Dergiler / NİŞANTAŞI ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER DERGİSİ / 2026 / Cilt: 13 Sayı: 2

ULUSLARARASI İLİŞKİLERDE ‘BAHÇIVAN DEVLET’: PUTİN RUSYA’SININ YAKIN ÇEVRE POLİTİKASI

THE ‘GARDENING STATE’ IN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS: PUTIN’S RUSSIA AND ITS NEAR ABROAD POLICY

Kürşad Güç(JANDARMA VE SAHİL GÜVENLİK AKADEMİSİ, JANDARMA ASTSUBAY MESLEK YÜKSEKOKULU)0000-0003-2007-9580
Sayfa
928–942
Yayın Tarihi
2025-12-31
🏛️Bu makalenin bibliyografik verileri ve tam metin bağlantısı DergiPark üzerinden sağlanmıştır.
DergiPark Kaydı ↗
✨

Yapay Zeka Hızlı Bakış & Çıkarımlar

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(1 Cümlede Hızlı Çıkarım)

Bu bağlamda çalışma, sosyal teori ve siyaset-pratik arasındaki köprüyü kurarak, güncel uluslararası ilişkilerde devlet davranışlarını anlamaya katkı sağlamayı amaçlamaktadır.

📌 3 Maddede Bu Makale

🎯
Amaç & Hipotez:Bu çalışma, Zygmunt Bauman’ın bahçıvan devlet ve bahçe kültürü metaforlarını uluslararası ilişkiler ve dış politika analizine uyarlayarak, Rusya’nın Putin döneminde eski Sovyet coğrafyasındaki Yakın Çevre politikasını ele almaktadır.
📊
Temel Bulgular & Veri:Çalışmada, Rusya’nın 1990’larda yaşadığı travmatik dönüşüm sonrası 2000’lerden itibaren Yakın Çevre doktrinini güçlendirmesi, NATO ve AB’nin eski Sovyet coğrafyasına genişlemesiyle oluşan gerilimler ve Rusya’nın Gürcistan savaşı, Kırım’ın ilhakı ile Ukrayna savaşındaki politikaları bu metafor çerçevesinde analiz edilmektedir.
💡
Sonuç & Katkı:Bu bağlamda çalışma, sosyal teori ve siyaset-pratik arasındaki köprüyü kurarak, güncel uluslararası ilişkilerde devlet davranışlarını anlamaya katkı sağlamayı amaçlamaktadır.
🔬Tür:Araştırma Makalesi
📍Kapsam:2000 Verileri
⚙️Değişkenler:Rusya · Rus Dış Politikası · Yakın Çevre Doktrini

Özet

Bu çalışma, Zygmunt Bauman’ın bahçıvan devlet ve bahçe kültürü metaforlarını uluslararası ilişkiler ve dış politika analizine uyarlayarak, Rusya’nın Putin döneminde eski Sovyet coğrafyasındaki Yakın Çevre politikasını ele almaktadır. Bauman’ın metaforu, devletlerin kendi “bahçelerinde” arzulanan düzeni tesis etmek için “yabani otları” yani dışlayıcı ve tehdit algılanan unsurları kontrol etme, engelleme ve gerekirse şiddetle tasfiye etme eğilimini anlamada güçlü bir çerçeve sunmaktadır. Çalışmada, Rusya’nın 1990’larda yaşadığı travmatik dönüşüm sonrası 2000’lerden itibaren Yakın Çevre doktrinini güçlendirmesi, NATO ve AB’nin eski Sovyet coğrafyasına genişlemesiyle oluşan gerilimler ve Rusya’nın Gürcistan savaşı, Kırım’ın ilhakı ile Ukrayna savaşındaki politikaları bu metafor çerçevesinde analiz edilmektedir. Putin’in bölgedeki etkisini yeniden tesis etme çabası, dış politikada egemenlik, statü ve normatif düzen arayışı ile örtüşmektedir. Bu bağlamda çalışma, sosyal teori ve siyaset-pratik arasındaki köprüyü kurarak, güncel uluslararası ilişkilerde devlet davranışlarını anlamaya katkı sağlamayı amaçlamaktadır.

Abstract

This study adapts Zygmunt Bauman’s metaphors of the gardening state and garden culture to the analysis of international relations and foreign policy, examining Russia’s Near Abroad policy during the Putin era in the post-Soviet space. Bauman’s metaphor provides a powerful framework for understanding states’ tendencies to establish a desired order within their “gardens” by controlling, preventing, and if necessary, violently eliminating “weeds,” i.e., exclusionary and perceived threats. The study analyzes Russia’s traumatic transformations in the 1990s, its strengthening of the Near Abroad doctrine since the 2000s, tensions arising from NATO and the EU’s eastward expansion into the former Soviet space, and Russia’s policies in the Georgia war, the annexation of Crimea, and the Ukraine war within this metaphorical framework. Putin’s efforts to reassert influence in the region align with foreign policy concerns over sovereignty, status, and normative order. This work aims to bridge social theory and political practice, contributing to a deeper understanding of state behavior in contemporary international relations.

🔖

Bu Makaleye Atıf Yap

Güç, K. (2025). ULUSLARARASI İLİŞKİLERDE ‘BAHÇIVAN DEVLET’: PUTİN RUSYA’SININ YAKIN ÇEVRE POLİTİKASI. NİŞANTAŞI ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER DERGİSİ, Cilt: 13 Sayı: 2, 928–942. https://doi.org/10.52122/nisantasisbd.1766258

📄 Tam Metin PDF Okuyucu

📄

PDF görüntüleyici hazırlanıyor...

Kaynakça (93)

  1. Aitkhozhina, D., & Lokhmutov, A. (2024, August 7). Russia’s legislative minefield: Tripwires for civil society since 2020. Human Rights Watch. https://www.hrw.org/report/2024/08/07/russias-legislative-minefield/tripwires-civil-society-2020
  2. Ali, I., & Stewart, P. (2022, February 27). Putin’s nuclear move could make situation “much, much more dangerous” – U.S. official. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/putins-nuclear-move-could-make-situation-much-much-more-dangerous-us-official-2022-02-27/
  3. Al Jazeera. (2014, March 4). Putin: Use of force is last resort in Ukraine. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/europe/2014/03/putin-ukraine-events-unconstitutional-coup-201434105511394582.html
  4. Al Jazeera. (2022, February 24). Putin’s speech declaring war on Ukraine: Translated excerpts. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/2/24/putins-speech-declaring-war-on-ukraine-translated-excerpts
  5. Anable, D., (2006). “The role of Georgia’s media - and Western aid - in the Rose Revolution”, The International Journal of Press/Politics, 11(3), 7-43.
  6. Aron, L. (2013, March 8). “The Putin doctrine: Russia’s quest to rebuild Soviet state”, Foreign Affairs. https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/russian-federation/2013-03-08/putin-doctrine
  7. Bakshi, J., (2000). “Russia’s national security concepts and military doctrines: Continuity and change”, Strategic Analysis, 24(7), 1267-1284.
  8. Balzer, H., (2015). “The Ukraine invasion and public opinion”, Georgetown Journal of International Affairs, 16(1), 79-93.
  9. Bauman, Z., (1989). Modernity and the Holocaust. Cornell University Press.
  10. Bauman, Z., (1993). Postmodern ethics. Blackwell.
  11. Bauman, Z., (2000). Liquid modernity. Polity Press.
  12. Bauman, Z., (2017). Retrotopia. Polity Press.
  13. BBC News. (2015, February 15). Ukraine crisis in maps. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-27308526
  14. BBC News. (2022, February 24). Ukraine conflict: Russia launches full-scale invasion. https://www.bbc.com/news/60477712
  15. Beissinger, M. R., (2013). “The semblance of democratic revolution: Coalitions in Ukraine’s Orange Revolution”, American Political Science Review, 107(3), 574-592.
  16. Best, S., (2016). “Zygmunt Bauman: On what it means to be included”, Power and Education, 8(2), 124-139.
  17. Bradshaw, S., Elswah, M., Haque, M., & Quelle, D. (2024). “Strategic storytelling: Russian state-backed media coverage of the Ukraine war”, International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 36(3), 1-11.
  18. Campbell, B., Jacobsen, M. H., & Marshman, S., (2018). “Hidden paths in Zygmunt Bauman’s sociology”, In A. Elliott (Ed.), The Routledge handbook of contemporary social theory (pp. 219-232). Routledge.
  19. Carleheden, M., (2008). “Bauman on Politics - Stillborn Democracy”, In Michael H. Jacobsen & Poul Poder (Eds.), The Sociology of Zygmunt Bauman: Challenges and Critique (pp. 175-192). Ashgate.
  20. Charpentreau, C., (2022, February 24). Ukraine closes airspace, Kyiv airport seized by Russia. AeroTime, https://www.aerotime.aero/articles/30312-ukraine-closes-airspace-russia-attacks?_fb_noscript=1
  21. Clegg, S. R., (2018). “Reading Bauman and Retrotopia”, Scandinavian Journal of Management, 34(4), 354-363.
  22. Clunan, A. L., (2018). “Russia and the liberal world order”, Ethics & International Affairs, 32(1), 45-59.
  23. CNN. (2014, March 25). U.S., other powers kick Russia out of G8. https://edition.cnn.com/2014/03/24/politics/obama-europe-trip/index.html
  24. CNN. (2022, March 25). Russia-Ukraine news: Russia invasion intensifies around Kyiv [Live updates]. https://edition.cnn.com/europe/live-news/ukraine-russia-putin-news-03-25-22
  25. Connor, R. (2025, June 20). Putin: All of Ukraine is “ours” in theory; eyes Sumy city. DW. https://www.dw.com/en/putin-all-of-ukraine-is-ours-in-theory-eyes-sumy-city/a-72990253
  26. Conradi, P., (2017). Who lost Russia: How the world entered a new Cold War. Oneworld Publications.
  27. d’Encausse, H. C., (2013). İki dünya arasında Rusya (Trans. R. Uzmen). Ötüken Publishing.
  28. Deutsche Welle. (2013, August 15). Russia’s trade war against Ukraine on “threatening scale.” https://www.dw.com/en/russias-trade-war-against-ukraine-on-threatening-scale/a-17023224
  29. Dickson, J., & Morrow, A. (2022, September 30). Putin signs documents to illegally annex four Ukrainian regions in drastic escalation of Russia’s war. The Globe and Mail. https://www.theglobeandmail.com/world/article-putin-signs-documents-to-unlawfully-claim-4-ukrainian-regions-in/
  30. Eckel, M. (2019, April 3). Poll: Majority of Russians support Crimea annexation, but worry about economic effects. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. https://www.rferl.org/a/poll-majority-of-russians-support-crimea-annexation-but-worry-about-economic-effects/29859570.html
  31. Evans, G., (2014, May 8). Zygmunt Bauman’s warning from history. Social Europe. https://www.socialeurope.eu/zygmunt-baumans-warning-history
  32. France 24. (2024, October 14). China vows never to renounce use of force to retake Taiwan as drills end. https://www.france24.com/en/asia-pacific/20241014-china-taiwan
  33. Haas, M., (2010). Russia’s foreign policy in the 21st century: Putin, Medvedev and beyond. Routledge.
  34. Herpen, M. H. Van., (2014). Putin’s wars: The rise of Russia’s new imperialism. Rowman & Littlefield.
  35. Illarionov, A. (2009). “The Russian leadership’s preparations for the war, 1999-2008”, In S. E. Cornell & S. F. Starr (Eds.), The guns of August 2008: Russia’s war in Georgia (pp. 49-84). M.E. Sharpe.
  36. Ioffe, J. (2018, January). What Putin really wants. The Atlantic. https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2018/01/putins-game/546548/
  37. Jones, S. F., (2006). “The Rose Revolution: A revolution without revolutionaries?”, Cambridge Review of International Affairs, 19(1), 33-48.
  38. Jouanny, J. R., (2017). Putin ne istiyor (Trans. M. Öztürk). İletişim Publishing.
  39. Juraev, S., (2008). “Kyrgyz democracy? The Tulip Revolution and beyond”, Central Asian Survey, 27(3-4), 253-264.
  40. Karatnycky, A., (2005). “Ukraine’s Orange Revolution”, Foreign Affairs, 84(2), 35–52.
  41. Kimmage, M. (2019, September 10). “A post-Soviet “war and peace.” Foreign Affairs. https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/russian-federation/2019-09-10/post-soviet-war-and-peace
  42. Levy, C. J., (2008, August 26). Russia backs independence of Georgian enclaves. The New York Times, https://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/27/world/europe/27russia.html
  43. Lynch, A. C., (2018). “International relations”, In M. L. Bressler (Ed.), Understanding contemporary Russia (pp. 175-208). Lynne Rienner Publishers.
  44. Marten, K., (2015). “Putin’s choices: Explaining Russian foreign policy and intervention in Ukraine”, The Washington Quarterly, 38(2), 189-204.
  45. Marxsen, C., (2014). “The Crimea crisis - An international law perspective”, Heidelberg Journal of International Law, 72(2), 2-18.
  46. Medvedev, D. (2008, August 18). Statement on the situation in South Ossetia at the meeting with veterans of the Battle of Kursk. Kremlin. http://en.kremlin.ru/events/president/transcripts/1121
  47. Medvedev, D. (2008a, August 26). Interview with BBC Television. Kremlin. http://en.kremlin.ru/events/president/transcripts/1228
  48. Medvedev, D. (2008b, August 26). Interview with CNN. Kremlin. http://en.kremlin.ru/events/president/transcripts/1227
  49. Miller, C., (2018). Putinomics: Power and money in resurgent Russia. University of North Carolina Press.
  50. NATO. (2008, August 19). NATO’s Foreign Ministers reiterate their support for Georgia. https://www.nato.int/docu/update/2008/08-august/e0819a.html
  51. Osborn, A., (2014, March 13). Crimea, a symbol of Russian identity vital for Putin’s legacy. Reuters, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-ukraine-crisis-crimea-putin/crimea-a-symbol-of-russian-identity-vital-for-putins-legacy-idUSBREA2C0KA20140313
  52. Pan, P. P., (2010, April 28). Ukraine's extension of Russian base's lease may challenge U.S. goals in region. The Washington Post, https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/04/27/AR2010042703887.html
  53. Pifer, S., (2012, June 11). Ukraine’s foreign policy: Losing its balance. Brookings Institution, https://www.brookings.edu/research/ukraines-foreign-policy-losing-its-balance/
  54. Piper, E., (2013, December 19). Special report: Why Ukraine spurned the EU and embraced Russia. Reuters, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-ukraine-russia-deal-special-report-idUSBRE9BI0DZ20131219
  55. Primakov, Y., (2010). Rusyasız dünya. Timaş Yayınları.
  56. Putin, V., (2008, August 10). Beginning of working meeting with Prime Minister Vladimir Putin. Kremlin, http://en.kremlin.ru/events/president/transcripts/1052
  57. Putin, V. (2008, April 4). Press statement and answers to journalists’ questions following a meeting of the Russia-NATO Council. Kremlin. http://en.kremlin.ru/events/president/transcripts/24903
  58. Putin, V., (2013, September 19). Meeting of the Valdai International Discussion Club. Kremlin, http://en.kremlin.ru/events/president/news/19243
  59. Putin, V., (2014, March 18). Address by President of the Russian Federation. Kremlin, http://en.kremlin.ru/events/president/news/20603
  60. Putin, V. (2021, July 12). On the historical unity of Russians and Ukrainians. Kremlin. http://en.kremlin.ru/events/president/news/66181
  61. Reuters., (2014, November 20). Putin says Russia must prevent 'color revolution'. https://www.reuters.com/article/world/putin-says-russia-must-prevent-color-revolution-idUSKCN0J41J6
  62. RFE/RL., (2011, November 22). Medvedev caught telling the truth. https://www.rferl.org/a/medvedev_gets_caught_telling_the_truth/24399004.html
  63. RFE/RL., (2018, September 19). A timeline of all Russia-related sanctions. https://www.rferl.org/a/russia-sanctions-timeline/29477179.html
  64. Rumer, E. B., (2019, June 5). The Primakov (not Gerasimov) doctrine in action. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, https://carnegieendowment.org/2019/06/05/primakov-not-gerasimov-doctrine-in-action-pub-79254
  65. Russia Today., (2012, February 19). Being strong: National security guarantees for Russia. https://www.rt.com/russia/official-word/strong-putin-military-russia-711/
  66. Rywkin, M., (2015). “Russia: An adventure to restore the empire”, American Foreign Policy Interests, 37(2), 95-99.
  67. Schwirtz, M., Barnard, A., & Chivers, C. J., (2008, August 9). 1,500 reported killed in Georgia battle. The New York Times, https://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/10/world/europe/10ossetia.html?auth=linked-google
  68. Scott, M., (2022, January 27). As Ukraine conflict heats up, so too does disinformation. Politico, https://www.politico.eu/article/russia-ukraine-disinformation-nato-united-states-special-forces-winter-olympics-moscow-kremlin-kyiv/
  69. Smith, D., (1999). Zygmunt Bauman: Prophet of postmodernity. Polity Press.
  70. Stoner, K., & McFaul, M., (2015). “Who lost Russia (this time)? Vladimir Putin”, The Washington Quarterly, 38(2), 167-187.
  71. Surkov, V., (2018, May 28). The loneliness of the half-breed. Global Affairs, https://eng.globalaffairs.ru/articles/the-loneliness-of-the-half-breed/
  72. Szostek, J., (2017). “Defence and promotion of desired state identity in Russia’s strategic narrative”, Geopolitics, 22(3), 571-593.
  73. Tass., (2014, March 1). Putin’s letter on use of Russian army in Ukraine goes to upper house. http://tass.ru/en/russia/721586
  74. Tass., (2014, March 21). Putin signs laws on reunification of Republic of Crimea and Sevastopol with Russia. https://tass.com/russia/724785
  75. Tellal, E., (2005). “Eski Sovyet coğrafyasında ‘devrimler’”, Ankara Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi Dergisi, 60(2), 273-278.
  76. Tellal, E., (2010). “Zümrüdüanka: Rusya Federasyonu’nun dış politikası”, Ankara Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi Dergisi, 65(3), 189-236.
  77. Tellal, E., (2013). “SSCB’yle ilişkiler”, In B. Oran (Ed.), Türk dış politikası: Kurtuluş savaşından bugüne olgular, belgeler, yorumlar (Vol. II, pp. 158-166). İletişim Publishing.
  78. Temirkulov, A., (2008). “Informal actors and institutions in mobilization: The periphery in the ‘Tulip Revolution’”, Central Asian Survey, 27(3-4), 317-335.
  79. The Guardian., (2025, April 1). China launches surprise military drills around Taiwan. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/apr/01/china-launches-surprise-military-drills-around-taiwan
  80. The Jerusalem Post., (2022, October 16). EU’s Borrell says ‘Europe is a garden, the rest of the world is a jungle’. https://www.jpost.com/international/article-719895
  81. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation., (2008, January 12). The Foreign Policy Concept of the Russian Federation. Kremlin, http://en.kremlin.ru/supplement/4116
  82. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation., (2013, February 18). Concept of the Foreign Policy of the Russian Federation. https://www.mid.ru/en/foreign_policy/official_documents/-/asset_publisher/CptICkB6BZ29/content/id/122186
  83. The White House., (2025, January 22). Fact sheet: President Donald J. Trump protects the states and the American people by closing the border to illegals via proclamation. https://www.whitehouse.gov/fact-sheets/2025/01/fact-sheet-president-donald-j-trump-protects-the-states-and-the-american-people-by-closing-the-border-to-illegals-via-proclamation
  84. Toal, G., (2017). Near abroad: Putin, the West and the contest over Ukraine and the Caucasus. Oxford University Press.
  85. Topol, S. A., (2019, June 25). What does Putin really want?. The New York Times, https://www.nytimes.com/2019/06/25/magazine/russia-united-states-world-politics.html
  86. Traynor, I., & Grytsenko, O., (2013, November 21). Ukraine suspends talks on EU trade pact as Putin wins tug of war. The Guardian, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/nov/21/ukraine-suspends-preparations-eu-trade-pact
  87. Treisman, D., (2016). “Why Putin took Crimea: The gambler in the Kremlin”, Foreign Affairs, 95(3), 47-54.
  88. Trenin, D., (2016). “The revival of the Russian military”, Foreign Affairs, 95(3), 23-29.
  89. Trenin, D., (2020, March 3). The world through Moscow’s eyes: A classic Russian perspective. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, https://carnegie.ru/2020/03/03/world-through-moscow-s-eyes-classic-russian-perspective-pub-81203
  90. Tsygankov, A. P., (2012). Russia and the West from Alexander to Putin: Honor in international relations. Cambridge University Press.
  91. Tsygankov, A. P., (2016). Russia’s foreign policy: Change and continuity in national identity (4th ed.). Rowman & Littlefield.
  92. Volkov, D., (2015, June 22). The evolution of anti-Americanism in Russia. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, https://carnegie.ru/commentary/60457
  93. Zygar, M., (2018, March 19). Putin believes he’s destined to make Russia great again. And he’s just getting started. Time, https://time.com/magazine/south-pacific/5210609/march-22nd-2018-vol-191-no-12-u-s/