Dergiler / Dil Eğitimi ve Araştırmaları Dergisi / 2025 / Cilt: 11 Sayı: 2

Building Strategic Readers: The Effects of Online Training on Comprehension

Rabia Börekci(TC MİLLİ EĞİTİM BAKANLIĞI BALIKESİR)0000-0001-5678-7365
Aysun Yavuz(CANAKKALE ONSEKIZ MART UNIVERSITY)0000-0001-6838-8695
Sayfa
859–890
Yayın Tarihi
2025-10-29
🏛️Bu makalenin bibliyografik verileri ve tam metin bağlantısı DergiPark üzerinden sağlanmıştır.
DergiPark Kaydı ↗
✨

Yapay Zeka Hızlı Bakış & Çıkarımlar

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(1 Cümlede Hızlı Çıkarım)

Keywords:Reading comprehension, Strategy training,Online training, Language learner

📌 3 Maddede Bu Makale

🎯
Amaç & Hipotez:This study examined the effects of an 8-week online strategy training program on reading comprehension of 8th-grade EFL learners in Türkiye.
📊
Temel Bulgular & Veri:The program introduced eight strategies across the pre-, during-, and post-reading stages, progressing in complexity.
💡
Sonuç & Katkı:Keywords:Reading comprehension, Strategy training,Online training, Language learner
🔬Tür:Araştırma Makalesi
📍Kapsam:Genişletilmiş Akademik Örneklem
⚙️Değişkenler:Reading comprehension · Strategy training · Online training

Özet

This study examined the effects of an 8-week online strategy training program on reading comprehension of 8th-grade EFL learners in Türkiye. The program introduced eight strategies across the pre-, during-, and post-reading stages, progressing in complexity. This single case study employed a mixed-methods approach, incorporating pre-, post-, and delayed post-tests; a topic familiarity quiz; think-aloud protocols; diaries; and interviews. The findings showed significant improvement in reading comprehension, which was sustained over time. Think-aloud protocols revealed the students' metacognitive awareness and adaptability. The diaries identified areas for improvement, such as materials, engagement, and technical challenges. Interviews provided positive feedback while suggesting enhancements, including real-life content, better timing between learning and application, and an extended duration for exam preparation. This study underscores the effectiveness of online strategy training in improving reading comprehension and highlights the need for further research to optimize its implementation. Keywords:Reading comprehension, Strategy training,Online training, Language learner

Abstract

This study examined the effects of an 8-week online strategy training program on reading comprehension of 8th-grade EFL learners in Türkiye. The program introduced eight strategies across the pre-, during-, and post-reading stages, progressing in complexity. This single case study employed a mixed-methods approach, incorporating pre-, post-, and delayed post-tests; a topic familiarity quiz; think-aloud protocols; diaries; and interviews. The findings showed significant improvement in reading comprehension, which was sustained over time. Think-aloud protocols revealed the students' metacognitive awareness and adaptability. The diaries identified areas for improvement, such as materials, engagement, and technical challenges. Interviews provided positive feedback while suggesting enhancements, including real-life content, better timing between learning and application, and an extended duration for exam preparation. This study underscores the effectiveness of online strategy training in improving reading comprehension and highlights the need for further research to optimize its implementation. Keywords:Reading comprehension, Strategy training, Online training, Language learner

🔖

Bu Makaleye Atıf Yap

Börekci, R., Yavuz, A. (2025). Building Strategic Readers: The Effects of Online Training on Comprehension. Dil Eğitimi ve Araştırmaları Dergisi, Cilt: 11 Sayı: 2, 859–890. https://doi.org/10.31464/jlere.1657479

📄 Tam Metin PDF Okuyucu

📄

PDF görüntüleyici hazırlanıyor...

Kaynakça (78)

  1. Afflerbach, P., Pearson, P. D., & Paris, S. G. (2008). Clarifying differences between reading skills and reading strategies. The Reading Teacher, 61(5), 364–373. https://doi.org/10.1598/RT.61.5.1
  2. Ahmadi, M. R., Ismail, H. N., & Kabilan, M. K. (2013). The importance of metacognitive reading strategy awareness in reading comprehension. English Language Teaching, 6(10), 235–244. https://doi.org/10.5539/elt.v6n10p235
  3. Akinyi, G. L., Oboko, R., & Muchemi, L. (2024). Learning analytics intervention using prompts and feedback for measurement of e-learners' socially-shared regulated learning. Electronic Journal of e-Learning, 22(5), 103–116. https://doi.org/10.34190/ejel.22.5.3253
  4. Albazi, S., & Shukri, N. (2016). Evaluating the effect of metacognitive strategy training on reading comprehension of female students at KAU. International Journal of Applied Linguistics and English Literature, 5(3), 172–183. https://doi.org/10.7575/aiac.ijalel.v.5n.3p.172
  5. Almalki, A., & Alzahrani, M. (2024). Facilitating L2 reading comprehension through L1 and L2 group discussions. Reading in a Foreign Language, 36(1), 1–24. https://hdl.handle.net/10125/67462
  6. Alptekin, C., & Erçetin, G. (2011). Effects of working memory capacity and content familiarity on literal and inferential comprehension in L2 reading. TESOL Quarterly, 45(2), 235–266. https://doi.org/10.5054/tq.2011.247705
  7. Andrés, I. C. (2020). Enhancing reading comprehension through an intensive reading approach. HOW, 27(1), 69–82. https://doi.org/10.19183/how.27.1.518
  8. Arabmofrad, A., Badi, M., & Rajaee Pitehnoee, M. (2021). The relationship among elementary English as a foreign language learners' hemispheric dominance, metacognitive reading strategies preferences, and reading comprehension. Reading & Writing Quarterly, 37(5), 413–424. https://doi.org/10.1080/10573569.2020.1846005
  9. Babayigit, Ö. (2019). Examination the metacognitive reading strategies of secondary school sixth grade students. International Journal of Progressive Education, 15(3), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.29329/ijpe.2019.193.1
  10. Baker, S. K., Kennedy, P. C., Richards, D., Nelson, N. J., Fien, H., & Doabler, C. T. (2024). Measuring instructional interactions during reading instruction for students receiving intervention in middle school. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 57(5), 303–316. https://doi.org/10.1177/00222194231211948
  11. Beceren, S. (2020). Vocabulary size of Turkish EFL learners at the tertiary level and its’ impact on their reading and listening comprehension. Mediterranean Journal of Educational Research, 14(32), 206–219. https://doi.org/10.29329/mjer.2020.258.11
  12. Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77–101. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
  13. Crossley, S. A., Yang, H. S., & McNamara, D. S. (2014). What's so simple about simplified texts? A computational and psycholinguistic investigation of text comprehension and text processing. Reading in a Foreign Language, 26(1), 92–113. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ1031308
  14. Dermitzaki, I. (2025). Fostering elementary school students' self-regulation skills in reading comprehension: Effects on text comprehension, strategy use, and self-efficacy. Behavioral Sciences, 15(2), 101. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15020101
  15. Dewitz, P., & Graves, M. F. (2024). Reevaluating and restructuring comprehension strategy instruction. The Reading Teacher, 78(1), 17–26.https://doi.org/10.1002/trtr.2308
  16. Elbro, C., & Buch-Iversen, I. (2013). Activation of background knowledge for inference making: Effects on reading comprehension. Scientific Studies of Reading, 17(6), 435–452. https://doi.org/10.1080/10888438.2013.774005
  17. Erten, İ. H., & Razi, S. (2009). The effects of cultural familiarity on reading comprehension. Reading in a Foreign Language, 21(1), 60–77. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ838389.pdf
  18. Ghaith, G., & El-Sanyoura, H. (2019). Reading comprehension: The mediating role of metacognitive strategies. Reading in a Foreign Language, 31(1), 19–43. http://hdl.handle.net/10125/66748
  19. Ghafournia, N., & Afghari, A. (2013). Relationship between reading proficiency, strategic competence, and reading comprehension test performance: A study of Iranian EFL learners. International Education Studies, 6(8), 21–30. https://doi.org/10.5539/ies.v6n8p21
  20. Gilakjani, A., & Ahmadi, S. (2011). The relationship between l2 reading comprehension and schema theory: a matter of text familiarity. International Journal of Information and Education Technology, 1(2) 142–149. https://doi.org/10.7763/ijiet.2011.v1.24
  21. Grabe, W. (2009). Reading in a second language: Moving from theory to practice. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139150484
  22. Grabe, W., & Yamashita, J. (2022). Reading in a second language: Moving from theory to practice (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108789589
  23. Green, S. (2016). Two for one: Using QAR to increase reading comprehension and improve test scores. The Reading Teacher, 70(1), 103–109. https://doi.org/10.1002/trtr.1466
  24. Habók, A., Oo, T. Z., & Magyar, A. (2024). The effect of reading strategy use on online reading comprehension. Heliyon, 10(2), e24281.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e24281
  25. Hall, C., Vaughn, S., Barnes, M. A., Stewart, A. A., Austin, C. R., & Roberts, G. (2020). The effects of inference instruction on the reading comprehension of English learners with reading comprehension difficulties. Remedial and Special Education, 41(5), 259–270. https://doi.org/10.1177/0741932518824983
  26. Hock, M., & Mellard, D. (2005). Reading comprehension strategies for adult literacy outcomes. Journal of Adolescent and Adult Literacy, 49(3), 192–200. https://doi.org/10.1598/JAAL.49.3.3
  27. Huang, H. C. (2013). Online reading strategies at work: What teachers think and what students do. ReCALL, 25(3), 340–358. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0958344013000153
  28. Ismail, S. A. M. M., Karim, A., & Mohamed, A. R. (2018). The role of gender, socioeconomic status, and ethnicity in predicting ESL learners' reading comprehension. Reading & Writing Quarterly, 34(6), 457–484. https://doi.org/10.1080/10573569.2018.1462745
  29. Jääskeläinen, R. (2012). Think-aloud protocol. In Y. Gambier & L. Van Doorslaer (Eds.), Handbook of translation studies: Volume 1 (pp. 371–373). John Benjamins Publishing Company. https://doi.org/10.1075/hts.1.thi1
  30. Jenkins, P. (2019). Development and evaluation of a measure of treatment knowledge in guided self-help for eating disorders in a sample of healthcare students and professionals. Eating and Weight Disorders - Studies on Anorexia Bulimia and Obesity, 25(4), 833–839. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40519-019-00737-1
  31. Kung, F. W. (2019). Teaching second language reading comprehension: The effects of classroom materials and reading strategy use. Innovation in Language Learning and Teaching, 13(1), 93–104. https://doi.org/10.1080/17501229.2017.1364252
  32. Kusiak, M. (2013). Reading comprehension in Polish and English: Evidence from an introspective study. Wydawnictwo UJ.
  33. Li, H., Gan, Z., Leung, S. O., & An, Z. (2022). The impact of reading strategy instruction on reading comprehension, strategy use, motivation, and self-efficacy in Chinese university EFL students. SAGE Open, 12(1), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440221086659
  34. Liu, H. (2021). Does questioning strategy facilitate second language (L2) reading comprehension? The effects of comprehension measures and insights from reader perception. Journal of Research in Reading, 44(2), 339–359. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9817.12339
  35. Mackey, A., & Gass, S. M. (2015). Second language research: Methodology and design. Routledge.
  36. Magnusson, C. G., Roe, A., & Blikstad‐Balas, M. (2019). To what extent and how are reading comprehension strategies part of language arts instruction? Reading Research Quarterly, 54(2), 187–212. https://doi.org/10.1002/rrq.231
  37. Majid, F., Azman, N., & Jelas, Z. (2010). The reading strategies of proficient and less proficient adult readers. Journal of Adult and Continuing Education, 16(1), 21–40. https://doi.org/10.7227/jace.16.1.4
  38. McNeil, L. (2011). Investigating the contributions of background knowledge and reading comprehension strategies to L2 reading comprehension: An exploratory study. Reading and Writing, 24(8), 883–902. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11145-010-9230-6
  39. McKeown, R. G., & Gentilucci, J. L. (2007). Think‐aloud strategy: Metacognitive development and monitoring comprehension in the middle school second‐language classroom. Journal of Adolescent & Adult Literacy, 51(2), 136–147. https://doi.org/10.1598/JAAL.51.2.5
  40. Maher, Y., Moussa, S. M., & Khalifa, M. E. (2020). Learners on focus: Visualizing analytics through an integrated model for learning analytics in adaptive gamified e-learning. IEEE Access, 8, 197597–197616. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2020.3034284
  41. Mihara, K. (2011). Effects of pre-reading strategies on EFL/ESL reading comprehension. TESL Canada Journal, 28(2), 51–73. https://doi.org/10.18806/tesl.v28i2.1072
  42. Namaziandost, E., Razmi, M. H., Ahmad Tilwani, S., & Pourhosein Gilakjani, A. (2022). The impact of authentic materials on reading comprehension, motivation, and anxiety among Iranian male EFL learners. Reading and Writing Quarterly, 38(1), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1080/10573569.2021.1892001
  43. Nunan, D., & Bailey, K. M. (2009). Exploring second language classroom research. Heinle and Heinle.
  44. OECD. (2023). PISA 2022 results (Volume I): What students know and can do. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. https://www.oecd.org/pisa/publications/pisa-2022-results-volume-i.htm
  45. Okasha, M. A. (2020). Using strategic reading techniques for improving EFL reading skills. Arab World English Journal, 11(2), 311–322. https://doi.org/10.24093/awej/vol11no2.22
  46. Oshima, S. (2024). Effectiveness of a multimodal approach during online reading strategy instruction. Reading in a Foreign Language, 36(1), 1–20. https://hdl.handle.net/10125/67457
  47. Oxford, R. L. (2011). Strategies for learning a second or foreign language. Language Teaching, 44(2), 167–180.https://doi.org/10.1017/S0261444810000492
  48. Pardede, P. (2022). Online reading strategies in EFL: A review. JET (Journal of English Teaching), 8(2), 329–339. https://doi.org/10.33541/jet.v8i2.4130
  49. Pardo, A., Jovanovic, J., Dawson, S., Gašević, D., & Mirriahi, N. (2019). Using learning analytics to scale the provision of personalised feedback. British Journal of Educational Technology, 50(1), 128–138. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjet.12592
  50. Park, J. Y. (2012). A different kind of reading instruction: Using visualizing to bridge reading comprehension and critical literacy. Journal of Adolescent & Adult Literacy, 55(7), 629–640. https://doi.org/10.1002/JAAL.00074
  51. Pearson, P. D., & Gallagher, M. C. (1983). The instruction of reading comprehension. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 8(3), 317–344. https://doi.org/10.1016/0361-476X(83)90019-X
  52. Pinninti, L. R. (2024). The impact of peer-collaborative strategic reading and reflective journal writing on orchestrated reading strategy use and comprehension. Teaching English as a Second Language Electronic Journal (TESL-EJ), 27(3), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.55593/ej.27108a3
  53. RAND Reading Study Group. (2002). Reading for understanding: Toward an R&D program in reading comprehension. RAND.
  54. Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2017). Self-determination theory: Basic psychological needs in motivation, development, and wellness. Guilford Press. https://doi.org/10.1521/978.14625/28806
  55. Razi, S. (2014). Metacognitive reading strategy training of advanced level EFL learners in Turkey. The Reading Matrix, 14(2), 337–360. https://www.readingmatrix.com/articles/razi/article2.pdf
  56. Razi, S. (2005). A fresh look at the evaluation of ordering tasks in reading comprehension: Weighted marking protocol. The Reading Matrix, 5(1), 1–15. https://www.readingmatrix.com/articles/razi/article.pdf
  57. Rianto, A. (2021). Indonesian EFL university students' metacognitive online reading strategies before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Studies in English Language and Education, 8(1), 16–33. https://doi.org/10.24815/siele.v8i1.18110
  58. Rumelhart, D. E. (2023). 573 Toward an Interactive Model of Reading. In Attention and Performance VI: Proceedings of the Sixth International Symposium on Attention and Performance Stockholm, Sweden, July 28—August 1, 1975 (pp. 573–603). Routledge.
  59. Swanepoel, N., Van Heerden, J., & Hartell, C. (2019). Teacher perspectives and practices in teaching English reading comprehension to Grade 2 First Additional Language Learners. Journal for Language Teaching, 53(1), 81–101. https://doi.org/10.4314/jlt.v53i1.4
  60. Sua, M. R. (2021). Cognitive strategies for developing students' reading comprehension skills using short stories. REXE-Revista de Estudios y Experiencias en Educación, 20(44), 233–253. https://doi.org/10.21703/0718-5162.v20.n43.2021.014
  61. Susoy, Z., & Tanyer, S. (2019). The role of vocabulary vs. syntactic knowledge in L2 reading comprehension. Eurasian Journal of Applied Linguistics, 5(1), 113–130. https://doi.org/10.32601/ejal.543787
  62. Tamin, İ. B. (2019). Effects of a reading strategy instruction on 10th grade EFL students' metacognitive awareness (Master’s thesis, Ondokuz Mayıs University)
  63. Temelman-Yogev, L., Katzir, T., & Prior, A. (2020). Monitoring comprehension in a foreign language: Trait or skill?. Metacognition and Learning, 15, 343–365. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11409-020-09245-5
  64. Toprak-Yıldız, T. E. (2022). Developing a cognitive model of L2 reading comprehension for evaluative purposes in an EMI context. Studies in Educational Evaluation, 75, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.stueduc.2022.101200
  65. Tsai, Y. R., & Talley, P. C. (2014). The effect of a course management system (CMS)-supported strategy instruction on EFL reading comprehension and strategy use. Computer Assisted Language Learning, 27(5), 422–438. https://doi.org/10.1080/09588221.2012.757754
  66. Uçak, G., & Kartal, G. (2023). Scaffolding design to increase reading comprehension for learners of English through online strategy training. E-learning and Digital Media, 20(4), 402–423. https://doi.org/10.1177/20427530221111268
  67. Urlaub, P. (2013). Questioning the text: Advancing literary reading in the second language through web‐based strategy training. Foreign Language Annals, 46(3), 508–521. https://doi.org/10.1111/flan.12038
  68. Urquhart, A. H., & Weir, C. J. (2014). Reading in a Second Language: Process, Product and Practice. Routledge https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315841373
  69. Wang, Y. (2023). Study on the application of the schema theory to the teaching of college English reading. Journal of Education and Educational Research, 5(3), 83–87. https://doi.org/10.54097/jeer.v5i3.13362
  70. Wu, L., Valcke, M., & Van Keer, H. (2023). Differential effects of reading strategy intervention for three levels of comprehenders: Focus on text comprehension and autonomous reading motivation. Learning and Individual Differences, 104(2023), 1–14.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2023.102290
  71. Yan, X., & Kim, J. (2023). The effects of schema strategy training using digital mind mapping on reading comprehension: A case study of Chinese university students in EFL context. Cogent Education, 10(1), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/2331186X.2022.2163139
  72. Yang, Y. F. (2006). Reading strategies or comprehension monitoring strategies?. Reading Psychology, 27(4), 313–343.https://doi.org/10.1080/02702710600846852
  73. Zafarani, P., & Kabgani, S. (2014). Summarization strategy training and reading comprehension of Iranian ESP learners. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 98, 1959–1965. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.03.629
  74. Zhang, S., & Duke, N. K. (2008). Strategies for Internet reading with different reading purposes: A descriptive study of twelve good Internet readers. Journal of literacy research, 40(1), 128–162. https://doi.org/10.1080/10862960802070491
  75. Zhang, L. J., & Wu, A. (2009). Chinese senior high school EFL students’ metacognitive awareness and reading-strategy use. Reading in a Foreign Language, 21(1), 37–59. https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/345a3896-d0d2-4892-b960-3a87a151089a/content
  76. Zimmerman, B. J., & Schunk, D. H. (Eds.). (2011). Handbook of self-regulation of learning and performance. Routledge.
  77. McKeown, R. G., & Gentilucci, J. L. (2007). Think‐aloud strategy: Metacognitive development and monitoring comprehension in the middle school second‐language classroom. Journal of Adolescent & Adult Literacy, 51(2), 136–147. https://doi.org/10.1598/JAAL.51.2.5
  78. Yan, X., & Kim, J. (2023). The effects of schema strategy training using digital mind mapping on reading comprehension: A case study of Chinese university students in EFL context. Cogent Education, 10(1), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/2331186X.2022.2163139