon'. Open Access J Sports Med, 3, 73-80. https://doi.org/10.2147%2FOAJSM.S33836
  8. Ferrer, D. A., Baumann, C. W., Brandenberger, K. J., Ellis, R., & Otis, J. S. (2015). Physical motivation influences race performance over a 24-hour ultra-marathon. International Journal of Sport Studies, 5(10), 1162-1169.
  9. Frick, M. (2011). Gender differences in competitive orientations: empirical evidence from ultramarathon running. Journal of Sports Economics, 12(3), 317-340. https://doi.org/10.1177/152700251140478
  10. Gerasimuk, D., Malchrowicz-Mośko, E., Stanula, A., Bezuglov, E., Achkasov, E., Swinarew, A., & Waśkiewicz, Z. (2021). Age-Related Differences in Motivation of Recreational Runners, Marathoners, and Ultra-Marathoners. Frontiers in Psychology, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.738807
  11. Goffman, E. (1971). Relations in public: Microstudies of the public order. Harper & Row.
  12. Goodsell, T. L., Harris, B. D., & Bailey, B. W. (2013). Family status and motivations to run: a qualitative study of marathon runners. Leisure Science, 35, 337-352. https://doi.org/10.1080/01490400.2013.797326
  13. Grunseit, A., Richards, J., & Merom, D. (2018). Running on a high: Parkrun and personal well-being. BMC Public Health, 18, 59. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-017-4620-1
  14. Hautbois, C., Djaballah, M., & Desbordes, M. (2020). The social impact of participative sporting events: a cluster analysis of marathon participants based on perceived benefits. Sport Soc, 23, 335–353. https://doi.org/10.1080/17430437.2019.1673371
  15. Hoffman, M. D. (2010). Performance trends in 161-km ultramarathons. Int J Sports Med, 31, 31-37. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0029-1239561
  16. Hoffman, M. D. & Wegelin, J. A. (2009). The western states 100-mile endurance run: participation and performance trends. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 41(12), 2191-2198. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181a8d553
  17. Hoffman, M. D., & Fogard, K. (2012). Demographic characteristics of 161-km ultramarathon runners. Research in Sports Medicine, 20(1), 59-69. https://doi.org/10.1080/15438627.2012.634707
  18. Hoffman, M. D., & Krishnan, E. (2013). Exercise behavior of ultramarathon runners: baseline findings from the ULTRA study. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 27(11), 2939-2945. https://doi.org/10.1519/jsc.0b013e3182a1f261
  19. Hoffman, M. D., & Krishnan, E. (2014). Health and exercise-related medical issues among 1,212 ultramarathon runners: baseline findings from the Ultrarunners Longitudinal TRAcking (ULTRA) Study. PloS one, 9(1), e83867. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0083867
  20. Hoffman, M. D., & Krouse, R. (2018). Ultra-obligatory running among ultramarathon runners. Research in Sports Medicine, 26(2), 211-221. https://doi.org/10.1080/15438627.2018.1431533
  21. Hoffman, M. D., Ong, J. C., & Wang, G. (2010). Historical analysis of participation in 161 km ultramarathons in north America. The International Journal of the History of Sport, 27(11), 1877-1891. https://doi.org/10.1080/09523367.2010.494385
  22. Karakaya, İ. (2012). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri. A. Tanrıöğen (Edt.) Bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri. Anı Yayıncılık.
  23. Kazimierczak, M., Da browska, A., Adamczewska, K., & Malchrowicz-Mo´sko, E. (2020). The impact of modern ultramarathons on shaping the social identity of runners, The case study of karkonosze winter ultramarathon. Int. J. Environ Res Public Health, 17, 116. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17010116
  24. Knechtle, B. (2012). Ultramarathon runners: nature or nurture? Int J Sports Physiol Perform, 7, 310-312. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.7.4.310
  25. Knechtle, B., &Nikolaidis, P. T. (2018). Physiology and pathophysiology in ultra-marathon running. Frontiers in Physiology, 9, 634. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2018.00634
  26. Knechtle, B., Knechtle, P., & Rosemann, T. (2010). Race performance in male mountain ultra-marathoners: anthropometry or training? Percept Mot Skills, 110(3Pt1), 721-35. https://doi.org/10.2466/PMS.110.3.721-735
  27. Knechtle, B., Rüst, C. A., Rosemann, T., & Lepers, R. (2012). Age-related changes in 100-km ultra-marathon running performance. Age, 34(4), 1033-1045. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11357-011-9290-9
  28. Knoth C., Knechtle, B., Rüst, C. A., Rosemann, T., & Lepers, R. (2012). Participation and performance trends in multistage ultramarathons-the ‘Marathon Des Sables’ 2003–2012. Extreme Physiology & Medicine, 1(1), 13. https://doi.org/10.1186/2046-7648-1-13
  29. Krouse, R. Z., Ransdell, L. B., Lucas, S. M., & Pritchard, M. E. (2011). Motivation, goal orientation, coaching, and training habits of women ultrarunners. J Strength Cond Res, 25, 2835-2842. https://doi.org/10.1519/jsc.0b013e318204caa0
  30. Lathan, S. R. (2023). A history of jogging and running-the boom of the 1970s. In Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings, USA, 36(6), 775-777.
  31. Lavie, C. J., Lee, D. C., Sui, X., Arena, R., O’Keefe, J. H., Church, T. S., Milani, R. V., & Blair, S. N. (2015). Effects of running on chronic diseases and cardiovascular and all-cause mortality. Mayo Clin. Proc, 90, 1541–1552. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mayocp.2015.08.001
  32. Lee, D. C., Pate, R. R., Lavie, C. J., Sui, X., Church, T. S., & Blair, S. N. (2014). Leisure-time running reduces all-cause and cardiovascular mortality risk. J Am Coll Cardiol, 64, 472-481. https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jacc.2014.04.058
  33. León-Guereño, P., Galindo-Domínguez, H., Balerdi-Eizmendi, E., Rozmiarek, M., & Malchrowicz-Mośko, E. (2021). Motivation behind running among older adult runners. BMC Sports Science Medicine and Rehabilitation, 13, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13102-021-00366-1
  34. Malchrowicz, J., Malchrowicz-Mośko, E., & Fadigas, A. (2018). Age-related motives in mass running events participation. Olimp J Olympic Stud, 2, 257–273. https://doi.org/10.30937/2526-6314.v2n1.id42
  35. Masters, K. S., Ogles, B. M., & Jolton, J. A. (1993). The development of an instrument to measure motivation for marathon running: The Motivations of Marathoners Scales (MOMS). Research quarterly for exercise and sport, 64(2), 134-143. https://doi.org/10.1080/02701367.1993.10608790
  36. Mueller, J. T., Landon, A. C., & Graefe, A. R. (2019). Modeling the role of social identity in constraint negotiation for ultra-endurance gravel cycling. Journal of Leisure Research, 50(2), 81-106. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222216.2018.1561167
  37. Nikolaidis, P. T., & Knechtle, B. (2018). Age of peak performance in 50-km ultramarathoners–is it older than in marathoners?. Open Access Journal of Sports Medicine, 9, 37-45. https://doi.org/10.2147%2FOAJSM.S154816
  38. Nikolaidis, P. T., Cuk, I., Clemente-Suárez, V. J., Villiger, E., & Knechtle, B. (2021). Number of finishers and performance of age group women and men in long-distance running: Comparison among 10km half-marathon and marathon races in Oslo, Research in Sports Medicine, 11, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1080/15438627.2020.1726745
  39. Nikolaidis, P. T., Del Coso, J., Rosemann, T., & Knechtle, B. (2019). Muscle strength and flexibility in male marathon runners: the role of age, running speed and anthropometry. Frontiers in Physiology, 10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2019.01301
  40. Ogles, B, M., & Masters, K. S. (2000). Older vs. younger adult male marathon runners: Participative motives and training habits. Journal of Sport Behavior, 23(2), 130-143.
  41. Ogles, B. M., Masters, K. S., & Richardson, S. A. (1995). Obligatory running and gender: An analysis of participative motives and training habits. Int. J. Sport Psychol, 26, 233-248.
  42. Paunonen, A. (2004). Running speaks to more and more people. Motion, 1, 36-37.
  43. Poczta, J., Malchrowicz-Mośko, E., & Fadigas, A. B. M. (2018). Age-related motives in mass running events participation. Olimpianos-Journal of Olympic Studies, 2(1), 257-273. https://doi.org/10.30937/2526-6314.v2n1.id42
  44. Qurik, H., Bullas, A., Haake, S., Goyder, E., Graney, M., Wellington, C., & Stevinson, C. (2021). Exploring the benefits of participation in community-based running and walking events: a cross-sectional survey of parkrun participants. BMC Public Health, 21, 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-11986-0
  45. Roebuck, G. S., Fitzgerald, P. B., Urquhart, D. M., Ng, S. K., Cicuttini, F. M., & Fitzgibbon, B. M. (2018). The psychology of ultra-marathon runners: a systematic review. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 37, 43-58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2018.04.004
  46. Rozmiarek, M., Malchrowicz-Mośko, E., León-Guereño, P., Tapia-Serrano, M. Á., & Kwiatkowski, G. (2021). Motivational differences between 5k runners, marathoners and ultramarathoners in Poland. Sustainability, 13(12), 6980. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13126980
  47. Rüst, C. A., Knechtle, B., Knechtle, P., Rosemann, T., & Lepers, R. (2012). The age of peak performance in elite male and female Ironman triathletes competing in a qualifier for ‘Ironman Hawaii’-‘Ironman Switzerland’ from 1995- 2011. Open Access J Sports Med, 3, 175-182. https://doi.org/10.2147/oajsm.s37115
  48. Rüst, C. A., Zingg, M. A., & Rosemann, T., Knechtle, B. (2014). Will the age of peak ultra-marathon performance increase with increasing race duration? BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil, 6, 36. https://doi.org/10.1186/2052-1847-6-36
  49. Salomon Cappadocia Ultra-trail (2024, 5 May). Route of Salomon Cappadocia Ultra-Trail® CUT. Salomon Cappadocia Ultra-trail. https://cappadociaultratrail.com
  50. Scheer, V. (2019). Participation trends of ultra endurance events. Sports Medicine and Arthroscopy Review, 27(1), 3-7. https://doi.org/10.1097/JSA.0000000000000198
  51. Scheer, V., Di Gangi, S., Villiger, E., Nikolaidis, P. T., Rosemann, T., & Knechtle, B. (2020). Age-related participation and performance trends of children and adolescents in ultramarathon running. Research in Sports Medicine, 28(4), 507-517. https://doi.org/10.1080/15438627.2020.1781124
  52. Shipway, R., Holloway, I., & Jones, I. (2013). Organisations, practices, actors, and events: Exploring inside the distance running social world. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 48(3), 259-276. https://doi.org/10.1177/1012690212442135
  53. Stempień, J. R. (2014). Płeć maratonu–sport czasu wolnego w doświadczeniach kobiet. Kultura i Społeczeństwo, 1, 169-186. https://doi.org/10.2478/kultura-2014-0020
  54. Stokvis, R. (2006). Hardlopende vrouwen in de openbare ruimte [Women running in public]. Sociologie, 2(3), 249-264.
  55. Subic, J. (2024, 20 June). Women Are Better Runners than Men (2020 Analysis). Runrepeat, https://runrepeat.com/women-are-better-runners-than-men-2020
  56. Thuany, M., Malchrowicz-Mośko, E., Waśkiewicz, Z., & Gomes, T. N. (2021). Individual and economic characteristics as determinants of Brazilian runners’ motivation. Sustainability, 13, 10178. https://doi.org/10.3390/su131810178
  57. Valentin, S., Pham, L. A., & Macrae, E. (2022). Enablers and barriers in ultrarunning: a comparison of male and female ultra-runners. Sport in Society, 25(11), 2193-2212. https://doi.org/10.1080/17430437.2021.1898590
  58. Van Bottenburg, M., Scheerder, J., & Hover, P. (2010). Don’t miss the next boat, Europe’s opportunities and challenges in the second wave of running. New Studies in Athletics, 25(34), 125-143.
  59. Wang, H. (2018). Construction and analysis of a model of the relationship between social transformation and the benign promotion of sports values in China. J Sport Cult, 10(7), 10-20.
  60. Waśkiewicz, Z., Nikolaidis, P. T., Chalabaev, A., Rosemann, T., & Knechtle, B. (2018). Motivation in ultra-marathon runners. Psychol Res Behav Manag, 12, 31-37. https://doi.org/10.2147/PRBM.S189061
  61. Watkins, L., Wilson, M., & Buscombe, R. (2022). Examining the diversity of ultra-running motivations and experiences: A reversal theory perspective. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 63, 102271. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2022.102271
  62. Xu G., Zhang, J., & Xu, J. (2017). A narrative of 100 marathon runners’ experiences. J Natl Taiwan Univ Sport Phys Educ, 16, 69-84.
  63. Yang, J., Ju, F. Y., & Tian, Z. G. (2022). Sports and social interaction: Sports experiences and attitudes of the urban running community. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 19(21), 14412. https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fijerph192114412
  64. Zhang, Y. (2012). Social interaction in sport: A fundamental concept in the sociology of sport. J Sport, 19, 7-12. https://doi.org/10.16237/j.cnki.cn44-1404/g8.2012.04.022
  65. Zuo, Y., Zou, L., Zhang, M., Smith, L., Yang, L., Loprinzi, P. D., & Ren, Z. (2019). The temporal and spatial evolution of marathons in China from 2010 to 2018. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 16, 5046. https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fijerph16245046