KaydedilenlerDerginizi ekleyin

Dergiler / International Journal of Automotive Science and Technology / 2025 / Volume: 9 Issue: 4

Experimental and Statistical Analysis of the Effects of Printing Parameters on Mechanical Properties in SLA-Based Additive Manufacturing for Automotive Applications

Kubilay Han(SAKARYA UNIVERSITY OF APPLIED SCIENCES)0000-0003-1472-2832
Yasin Akın(SAKARYA UYGULAMALI BİLİMLER ÜNİVERSİTESİ)
Ahmet Burak Dönmez(SAKARYA UYGULAMALI BİLİMLER ÜNİVERSİTESİ)
Sayfa
—
Yayın Tarihi
2025-12-31
🏛️Bu makalenin bibliyografik verileri ve tam metin bağlantısı DergiPark üzerinden sağlanmıştır.
DergiPark Kaydı ↗
✨

Yapay Zeka Hızlı Bakış & Çıkarımlar

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(1 Cümlede Hızlı Çıkarım)

Furthermore, optimized parameters offer advantages in terms of cost reduction, material efficiency, and accelerated R&D processes, highlighting the potential of SLA-based additive manufacturing in automotive applications.

📌 3 Maddede Bu Makale

🎯
Amaç & Hipotez:In this study, the effects of printing parameters on the tensile and flexural strengths of Anycubic standard resin specimens produced by a stereolithography (SLA)-based 3D printer were investigated.
📊
Temel Bulgular & Veri:Three main parameters were examined: layer thickness (0.05–0.1 mm), exposure time (2–3 s), and curing time (15–25 min).
💡
Sonuç & Katkı:Furthermore, optimized parameters offer advantages in terms of cost reduction, material efficiency, and accelerated R&D processes, highlighting the potential of SLA-based additive manufacturing in automotive applications.
🔬Tür:Research Article
📍Kapsam:Genişletilmiş Akademik Örneklem
⚙️Değişkenler:Additive manufacturing · Automotive applications · Flexural strength

Abstract

In this study, the effects of printing parameters on the tensile and flexural strengths of Anycubic standard resin specimens produced by a stereolithography (SLA)-based 3D printer were investigated. Three main parameters were examined: layer thickness (0.05–0.1 mm), exposure time (2–3 s), and curing time (15–25 min). The Taguchi design of experiments was employed to analyze the influence of parameter combinations on mechanical performance, while analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to determine the statistical significance of each factor. Tensile tests identified exposure time as the most statistically significant parameter influencing tensile strength of 35.29 MPa obtained at 3 s. Flexural tests indicated that layer thickness had the dominant effect, reaching 102.45 MPa at 0.05 mm. In both tests, the optimum performance was achieved under the same combination: 0.05 mm layer thickness, 3 s exposure time, and 25 min curing time. The findings are significant not only from an academic perspective but also for industrial applications, particularly in the automotive sector. The results provide guidance for producing prototypes that can withstand mechanical testing, ensure reliable manufacturing of complex geometries, and support quality control processes in line with ASTM standards. Furthermore, optimized parameters offer advantages in terms of cost reduction, material efficiency, and accelerated R&D processes, highlighting the potential of SLA-based additive manufacturing in automotive applications.

🔖

Bu Makaleye Atıf Yap

Han, K., Akın, Y., Dönmez, A. B. (2025). Experimental and Statistical Analysis of the Effects of Printing Parameters on Mechanical Properties in SLA-Based Additive Manufacturing for Automotive Applications. International Journal of Automotive Science and Technology, Volume: 9 Issue: 4. https://doi.org/10.30939/ijastech..1787324

📄 Tam Metin PDF Okuyucu

📄

PDF görüntüleyici hazırlanıyor...

Kaynakça (42)

  1. Yeshiwas TA, Tiruneh AB, Sisay MA. A review article on the assessment of additive manufacturing. J Mater Sci: Mater Eng 2025; 20:85. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40712-025-00306-8
  2. Sathish K, Kumar SS, Magal RT, Selvaraj V, Narasimharaj V, Karthikeyan R, et al. A Comparative Study on Subtractive Manu-facturing and Additive Manufacturing. Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2022; 2022:1–8. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/6892641
  3. Neccaroğlu V, Karamanlı İA. Experimental and Statistical Analy-sis of the Effect of 3D Printing Parameters on Mechanical Per-formance. International Journal of 3D Printing Technologies and Digital Industry 2025; 9:207–19. https://doi.org/10.46519/ij3dptdi.1653336
  4. Kanishka K, Acherjee B. Revolutionizing manufacturing: A com-prehensive overview of additive manufacturing processes, materi-als, developments, and challenges. Journal of Manufacturing Pro-cesses 2023; 107:574–619. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmapro.2023.10.024
  5. Çerlek Ö, Kesercioğlu MA, Han K. Stereolithography (SLA): An Innovative Additive Manufacturing Process. New trends and frontiers in engineering, All Sciences Academy; 2024, p. 399–412.
  6. Koç E, Gökçöl C. 3D Printing Technology: Methods and Materi-als. Ejovoc 2018; 8:89–91.
  7. Çerlek Ö, Çobaner S, Akin Y. An Experimental Analysis of the Factors Influencing the Tensile Strength of PLA Parts Manufac-tured with 3D Printing Using FDM Technique, 3. BİLSEL Inter-national Harput Scientific Researches Congress 2024.
  8. Huang J, Qin Q, Wang J. A Review of Stereolithography: Pro-cesses and Systems. Processes 2020; 8:1138. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr8091138
  9. Albaşkara M, Türkyilmaz S. Optimization of Accuracy and Sur-face Roughness Of 3d Sla Printed Materials with Response Sur-face Method. International Journal of 3D Printing Technologies and Digital Industry 2023; 7:403–14. https://doi.org/10.46519/ij3dptdi.1334068
  10. Han K, Aktaş NF. Properties and Applications of Resin Types Used in Sla 3D Printers, Allsciencesacademy; 2024.
  11. Fiedor P, Ortyl J. A New Approach to Micromachining: High-Precision and Innovative Additive Manufacturing Solutions Based on Photopolymerization Technology. Materials 2020; 13:2951. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13132951
  12. Lakkala P, Munnangi SR, Bandari S, Repka M. Additive manu-facturing technologies with emphasis on stereolithography 3D printing in pharmaceutical and medical applications: A review. In-ternational Journal of Pharmaceutics: X 2023; 5:100159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpx.2023.100159
  13. Bahati D, Bricha M, El Mabrouk K. Vat Photopolymerization Additive Manufacturing Technology for Bone Tissue Engineering Applications. Adv Eng Mater 2023; 25:2200859. https://doi.org/10.1002/adem.202200859
  14. Dağlı S. Investigation of the Bonding Performance of Parts Pro-duced by FDM and SLA 3D Printing Methods. Manufacturing Technologies and Applications 2025; 6:100–10. https://doi.org/10.52795/mateca.1635653
  15. Han K, Aktaş N, Tüylü A. Investigation of Compressive Behav-ior of Different Lattice Structures Produced with Abs-Like Resin Using Sla Technology, 4. BİLSEL International Harput Scientific Researches Congress 2024.
  16. Zareanshahraki F, Davenport A, Cramer N, Seubert C, Lee E, Cassoli M, et al. Additive Manufacturing for Automotive Appli-cations: Mechanical and Weathering Durability of Vat Photopol-ymerization Materials. 3D Printing and Additive Manufacturing 2021; 8:302–14. https://doi.org/10.1089/3dp.2020.0244
  17. Szalai S, Szívós BF, Nemes V, Szabó G, Kurhan D, Sysyn M, et al. Investigation of Digital Light Processing-Based 3D Printing for Optimized Tooling in Automotive and Electronics Sheet Metal Forming. JMMP 2025; 9:25. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmmp9010025
  18. Greene JP. Additive Manufacturing in Automotive. Automotive Plastics and Composites, Elsevier; 2021, p. 325–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-818008-2.00003-9
  19. Saini J, Dowling L, Kennedy J, Trimble D. Investigations of the mechanical properties on different print orientations in SLA 3D printed resin. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engi-neers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 2020;234:2279–93. https://doi.org/10.1177/0954406220904106
  20. Li Y, Teng Z. Effect of printing orientation on mechanical proper-ties of SLA 3D‐printed photopolymer. Fatigue Fract. Eng. Mat. Struct. 2024; 47:1531–45. https://doi.org/10.1111/ffe.14265
  21. Çerlek Ö, Han K, Tüylü A. Optimization of Flexural Strength of Parts Produced from ABS-Like Resin Using Stereolithography, All Sciences Academy: 2024.
  22. Zeng Y-S, Hsueh M-H, Hsiao T-C. Effect of ultraviolet post-curing, laser power, and layer thickness on the mechanical proper-ties of acrylate used in stereolithography 3D printing. Mater Res Express 2023;10:025303. https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/acb751
  23. P TT, S VK, B TM. Effect of Layer Thickness on the Tensile and Impact Behaviour of SLA-Printed Parts. IJRASET 2024; 12:1848–52. https://doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2024.65505
  24. Alshamrani AA, Raju R, Ellakwa A. Effect of Printing Layer Thickness and Postprinting Conditions on the Flexural Strength and Hardness of a 3D‐Printed Resin. BioMed Research Interna-tional 2022;2022:8353137. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/8353137
  25. Obst P, Riedelbauch J, Oehlmann P, Rietzel D, Launhardt M, Schmölzer S, et al. Investigation of the influence of exposure time on the dual-curing reaction of RPU 70 during the DLS process and the resulting mechanical part properties. Additive Manufactur-ing 2020; 32:101002. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2019.101002
  26. Dzadz Ł, Pszczółkowski B. Analysis of the influence of UV light exposure time on hardness and density properties of SLA models. Ts 2020. https://doi.org/10.31648/ts.6119
  27. Pszczółkowski B, Zaborowska M. Effect of Layer Exposure Time in SLA-LCD Printing on Surface Topography, Hardness and Chemical Structure of UV-Cured Photopolymer. Lubricants 2025; 13:406. https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants13090406
  28. Kim YJ, Kim HN, Kim DY. A study on effects of curing and machining conditions in post-processing of SLA additive manu-factured polymer. Journal of Manufacturing Processes 2024; 119:511–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmapro.2024.03.112
  29. Riccio C, Civera M, Grimaldo Ruiz O, Pedullà P, Rodriguez Reinoso M, Tommasi G, et al. Effects of Curing on Photosensi-tive Resins in SLA Additive Manufacturing. Applied Mechanics 2021; 2:942–55. https://doi.org/10.3390/applmech2040055
  30. Akti̇ti̇z İ, Aydın K, Topçu A. The Effect of Post-Curing Time on Mechanical Properties in 3D Polymer Materials Printed by Ste-reolithography (SLA) Method. Çukurova University Journal of the Faculty of Engineering and Architecture 2020; 35:949–58. https://doi.org/10.21605/cukurovaummfd.868895
  31. Oliveira GCRD, Oliveira VARD, Pinto CC, Marques LFB, San-tos TSRD, Neto ADRDF, et al. Influence of Post-Curing Time and Print Orientation on the Mechanical Behavior of Photosensi-tive Resins in mSLA 3D Printing. Applied Mechanics 2025; 6:71. https://doi.org/10.3390/applmech6030071
  32. Akın Y, Han K, Tüylü A, Aktaş NF, Çobaner S, Çerlek Ö, et al. Compressive strength and performance of horizontally and verti-cally oriented hybrid lattice structures manufactured by stereo-lithography. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engi-neers, Part E: Journal of Process Mechanical Engineering 2025. https://doi.org/10.1177/09544089251400793
  33. Çerlek Ö, Han K, Akin Y, Seçgin Ö. Experimental Investigation of Parameters Affecting the Tensile Strength of Silicone-Filled 3D Printed ABS Products. J of Materi Eng and Perform 2024. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-024-10498-3
  34. Akin Y, Han K, Çerlek Ö, Seçgin Ö. Impact of Epoxy Infill on the Mechanical Strength of ABS Specimens Produced by Fused Filament Fabrication. Arab J Sci Eng 2025. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-025-10341-4
  35. Han K, Kesercioğlu MA, Akın Y, Çay Y, Tanyeri B. Effect of Elastomer Filling on the Tensile, Compressive, and Flexural Strength of Cross-Lattice Structured Acrylonitrile Styrene Acry-late Specimens Fabricated via Fused Filament Fabrication. J of Materi Eng and Perform 2025. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-025-11562-2
  36. Bonada J, Muguruza A, Fernández-Francos X, Ramis X. Influ-ence of exposure time on mechanical properties and photocuring conversion ratios for photosensitive materials used in Additive Manufacturing. Procedia Manufacturing 2017; 13:762–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.promfg.2017.09.182
  37. Saha RK, Rahman MdM, Islam MdT, Mumin MdM, Ray NC. Investigating the Impact of Layer Thickness and Print Orientation on Strength and Structural Integrity of SLA 3D Printed Compo-sites. International Journal of Lightweight Materials and Manufac-ture 2025. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijlmm.2025.09.002
  38. Young JC, Brinckmann SA, Fertig Iii RS, Lynch SP, Frick CP. Influence of layer thickness and exposure on mechanical proper-ties of additively manufactured polymer-derived SiOC ceramics. Open Ceramics 2024; 19:100652. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceram.2024.100652
  39. Kim D, Shim J-S, Lee D, Shin S-H, Nam N-E, Park K-H, et al. Effects of Post-Curing Time on the Mechanical and Color Proper-ties of Three-Dimensional Printed Crown and Bridge Materials. Polymers 2020; 12:2762. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12112762
  40. Aktug Karademir S, Atasoy S, Akarsu S, Karaaslan E. Effects of post-curing conditions on degree of conversion, microhardness, and stainability of 3D printed permanent resins. BMC Oral Health 2025; 25:304. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12903-025-05664-5
  41. AlRumaih HS, Gad MM. The Effect of 3D Printing Layer Thick-ness and Post-Polymerization Time on the Flexural Strength and Hardness of Denture Base Resins. Prosthesis 2024; 6:970–8. https://doi.org/10.3390/prosthesis6040070
  42. Cheadle AMG, Maier E, Palin WM, Tomson PL, Poolo-gasundarampillai G, Hadis MA. The impact of modifying 3D printing parameters on mechanical strength and physical proper-ties in vat photopolymerisation. Sci Rep 2025; 15:12592. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-97294-8