KaydedilenlerDerginizi ekleyin

Dergiler / International Journal of Automotive Science and Technology / 2026 / Volume: 10 Issue: 3

PID-Based Electronic Load Control Card Design for Self-Excited Induction Generators Driven by Pump-as-Turbine Systems

Osman Fırat Alkan(ORDU UNIVERSITY)0000-0002-7704-8796
Sibel Akkaya Oy(ORDU ÜNİVERSİTESİ)0000-0002-1209-920X
Seyfettin Vadi(GAZI UNIVERSITY)0000-0002-4244-9573
Muhammed Kemalettin Toraman(VAN YUZUNCU YIL UNIVERSITY)0000-0002-9641-5387
Sayfa
—
Yayın Tarihi
2026-10-18
🏛️Bu makalenin bibliyografik verileri ve tam metin bağlantısı DergiPark üzerinden sağlanmıştır.
DergiPark Kaydı ↗
✨

Yapay Zeka Hızlı Bakış & Çıkarımlar

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(1 Cümlede Hızlı Çıkarım)

The total component cost of the control card was low, confirming the economic viability of the solution for remote micro-hydropower electrification.

📌 3 Maddede Bu Makale

🎯
Amaç & Hipotez:This paper presents the design, simulation, and experimental validation of a low-cost PID based electronic load control (ELC) card for a self-excited induction generator (SEIG) driven by a pump-as-turbine (PAT) system operating in off-grid conditions.
📊
Temel Bulgular & Veri:The primary challenge addressed is the regulation of terminal voltage and output frequency under varying single-phase resistive loads connected to a three-phase SEIG via the C-2C (Steinmetz) capacitor configuration.
💡
Sonuç & Katkı:The total component cost of the control card was low, confirming the economic viability of the solution for remote micro-hydropower electrification.
🔬Tür:Modelleme & Sayısal Simülasyon
📍Kapsam:2022 Verileri
⚙️Değişkenler:pump-as-turbine (PAT) · self-excited induction generator (SEIG) · PID control

Abstract

This paper presents the design, simulation, and experimental validation of a low-cost PID based electronic load control (ELC) card for a self-excited induction generator (SEIG) driven by a pump-as-turbine (PAT) system operating in off-grid conditions. The primary challenge addressed is the regulation of terminal voltage and output frequency under varying single-phase resistive loads connected to a three-phase SEIG via the C-2C (Steinmetz) capacitor configuration. A ballast load driver circuit employing an IGBT switched at 500 Hz by PWM is governed by a PID algorithm implemented on an Arduino UNO microcontroller. The system is first modelled in MATLAB/Simulink, where the PID gains are manually tuned by iterating over Kp, Ki, and Kd and evaluating the closed-loop rise time, overshoot, settling time, and steady-state error as the tuning criteria, then validated on a physical test bench comprising two centrifugal pumps — one operating as the pressurised hydraulic supply and the other as the PAT driving the SEIG. The experimental setup is documented in full, including schematic and photographic evidence. Results show that the proposed ELC constrains the terminal voltage deviation to within ±3% of the 230 V reference under load-switching transients up to 600 W, with settling times of 100 ms (load shedding) and 180 ms (load acceptance). Without ELC, the uncontrolled system exhibited a peak voltage deviation of 25.9% and a frequency excursion of 16.3% across the full load range. Total harmonic distortion (THD) increased by only 0.037 percentage points when the ballast driver was active, from 0.880% to 0.917%. Both values remained below the 8.0% voltage THD reference limit specified by IEEE Std 519-2022 for systems with a PCC voltage of (V\leq1) kV. The total component cost of the control card was low, confirming the economic viability of the solution for remote micro-hydropower electrification.

🔖

Bu Makaleye Atıf Yap

Alkan, O. F., Oy, S. A., Vadi, S., Toraman, M. K. (2026). PID-Based Electronic Load Control Card Design for Self-Excited Induction Generators Driven by Pump-as-Turbine Systems. International Journal of Automotive Science and Technology, Volume: 10 Issue: 3. https://doi.org/10.30939/ijastech..1947167

📄 Tam Metin PDF Okuyucu

📄

PDF görüntüleyici hazırlanıyor...

Kaynakça (28)

  1. Gulaydin O, Mourshed M. Net-zero Turkey: renewable energy potential and implementation challenges. Energy Sustain Dev. 2025;87:101744. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esd.2025.101744
  2. Bulut M, Öz İ. Operational challenges and multiple solutions for high renewable energy penetration in the Turkish power grid system. Int J Energy Stud. 2026;11(1):631-651. https://doi.org/10.58559/ijes.1888994
  3. Kumar S, Sireesha B, Singh JG, Salam PA. Low-head pico-hydro plant using the pump as turbine (PaT) and permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) for isolated loads: experimental studies. Int Energy J. 2023;23(3):131-140. https://doi.org/10.64289/iej.23.0309.1031387
  4. Nasir A, Salau AO, Dribssa E, Girma M. Technical and economic analysis of a pump as a turbine for rural electrification. Int J Sustain Energy. 2023;42(1):914-928. https://doi.org/10.1080/14786451.2023.2244606
  5. Harvey A, Brown A, Hettiarachi P, Inversin A. Micro-hydro design manual: a guide to small-scale water power schemes. London: Intermediate Technology Publications; 1993. ISBN: 1853391034.
  6. Jemal AN, Haile MG. Comprehensive review of pump as turbine (PAT). J Renew Energy Sustain Dev. 2019;5(2):68-79. https://doi.org/10.21622/resd.2019.05.2.068
  7. Catelas JMR, Fernandes JFP, Pérez-Sánchez M, López-Jiménez PA, Ramos HM, Branco PJC. Energy efficiency and stability of micro-hydropower PAT-SEIG systems for DC off-grids. Energies. 2024;17(6):1382. https://doi.org/10.3390/en17061382
  8. Nyirenda EJ, Kihedu JH, Kimambo CZM, Nielsen TK. Optimization pump as turbine coupled to a self-excited induction generator using multi-objective genetic algorithm. Tanzan J Eng Technol. 2024;43(1):133-143. https://doi.org/10.52339/tjet.v43i1.983
  9. Ramirez JM, Torres ME. An electronic load controller for self-excited induction generators. In: 2007 IEEE Power Engineering Society General Meeting; 2007 Jun 24-28; Tampa, FL, USA. IEEE; 2007. p. 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1109/PES.2007.385540
  10. Singh B, Murthy SS, Gupta S. Transient analysis of self-excited induction generator with electronic load controller (ELC) supplying static and dynamic loads. IEEE Trans Ind Appl. 2005;41(5):1194-1204. https://doi.org/10.1109/TIA.2005.855047
  11. Sinha S, Rajak MK, Pudur R. PSO-optimized electronic load controller with intelligent energy recovery for self-excited induction generator based micro-hydro systems. Sci Rep. 2026;16(1):10862. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-45570-6
  12. Ndukwe SC, Kannan R, Wei HT. Design and experimentation of a simple fuzzy PI-based AC chopper electronic load controller for pico hydropower system. Heliyon. 2024;10(17):e35248. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e35248
  13. Singh RR, Kumar BA, Shruthi D, Panda R, Raj CT. Review and experimental illustrations of electronic load controller used in standalone micro-hydro generating plants. Eng Sci Technol Int J. 2018;21(5):886-900. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jestch.2018.07.006
  14. Ahmed T, Nishida K, Nakaoka M. Advanced control of PWM converter with variable-speed induction generator. IEEE Trans Ind Appl. 2006;42(4):934-945. https://doi.org/10.1109/TIA.2006.876068
  15. Sinha S, Rajak MK, Pudur R. Experimental investigation of voltage regulation using ELC for two self-excited induction generators connected in parallel. In: 2023 5th International Conference on Energy, Power and Environment: Towards Flexible Green Energy Technologies (ICEPE); 2023 Jun 15-17; Shillong, India. IEEE; 2023. p. 1-5. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICEPE57949.2023.10201555
  16. Latif M, Nazir R, Defaz MI, Muharam M, Budiman R, Krismadinata. Control strategy for power stabilization of pico-hydro SEIG systems with PID-controlled electronic load management in rural areas. J Phys Conf Ser. 2026;3186(1):012046. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/3186/1/012046
  17. Singh B, Murthy SS, Gupta S. Analysis and design of STATCOM-based voltage regulator for self-excited induction generators. IEEE Trans Energy Convers. 2004;19(4):783-790. https://doi.org/10.1109/TEC.2004.827710
  18. Singh B, Murthy SS, Gupta S. STATCOM based voltage regulator for self-excited induction generator feeding non-linear loads. In: IECON’03. 29th Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society; 2003; Roanoke, VA, USA. IEEE; 2003. p. 709-714. https://doi.org/10.1109/IECON.2003.1280069
  19. Mishra E, Tiwari S. Comparative analysis of fuzzy logic and PI controller based electronic load controller for self-excited induction generator. Adv Electr Eng. 2017;2017:5620830. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/5620830
  20. Poudel B, Poudel B, Shrestha S, Dhami S, Dangi HS. Discrete electronic load controller for minimizing total harmonic distortion in micro hydro power plants. J Innov Eng Educ. 2024;7(1):17-25. https://doi.org/10.3126/jiee.v7i1.63671
  21. Kushwaha A, Iqbal A, Mallick MA. Modified boost converter for renewable energy powered battery charger. Int J Automot Sci Technol. 2024;8(1):30-36. https://doi.org/10.30939/ijastech.1379486
  22. Do TT. Coordinated torque distribution and energy management in dual-motor electric vehicle powertrains with induction and permanent magnet synchronous motors. Int J Automot Sci Technol. 2026;10(1):40-48. https://doi.org/10.30939/ijastech.1748688
  23. Singh B, Murthy SS, Gupta S. Analysis and design of electronic load controller for self-excited induction generators. IEEE Trans Energy Convers. 2006;21(1):285–293. https://doi.org/10.1109/TEC.2005.847950
  24. IEEE. IEEE standard for harmonic control in electric power systems. IEEE Std 519-2022 (revision of IEEE Std 519-2014). New York: IEEE; 2022. p. 1-31. https://doi.org/10.1109/IEEESTD.2022.9848440
  25. Ofosu RA, Normanyo E, Kaberere KK, Kamau SI, Otu EK. Design of an electronic load controller for micro hydro power plant using fuzzy-PI controller. Cogent Eng. 2022;9(1):2057115. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311916.2022.2057115
  26. Kaushal J, Basak P. Power quality control based on voltage sag/swell, unbalancing, frequency, THD and power factor using artificial neural network in PV integrated AC microgrid. Sustain Energy Grids Netw. 2020;23:100365. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.segan.2020.100365
  27. Kushwaha A, Iqbal A, Mallick MA. Modified boost converter for renewable energy powered battery charger. Int J Automot Sci Technol. 2024;8(1):30-36. https://doi.org/10.30939/ijastech.1379486
  28. Do TT. Coordinated torque distribution and energy management in dual-motor electric vehicle powertrains with induction and permanent magnet synchronous motors. Int J Automot Sci Technol. 2026;10(1):40-48. https://doi.org/10.30939/ijastech.1748688