KaydedilenlerDerginizi ekleyin

Dergiler / Harran Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi / 2026 / Volume: 15 Issue: 3

Sütçü İneklerde Foliküler Gelişimin İndüklenmesi: Güncel Stratejiler, Vazoaktif Mekanizmalar ve Sürü Düzeyinde Protokol Seçimi

Follicular Development in Cattle: Synchronization Protocols, Vasoactive Mechanisms, and Herd-Level Selection

Şifanur Aydin(ATATURK UNIVERSITY)0000-0002-8332-0514
Vefa Tohumcu(ATATÜRK ÜNİVERSİTESİ, VETERİNER FAKÜLTESİ)0000-0003-4062-7513
Sayfa
—
Yayın Tarihi
2026-09-23
🏛️Bu makalenin bibliyografik verileri ve tam metin bağlantısı DergiPark üzerinden sağlanmıştır.
DergiPark Kaydı ↗
✨

Yapay Zeka Hızlı Bakış & Çıkarımlar

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(1 Cümlede Hızlı Çıkarım)

Mevcut veriler, sütçü ineklerde foliküler gelişimin yönetiminde tek tip protokol anlayışının her zaman yeterli olmadığını; sürüye özgü biyolojik çeşitliliğin sistematik biçimde değerlendirilerek protokol seçiminin bireyselleştirilmesinin üreme verimliliğine katkı sağlayabileceğini ortaya koymaktadır.

📌 3 Maddede Bu Makale

🎯
Amaç & Hipotez:Yüksek verimli süt sığırı işletmelerinde üreme verimliliği, postpartum dönemde belirginleşen foliküler dinamiklerdeki aksamalardan en çok etkilenen parametrelerden biridir.
📊
Temel Bulgular & Veri:Bu derleme, ineklerde foliküler dalga fizyolojisini güncel veriler ışığında ele alarak mevcut hormonal indüksiyon protokollerini -GnRH bazlı yaklaşımlar (Ovsynch, Double-Ovsynch ve presenkronizasyon varyantları), progesteron-östradiol ve eCG destekli protokoller- karşılaştırmalı olarak değerlendirmekte; ayrıca giderek daha fazla ilgi gören bir düzenleyici alan olarak intraovaryan sempatoadrenerjik sistemi tartışmaktadır.
💡
Sonuç & Katkı:Mevcut veriler, sütçü ineklerde foliküler gelişimin yönetiminde tek tip protokol anlayışının her zaman yeterli olmadığını; sürüye özgü biyolojik çeşitliliğin sistematik biçimde değerlendirilerek protokol seçiminin bireyselleştirilmesinin üreme verimliliğine katkı sağlayabileceğini ortaya koymaktadır.
🔬Tür:Literatür & Derleme Çalışması
📍Kapsam:Genişletilmiş Akademik Örneklem
⚙️Değişkenler:β-adrenergic signaling · dairy cows · follicular development

Özet

Yüksek verimli süt sığırı işletmelerinde üreme verimliliği, postpartum dönemde belirginleşen foliküler dinamiklerdeki aksamalardan en çok etkilenen parametrelerden biridir. Negatif enerji dengesi, artmış steroid katabolizması ve baskılanmış LH pulsatilitesi; dominant folikül seçimini geciktirmekte, ilk postpartum ovulasyonu ertelemekte ve oosit kalitesini düşürmektedir. Bu derleme, ineklerde foliküler dalga fizyolojisini güncel veriler ışığında ele alarak mevcut hormonal indüksiyon protokollerini -GnRH bazlı yaklaşımlar (Ovsynch, Double-Ovsynch ve presenkronizasyon varyantları), progesteron-östradiol ve eCG destekli protokoller- karşılaştırmalı olarak değerlendirmekte; ayrıca giderek daha fazla ilgi gören bir düzenleyici alan olarak intraovaryan sempatoadrenerjik sistemi tartışmaktadır. Özellikle, ovulasyonu izleyen erken dönemde intrauterin isoproterenol uygulamasının utero-ovaryan hemodinami, foliküler gelişim ve bazı endokrin göstergeler üzerinde etkiler oluşturabildiği bildirilmekte; bu etkilerin β2-adrenerjik reseptörler ve cAMP-PKA aracılı yolaklar aracılığıyla gonadotropin duyarlılığını etkileyebileceği öne sürülmektedir. Derlemede ayrıca vücut kondisyon skoru, anovulasyon prevalansı, antral folikül sayısı ve Anti-Müllerian Hormon gibi göstergelerin sürü düzeyinde protokol seçimine katkısı da değerlendirilmektedir. Mevcut veriler, sütçü ineklerde foliküler gelişimin yönetiminde tek tip protokol anlayışının her zaman yeterli olmadığını; sürüye özgü biyolojik çeşitliliğin sistematik biçimde değerlendirilerek protokol seçiminin bireyselleştirilmesinin üreme verimliliğine katkı sağlayabileceğini ortaya koymaktadır.

Abstract

Reproductive efficiency in high-producing dairy herds is strongly affected by disruptions in follicular dynamics, which become particularly evident during the postpartum period. Negative energy balance, increased steroid catabolism, and suppressed luteinizing hormone (LH) pulsatility delay dominant follicle selection, postpone the first postpartum ovulation, and compromise oocyte quality. This review examines follicular wave physiology in cows based on current evidence and comparatively evaluates existing hormonal induction protocols, including GnRH-based approaches such as Ovsynch, Double-Ovsynch, and presynchronization variants, as well as progesterone-estradiol- and eCG-supported protocols. It also discusses the intraovarian sympathoadrenergic system as an emerging but as yet incompletely characterized regulatory domain, noting that preliminary in vivo evidence suggests β-adrenergic stimulation may influence utero-ovarian hemodynamics and follicular development, though the clinical relevance of these findings remains to be established. The review further considers how indicators such as body condition score, anovulation prevalence, antral follicle count, and anti-Müllerian hormone may contribute to herd-level protocol selection. Overall, the available evidence indicates that a uniform protocol-based approach may not always be sufficient for managing follicular development in dairy cows. Instead, systematic assessment of herd-specific biological variation may support more individualized protocol selection and thereby contribute to improved reproductive efficiency.

🔖

Bu Makaleye Atıf Yap

Aydin, Ş., Tohumcu, V. (2026). Sütçü İneklerde Foliküler Gelişimin İndüklenmesi: Güncel Stratejiler, Vazoaktif Mekanizmalar ve Sürü Düzeyinde Protokol Seçimi. Harran Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, Volume: 15 Issue: 3. https://doi.org/10.31196/huvfd.1939767

📄 Tam Metin PDF Okuyucu

📄

PDF görüntüleyici hazırlanıyor...

Kaynakça (72)

  1. Abdelnaby, E. A., Abo El‐Maaty, A. M., & El‐Badry, D. A. (2020). Ovarian and uterine arteries blood flow waveform response in the first two cycles following superstimulation in cows. Reproduction in Domestic Animals, 55(6), 701-710. https://doi.org/10.1111/ rda.13668
  2. Abdelnaby, E. A., Alhaider, A. K., El-Maaty, A. M. A., Ragab, R. S., Seida, A. A., & El-Badry, D. A. (2023). Ovarian and uterine arteries blood flow velocities waveform, hormones and nitric oxide in relation to ovulation in cows superstimulated with equine chorionic gonadotropin and luteolysis induction 10 and 17 days after ovulation. BMC Veterinary Research, 19(1), 205. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-023- 03692-3
  3. Alviggi, C., Conforti, A., Santi, D., Esteves, S. C., Andersen, C. Y., Humaidan, P.,. & Simoni, M. (2018). Clinical relevance of genetic variants of gonadotrophins and their receptors in controlled ovarian stimulation: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Human Reproduction Update, 24(5), 599-614. https://doi. org/10.1093/humupd/dmy019
  4. Alward, K. J., Cockrum, R. R., & Ealy, A. D. (2023). Associations of antral follicle count with fertility in cattle: A review. JDS communications, 4(2), 132-137. https:// doi.org/10.3168/jdsc.2022-0283
  5. Ambarcioglu, P., Mavridis, D., Yazlik, M. U. R. A. T., Vural, R., Ok, M., & Gurcan, S. (2023). Comparison of synchronisation protocols on pregnancy rate in dairy cows and heifers: A systematic review and network meta-analysis. Journal of the Hellenic Veterinary Medical Society, 74(2). https://doi.org/10.12681/ jhvms.29829
  6. Arroyo-Rebollar, R., López-Villalobos, N., García-Martínez, A., Arriaga-Jordán, C. M., & Albarrán-Portillo, B. (2021). Relationship between calving interval and profitability of Brown Swiss cows in a subtropical region of Mexico. Tropical Animal Health and Production, 53(3), 373. https://doi.org/10.1007/ s11250-021-02813-0
  7. Astudillo-Guerrero, C., Paredes, A. H., Escobar, J., Fernandois, D., Barra, R., & Cruz, G. (2025). Metabolic control of ovarian function through the sympathetic nervous system: role of leptin. Frontiers in Endocrinology, 15, 1484939. https://doi.org/10.3389/ fendo.2024.1484939
  8. Ayantoye, J. O., Kolachi, H. A., Zhang, X., Shahzad, M., Kandil, O. M. T., Wan, P., & Zhao, X. (2025). Advances in timed artificial insemination: integrating omics technologies for enhanced reproductive efficiency in dairy cattle. Animals, 15(6), 816. https://doi. org/10.3390/ani15060816
  9. Baruselli, P. S., Reis, E. L., Marques, M. O., Nasser, L. F., & Bó, G. A. (2004). The use of hormonal treatments to improve reproductive performance of anestrous beef cattle in tropical climates. Animal Reproduction Science, 82, 479-486. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. anireprosci.2004.04.025
  10. Beasley, L. H., Cogger, N., & Compton, C. W. R. (2023). Use of equine chorionic gonadotropin in lactating dairy cattle: a rapid review. New Zealand Veterinary Journal, 71(2), 53-64. https://doi.org/10.1080/004 80169.2022.2139306
  11. Bó, G. A., & Baruselli, P. S. (2014). Synchronization of ovulation and fixed-time artificial insemination in beef cattle. Animal, 8(s1), 144-150. https://doi. org/10.1017/S1751731114000822
  12. Bó, G. A., De La Mata, J. J., Baruselli, P. S., & Menchaca, A. (2016). Alternative programs for synchronizing and resynchronizing ovulation in beef cattle. Theriogenology, 86(1), 388-396. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2016.04.053
  13. Bollwein, H., Heppelmann, M., & Lüttgenau, J. (2016). Ultrasonographic Doppler use for female reproduction management. Veterinary Clinics: Food Animal Practice, 32(1), 149-164. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.cvfa.2015.09.005
  14. Bollwein, H., Meyer, H. H. D., Maierl, J., Weber, F., Baumgartner, U., & Stolla, R. (2000). Transrectal Doppler sonography of uterine blood flow in cows during the estrous cycle. Theriogenology, 53(8), 1541-1552. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0093- 691X(00)00296-X
  15. BorŞ, S. I., & BorŞ, A. (2020). Ovarian cysts, an anovulatory condition in dairy cattle. Journal of Veterinary Medical Science, 82(10), 1515-1522. https://doi. org/10.1292/jvms.20-0381
  16. Carbonari, A., Burgio, M., Frattina, L., Cicirelli, V., & Rizzo, A. (2024). Repeat Breeder Syndrome Therapies in Dairy Cows: A Review. Reproduction in Domestic Animals, 59(10), e14732. https://doi.org/10.1111/ rda.14732
  17. Das, S., Shaji, A., Nain, D., Singha, S., Karunakaran, M., & Baithalu, R. K. (2023). Precision technologies for the management of reproduction in dairy cows. Tropical Animal Health and Production, 55(5), 286. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-023-03704-2
  18. de Sá Filho, O. G., & Vasconcelos, J. L. M. (2011). Treatments to optimize the use of artificial insemination and reproductive efficiency in beef cattle under tropical environments. Veterinary Medicine International, 2011(1), 923053. https://doi. org/10.4061/2011/923053
  19. El‐Sherbiny, H. R., Samir, H., El‐Shalofy, A. S., & Abdelnaby, E. A. (2022). Exogenous L‐arginine administration improves uterine vascular perfusion, uteroplacental thickness, steroid concentrations and nitric oxide levels in pregnant buffaloes under subtropical conditions. Reproduction in Domestic Animals, 57(12), 1493-1504. https://doi.org/10.1111/ rda.14225
  20. European Parliament & Council of the European Union. (2003). Directive 2003/74/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 September 2003 amending Council Directive 96/22/EC concerning the prohibition on the use in stockfarming of certain substances having a hormonal or thyrostatic action and of β-agonists. Official Journal of the European Union, L262, 17-21.
  21. Fricke, P. M., & Wiltbank, M. C. (2022). Symposium review: The implications of spontaneous versus synchronized ovulations on the reproductive performance of lactating dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 105(5), 4679-4689. https://doi. org/10.3168/jds.2021-21431
  22. Ginther, O. J. (2016). The theory of follicle selection in cattle. Domestic Animal Endocrinology, 57, 85-99. http:// dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.domaniend.2016.06.002
  23. Ginther, O. J., Kastelic, J. P., & Knopf, L. (1989). Composition and characteristics of follicular waves during the bovine estrous cycle. Animal Reproduction Science, 20(3), 187-200. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378- 4320(89)90084-5
  24. Gundling, N., Drews, S., & Hoedemaker, M. (2015). Comparison of two different programmes of ovulation synchronization in the treatment of ovarian cysts in dairy cows. Reproduction in Domestic Animals, 50(6), 893-900. https://doi. org/10.1111/j.1439-0531.2009.01342.x
  25. Herlihy, M. M., Giordano, J. O., Souza, A. H., Ayres, H., Ferreira, R. M., Keskin, A. B. D. U. L. K. A. D. İ. R.,. & Wiltbank, M. C. (2012). Presynchronization with Double-Ovsynch improves fertility at first postpartum artificial insemination in lactating dairy cows. Journal Of Dairy Science, 95(12), 7003-7014. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2011-5260
  26. Irving-Rodgers, H. F., & Rodgers, R. J. (2000). Ultrastructure of the basal lamina of bovine ovarian follicles and its relationship to the membrana granulosa. Reproduction, 118(2), 221-228. https://doi. org/10.1530/reprod/118.2.221
  27. Jimenez-Krassel, F., Folger, J. K., Ireland, J. L. H., Smith, G. W., Hou, X., Davis, J. S.,. & Ireland, J. J. (2009). Evidence that high variation in ovarian reserves of healthy young adults has a negative impact on the corpus luteum and endometrium during estrous cycles in cattle. Biology of Reproduction, 80(6), 1272-1281. https://doi.org/10.1095/biolreprod.108.075093
  28. Jimenez-Krassel, F., Scheetz, D. M., Neuder, L. M., Ireland, J. L. H., Pursley, J. R., Smith, G. W.,. & Ireland, J. J. (2015). Concentration of anti-Müllerian hormone in dairy heifers is positively associated with productive herd life. Journal of Dairy Science, 98(5), 3036-3045. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2014-8130
  29. Jimenez-Krassel, F., Scheetz, D. M., Neuder, L. M., Pursley, J. R., & Ireland, J. J. (2017). A single ultrasound determination of≥ 25 follicles≥ 3 mm in diameter in dairy heifers is predictive of a reduced productive herd life. Journal of Dairy Science, 100(6), 5019- 5027. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2016-12277
  30. Li, Z., Luan, S., Yan, L., Xie, C., Lian, Z., Yang, M.,. & Jin, Y. (2024). Effect of Double-Ovsynch and Presynch- Ovsynch on postpartum ovarian cysts and inactive ovary in high-yielding dairy cows. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 11, 1348734. https://doi. org/10.3389/fvets.2024.1348734
  31. Machado, A. F., Sanglard, L. P., Hurtado, S. A. P., Chaves, J. V., Ajmal, M. A., Guimarães, J. D.,. & Gomez-Leon, V. E. (2025). Association of phenotypic traits and fertility in Holstein heifers: Body condition score, body weight, antral follicle count, anti-Müllerian hormone, and anogenital distance. Journal of Dairy Science, 108(5), 5372-5381. https://doi. org/10.3168/jds.2024-25923
  32. Mattar, D., Cheewasopit, W., Samir, M., & Knight, P. G. (2023). Does kisspeptin exert a local modulatory effect on bovine ovarian steroidogenesis?. Reproduction and Fertility, 4(1). https://doi.org/10.1530/RAF-22-0088
  33. Mayerhofer, A., Dissen, G. A., Costa, M. E., & Ojeda, S. R. (1997). A role for neurotransmitters in early follicular development: induction of functional follicle-stimulating hormone receptors in newly formed follicles of the rat ovary. Endocrinology, 138(8), 3320-3329. https://doi.org/10.1210/ endo.138.8.5335
  34. Mekuriaw, Y. (2023). Negative energy balance and its implication on productive and reproductive performance of early lactating dairy cows. Journal of Applied Animal Research, 51(1), 220-228. https:// doi.org/10.1080/09712119.2023.2176859
  35. Merz, C., Saller, S., Kunz, L., Xu, J., Yeoman, R. R., Ting, A. Y.,. & Mayerhofer, A. (2015). Expression of the beta-2 adrenergic receptor (ADRB-2) in human and monkey ovarian follicles: a marker of growing follicles?. Journal of Ovarian Research, 8(1), 8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13048-015-0136-4
  36. Mikkola, M., Desmet, K. L. J., Kommisrud, E., & Riegler, M. A. (2024). Recent advancements to increase success in assisted reproductive technologies in cattle. Animal Reproduction, 21, e20240031. https://doi. org/10.1590/1984-3143-AR2024-0031
  37. Minela, T., Gibb, P., McBeth, S., Santos, A., & Pursley, J. R. (2023). Reduced period from follicular wave emergence to luteolysis generated greater steroidogenic follicles and estrus intensity in dairy cows. Scientific Reports, 13(1), 22818. https://doi. org/10.1038/s41598-023-50001-x
  38. Mossa, F., & Evans, A. C. O. (2023). The ovarian follicular reserve–implications for fertility in ruminants. Animal, 17, 100744. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. animal.2023.100744
  39. Mossa, F., & Ireland, J. J. (2019). Physiology and endocrinology symposium: Anti-Müllerian hormone: A biomarker for the ovarian reserve, ovarian function, and fertility in dairy cows. Journal of Animal Science, 97(4), 1446-1455. https://doi.org/10.1093/jas/ skz022
  40. Naniwa, Y., Nakatsukasa, K., Setsuda, S., Oishi, S., Fujii, N., Matsuda, F.,. & Ohkura, S. (2013). Effects of full-length kisspeptin administration on follicular development in Japanese Black beef cows. Journal of Reproduction and Development, 59(6), 588-594. https://doi.org/10.1262/jrd.2013-064
  41. Neto, A. F., Souza, D. F. C., Campos, R. A., Albertini, S., Bastos, M. R., Freitas, B. G.,. & Baruselli, P. S. (2024). The effectiveness of low‐dose of eCG in timed AI Nelore (Bos indicus) heifers. Reproduction in Domestic Animals, 59(3), e14553. https://doi.org/10.1111/ rda.14553
  42. Nguyen, T. T., Nguyen, L. T. B., Duong, K. N., & Nguyen, T. K. (2025). Reproductive impacts and disease burden of metritis and placental retention in dairy cows: A longitudinal monitoring study in Southern Vietnam (2022-2024). Veterinary World, 18(6), 1433-1439. https://doi.org/10.14202/ vetworld.2025.1433-1439
  43. Norman, H. D., Wright, J. R., Hubbard, S. M., Miller, R. H., & Hutchison, J. L. (2009). Reproductive status of Holstein and Jersey cows in the United States. Journal of Dairy Science, 92(7), 3517-3528. https:// doi.org/10.3168/jds.2008-1768
  44. Paredes, A. H., Salvetti, N. R., Diaz, A. E., Dallard, B. E., Ortega, H. H., & Lara, H. E. (2011). Sympathetic nerve activity in normal and cystic follicles from isolated bovine ovary: local effect of beta-adrenergic stimulation on steroid secretion. Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology, 9(1), 66. https://doi. org/10.1186/1477-7827-9-66
  45. Pérez-Marín, C. C., & Quintela, L. A. (2023). Current insights in the repeat breeder cow syndrome. Animals, 13(13), 2187. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13132187
  46. Piccinato, C. A., Montrezor, L. H., Collares, C. A., Vireque, A. A., & Rosa e Silva, A. A. (2012). Norepinephrine stimulates progesterone production in highly estrogenic bovine granulosa cells cultured under serum-free, chemically defined conditions. Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology, 10(1), 95. https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-7827-10-95
  47. Pursley, J. R., Mee, M. O., & Wiltbank, M. C. (1995). Synchronization of ovulation in dairy cows using PGF2α and GnRH. Theriogenology, 44(7), 915-923. https://doi.org/10.1016/0093-691X(95)00279-H
  48. Rawy, M., Mido, S., Ali, H. E. S., Derar, D., Megahed, G., Kitahara, G., & Osawa, T. (2018). Effect of exogenous estradiol Benzoate on uterine blood flow in postpartum dairy cows. Animal Reproduction Science, 192, 136-145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. anireprosci.2018.03.001
  49. Republic of Türkiye Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry. (2003). Communiqué No. 2003/18 on hormonal and similar substances prohibited or restricted in food-producing animals. Official Gazette, 25143, 19 June 2003.
  50. Sales, J. N. D. S., Carvalho, L. R., Simões, L. M. S., Lemos, L. A., Vicente, M. P., Silva, R. R. R.,. & Souza, J. C. D. (2025). New perspectives and evolution of ovulation synchronization protocols in bovine females. Animal Reproduction, 22(3), e20250048. https://doi.org/10.1590/1984-3143-AR2025-0048
  51. Santos, V. G., Carvalho, P. D., Maia, C., Carneiro, B., Valenza, A., & Fricke, P. M. (2017). Fertility of lactating Holstein cows submitted to a Double-Ovsynch protocol and timed artificial insemination versus artificial insemination after synchronization of estrus at a similar day in milk range. Journal of Dairy Science, 100(10), 8507-8517. https://doi. org/10.3168/jds.2017-13210
  52. Sarybayev, Y., Ussenbekov, Y., Turebekov, O., Turumbetov, B., & Tutkyshbay, I. (2023). Genotyping of cows by LHCGR, FSHR loci, and determination of the level of ovulation depending on the expression of the studied genes. Open Veterinary Journal, 13(3), 352- 357. https://doi.org/10.5455/ovj.2023.v13.i3.12
  53. Scheetz, D., Folger, J. K., Smith, G. W., & Ireland, J. J. (2012). Granulosa cells are refractory to FSH action in individuals with a low antral follicle count. Reproduction, Fertility and Development, 24(2), 327-336. https://doi.org/10.1071/RD11020
  54. Sheldon, I. M., Cronin, J., Goetze, L., Donofrio, G., & Schuberth, H. J. (2009). Defining postpartum uterine disease and the mechanisms of infection and immunity in the female reproductive tract in cattle. Biology of reproduction, 81(6), 1025-1032. https://doi.org/10.1095/biolreprod.109.077370
  55. Song, Y., Wang, Z., Zhao, C., Bai, Y., Xia, C., & Xu, C. (2021). Effect of negative energy balance on plasma metabolites, minerals, hormones, cytokines and ovarian follicular growth rate in Holstein dairy cows. Journal of Veterinary Research, 65(3), 361-368. https://doi.org/10.2478/jvetres-2021-0035
  56. Souza, A. H., Ayres, H., Ferreira, R. M., & Wiltbank, M. C. (2008). A new presynchronization system (Double- Ovsynch) increases fertility at first postpartum timed AI in lactating dairy cows. Theriogenology, 70(2), 208-215. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. theriogenology.2008.03.014
  57. Tohumcu, V., Cengiz, M., Hayirli, A., Altinkaynak, K., Arslanbas, E., Ciplak, A. Y.,. & Alat, O. (2025). Effects of Intrauterine Isoproterenol Administration on Ovarian Follicular Development in Cows. Veterinary Medicine and Science, 11(1), e70198. https://doi. org/10.1002/vms3.70198
  58. Tschopp, J. C., Menchaca, A., Mapletoft, R. J., & Bó, G. A. (2024). Treatment alternatives to induce follicular wave emergence for timed-AI in lactating dairy Cows. Theriogenology, 226, 343-349. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2024.06.023
  59. Vercouteren, M. M. A. A., Bittar, J. H. J., Pinedo, P. J., Risco, C. A., Santos, J. E. P., Vieira-Neto, A., & Galvão, K. N. (2015). Factors associated with early cyclicity in postpartum dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 98(1), 229-239. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2014- 8460
  60. Wiltbank, M. C., & Pursley, J. R. (2014). The cow as an induced ovulator: Timed AI after synchronization of ovulation. Theriogenology, 81(1), 170-185. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2013.09.017
  61. Wiltbank, M. C., Souza, A. H., Carvalho, P. D., Bender, R. W., & Nascimento, A. B. (2011). Improving fertility to timed artificial insemination by manipulation of circulating progesterone concentrations in lactating dairy cattle. Reproduction, Fertility and Development, 24(1), 238-243. https://doi.org/10.1071/RD11913
  62. Alviggi, C., Conforti, A., Santi, D., Esteves, S. C., Andersen, C. Y., Humaidan, P.,. & Simoni, M. (2018). Clinical relevance of genetic variants of gonadotrophins and their receptors in controlled ovarian stimulation: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Human Reproduction Update, 24(5), 599-614. https://doi. org/10.1093/humupd/dmy019
  63. Herlihy, M. M., Giordano, J. O., Souza, A. H., Ayres, H., Ferreira, R. M., Keskin, A. B. D. U. L. K. A. D. İ. R.,. & Wiltbank, M. C. (2012). Presynchronization with Double-Ovsynch improves fertility at first postpartum artificial insemination in lactating dairy cows. Journal Of Dairy Science, 95(12), 7003-7014. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2011-5260
  64. Jimenez-Krassel, F., Folger, J. K., Ireland, J. L. H., Smith, G. W., Hou, X., Davis, J. S.,. & Ireland, J. J. (2009). Evidence that high variation in ovarian reserves of healthy young adults has a negative impact on the corpus luteum and endometrium during estrous cycles in cattle. Biology of Reproduction, 80(6), 1272-1281. https://doi.org/10.1095/biolreprod.108.075093
  65. Jimenez-Krassel, F., Scheetz, D. M., Neuder, L. M., Ireland, J. L. H., Pursley, J. R., Smith, G. W.,. & Ireland, J. J. (2015). Concentration of anti-Müllerian hormone in dairy heifers is positively associated with productive herd life. Journal of Dairy Science, 98(5), 3036-3045. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2014-8130
  66. Li, Z., Luan, S., Yan, L., Xie, C., Lian, Z., Yang, M.,. & Jin, Y. (2024). Effect of Double-Ovsynch and Presynch- Ovsynch on postpartum ovarian cysts and inactive ovary in high-yielding dairy cows. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 11, 1348734. https://doi. org/10.3389/fvets.2024.1348734
  67. Machado, A. F., Sanglard, L. P., Hurtado, S. A. P., Chaves, J. V., Ajmal, M. A., Guimarães, J. D.,. & Gomez-Leon, V. E. (2025). Association of phenotypic traits and fertility in Holstein heifers: Body condition score, body weight, antral follicle count, anti-Müllerian hormone, and anogenital distance. Journal of Dairy Science, 108(5), 5372-5381. https://doi. org/10.3168/jds.2024-25923
  68. Merz, C., Saller, S., Kunz, L., Xu, J., Yeoman, R. R., Ting, A. Y.,. & Mayerhofer, A. (2015). Expression of the beta-2 adrenergic receptor (ADRB-2) in human and monkey ovarian follicles: a marker of growing follicles?. Journal of Ovarian Research, 8(1), 8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13048-015-0136-4
  69. Naniwa, Y., Nakatsukasa, K., Setsuda, S., Oishi, S., Fujii, N., Matsuda, F.,. & Ohkura, S. (2013). Effects of full-length kisspeptin administration on follicular development in Japanese Black beef cows. Journal of Reproduction and Development, 59(6), 588-594. https://doi.org/10.1262/jrd.2013-064
  70. Neto, A. F., Souza, D. F. C., Campos, R. A., Albertini, S., Bastos, M. R., Freitas, B. G.,. & Baruselli, P. S. (2024). The effectiveness of low‐dose of eCG in timed AI Nelore (Bos indicus) heifers. Reproduction in Domestic Animals, 59(3), e14553. https://doi.org/10.1111/ rda.14553
  71. Sales, J. N. D. S., Carvalho, L. R., Simões, L. M. S., Lemos, L. A., Vicente, M. P., Silva, R. R. R.,. & Souza, J. C. D. (2025). New perspectives and evolution of ovulation synchronization protocols in bovine females. Animal Reproduction, 22(3), e20250048. https://doi.org/10.1590/1984-3143-AR2025-0048
  72. Tohumcu, V., Cengiz, M., Hayirli, A., Altinkaynak, K., Arslanbas, E., Ciplak, A. Y.,. & Alat, O. (2025). Effects of Intrauterine Isoproterenol Administration on Ovarian Follicular Development in Cows. Veterinary Medicine and Science, 11(1), e70198. https://doi. org/10.1002/vms3.70198