KaydedilenlerDerginizi ekleyin

Dergiler / Tekirdağ Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi / 2026 / Cilt: 23 Sayı: 4

Futbol Sahalarında Kullanılan Farklı Çim Karışımları Üzerine Azot Dozlarının Etkisinin Belirlenmesi

Determination of The Effect of Nitrogen Doses on Different Turf Mixtures Used in Football Fields

Alp Kayahan Demirkan(MEHMET AKİF ERSOY ÜNİVERSİTESİ)0000-0001-9525-1678
Mevlüt Türk(ISPARTA UYGULAMALI BİLİMLER ÜNİVERSİTESİ, ZİRAAT FAKÜLTESİ, TARLA BİTKİLERİ BÖLÜMÜ, ÇAYIR MERA VE YEM BİTKİLERİ ANABİLİM DALI)0000-0003-4493-887X
Sayfa
1454–1468
Yayın Tarihi
2026-09-28
🏛️Bu makalenin bibliyografik verileri ve tam metin bağlantısı DergiPark üzerinden sağlanmıştır.
DergiPark Kaydı ↗
✨

Yapay Zeka Hızlı Bakış & Çıkarımlar

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(1 Cümlede Hızlı Çıkarım)

Sonuçlara göre araştırmanın yürütüldüğü Burdur ili ve benzer ekolojik koşullarda oluşturulacak futbol sahalarında özellikle F. arundinacea ve L. perenne türlerinin fazla oranlarda bulunduğu çim karışımları tercih edilmeli ve aylık düzenli olarak 6 g m-2 azot uygulanmalıdır.

📌 3 Maddede Bu Makale

🎯
Amaç & Hipotez:Bu araştırma 2020-2022 yıllarında, futbol sahalarında yaygın olarak kullanılan serin mevsim çim türlerinden oluşturulmuş bazı karışımlar üzerine farklı azot dozlarının etkilerinin belirlenmesi amacıyla Burdur Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi’nde yürütülmüştür.
📊
Temel Bulgular & Veri:Araştırmada Lolium perenne, Festuca arundinacea, Festuca rubra var. commutata ve Poa pratensis türleriyle oluşturulan 8 farklı çim karışımına beş farklı azot dozu (0, 2, 4, 6 ve 8 g m-2) uygulanmıştır.
💡
Sonuç & Katkı:Sonuçlara göre araştırmanın yürütüldüğü Burdur ili ve benzer ekolojik koşullarda oluşturulacak futbol sahalarında özellikle F. arundinacea ve L. perenne türlerinin fazla oranlarda bulunduğu çim karışımları tercih edilmeli ve aylık düzenli olarak 6 g m-2 azot uygulanmalıdır.
🔬Tür:Deneysel Tarla Denemesi
📍Kapsam:2020-2022 · 268.93 adet
⚙️Değişkenler:Çim karışımları · Azot dozu · Çıkış hızı

Özet

Bu araştırma 2020-2022 yıllarında, futbol sahalarında yaygın olarak kullanılan serin mevsim çim türlerinden oluşturulmuş bazı karışımlar üzerine farklı azot dozlarının etkilerinin belirlenmesi amacıyla Burdur Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi’nde yürütülmüştür. Araştırmada Lolium perenne, Festuca arundinacea, Festuca rubra var. commutata ve Poa pratensis türleriyle oluşturulan 8 farklı çim karışımına beş farklı azot dozu (0, 2, 4, 6 ve 8 g m-2) uygulanmıştır. Araştırmada; çıkış hızı (gün), kaplama hızı (gün), kışa dayanıklılık (1-9), kaplama derecesi (1-9), yaprak dokusu (mm), yaprak rengi (1-9), yenilenme gücü (1-5), kardeş sayısı (adet/dm2), genel görünüm (1-9), kuru madde verimi (g m2) ve azot oranı (%) belirlenmiştir. Varyans analiz sonuçlarına göre, çim karışımları ve azot dozları araştırmada incelenen tüm özellikler üzerine istatistiki olarak önemli etki yapmıştır. Karışımlara göre, çıkış hızı 12.33-16.73 gün, kaplama hızı 23.80-28.13 gün, kışa dayanıklılık 5.13-7.13 puan, kaplama derecesi 5.53-7.67 puan, yaprak dokusu 1.86-2.86 mm, yaprak rengi 2.20-7.23 puan, yenilenme gücü 2.00-3.73 puan, kardeş sayısı 185.40-268.93 adet, genel görünüm 3.17-7.67 puan, kuru madde verimi 595.19-925.87 g m-2, azot oranı %1.71-2.14 arasında değişmiştir. %50 L. perenne+%50 F. arundinacea, %25 L. perenne+%50 F. arundinacea+%25 F. rubra var. commutata ve %40 L.perenne +%30 F. arundinacea+%30 P. pratensis karışımları daha üstün özelliklere sahip olmuşlardır. Araştırmada azot dozlarının artmasıyla kışa dayanıklılık, kaplama derecesi, yaprak dokusu, yaprak rengi, yenilenme gücü, kardeş sayısı, genel görünüm, kuru madde verimi ve bitki dokularındaki azot içeriklerinde artışlar görülmüştür. Sonuçlara göre araştırmanın yürütüldüğü Burdur ili ve benzer ekolojik koşullarda oluşturulacak futbol sahalarında özellikle F. arundinacea ve L. perenne türlerinin fazla oranlarda bulunduğu çim karışımları tercih edilmeli ve aylık düzenli olarak 6 g m-2 azot uygulanmalıdır.

Abstract

This research was conducted at Burdur Mehmet Akif Ersoy University between 2020 and 2022 years with the aim of determining the effects of different nitrogen doses on some cool-season turfgrass mixtures commonly used on football fields. In the study, eight different turfgrass mixtures were created using Lolium perenne, Festuca arundinacea, Festuca rubra var. commutata, and Poa pratensis, and five different nitrogen doses (0, 2, 4, 6, and 8 g m-2) were applied. In the research, parameters such as emergence speed, ground cover speed, winter resistance, ground cover rate, leaf texture, leaf color, regeneration power, tiller number, overall appearance, clipping yield, and nitrogen ratio were determined. According to the variance analysis results, both turf mixtures and nitrogen doses had statistically significant effects on all of the characteristics examined in the research. Depending on the mixtures, emergence speed ranged from 12.33 to 16.73 days, ground cover speed ranged from 23.80 to 28.13 days, winter resistance ranged from 5.13 to 7.13 points, ground cover rate ranged from 5.53 to 7.67 points, leaf texture ranged from 1.86 to 2.86 mm, leaf color ranged from 2.20 to 7.23 points, regeneration power ranged from 2.00 to 3.73 points, tiller number ranged from 185.40 to 268.93 per dm2, overall appearance ranged from 3.17 to 7.67 points, clipping yield ranged from 595.19 to 925.87 g m-2, and nitrogen ratio ranged from 1.71% to 2.14%. Mixtures such as 50% L. perenne + 50% F. arundinacea, 25% L. perenne + 50% F. arundinacea + 25% F. rubra var. commutata, and 40% L. perenne + 30% F. arundinacea + 30% P. pratensis exhibited superior characteristics. In the research, as nitrogen doses increased, winter resistance, ground cover rate, leaf texture, leaf color, regeneration power, tiller number, overall appearance, clipping yield, and nitrogen ratio in plant tissues showed increases. According to the results, in football fields to be established in Burdur province and similar ecological conditions, turfgrass mixtures with a high proportion of F. arundinacea and L. perenne species should be preferred, and a monthly nitrogen application of 6 g m-2 should be regularly applied.

🔖

Bu Makaleye Atıf Yap

Demirkan, A. K., Türk, M. (2026). Futbol Sahalarında Kullanılan Farklı Çim Karışımları Üzerine Azot Dozlarının Etkisinin Belirlenmesi. Tekirdağ Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, Cilt: 23 Sayı: 4, 1454–1468. https://doi.org/10.33462/jotaf.1908608

📄 Tam Metin PDF Okuyucu

📄

PDF görüntüleyici hazırlanıyor...

Kaynakça (58)

  1. Acikgoz, E. (1994). Construction and Maintenance Techniques of Lawn Areas. Uludag University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Field Crops, Environmental Landscape Architecture Ltd. Co., No: 4, 203s, Bursa, Türkiye. (In Turkish)
  2. Alagoz, M. and Turk, M. (2017). Determination of turf performance of some perennial turf grasses and mixtures in Isparta ecological conditions. Suleyman Demirel University Faculty of Agriculture Journal, 12(2): 30-39. (In Turkish)
  3. Arslan, S. T. (2014). Construction and management of soccer fields: applications in Turkey. (MSc. Thesis). Akdeniz University, The Institute of Natural Sciences, Antalya, Türkiye. (In Turkish)
  4. Aslan, V. (2021). Determination of green area performances of some cool climate turf varieties mixtures in Sanliurfa. (MSc. Thesis). Harran University, The Institute of Natural Sciences, Sanliurfa, Türkiye. (In Turkish)
  5. Avcioglu, R. (2014). Lawn Planting and Care. Ege University Press, 322:41, Izmir, Türkiye. (In Turkish)
  6. Balekoglu, E. (2015). Investigation on the adaptation characteristics of different tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) cultivars in Mediterranean ecology. (MSc. Thesis). Ege University, The Institute of Natural Sciences, Izmir, Türkiye. (In Turkish)
  7. Barton, L. and Colmer, T. D. (2006). Irrigation and fertiliser strategies for minimising nitrogen leaching from turfgrass. Agriculture Water Management, 80(1–3): 160-175.
  8. Beard, J. B. (1973). Turfgrass: Science and Culture. Prentice Hall Inc, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, U. S. A.
  9. Bilgili, U. (2002). The effects of wearing and nitrogen fertilization on the plant development and turf quality of football turf mixtures. (Ph.D. Thesis). Uludag University, The Institute of Natural Sciences, Bursa, Türkiye. (In Turkish)
  10. Birer, S. (2021). Effects of trampling to different grass mixtures on plant growth and turf quality. (Ph.D. Thesis). Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, School of Graduate Studies, Canakkale, Türkiye. (In Turkish)
  11. Bonos, S. A. and Huff, D. R. (2013). Cool‐season grasses: Biology and breeding. In: Turfgrass: Biology, Use, and Management, Eds: J. C. Stier, B. P. Horgan and S. A. Bonos, American Society of Agronomy, Madison, WI, U. S. A.
  12. Charif, K., Mzabri, I., Rimani, M., Boukroute, A., Kouddane, N. and Berrichi, A. (2021). Effect of the season on establishment of some turf grasses under the climatic conditions in eastern Morocco. Australian Journal of Crop Science, 15: 518-523.
  13. Chen, H., Yang, T., Xia, Q., Bowman, D., Williams, D., Walker, J. T. and Shi, W. (2018). The extent and pathways of nitrogen loss in turfgrass systems: Age impacts. Science of the Total Environment, 637: 746-757.
  14. Chen, Y., Guo, Z., Dong, L., Fu, Z., Zheng, Q., Zhang, G., Qin, L., Sun, X., Shi, Z., Fahad, S., Xie, F. and Saud, S. (2021). Turf performance and physiological responses of native Poa species to summer stress in Northeast China. PeerJ, 9: e12252.
  15. Cockerham, S. T. (2008). Culture of Natural Turf Athletic Fields. In: Handbook of Turfgrass Management and Physiology, Eds: M. Pessarakli, Taylor & Francis Group, Boca Raton, FL, U. S. A.
  16. Core Team, R. (2021). R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. https://www.R-project.org/ (Accessed Date: 20.05.2024).
  17. Demiroglu, G. (2000). Studies on the agronomic characteristics of some cool-climate cereals in the Mediterranean climate zone. (MSc. Thesis). Ege University, The Institute of Natural Sciences, Izmir, Türkiye. (In Turkish)
  18. Demiroglu, G., Geren, H., Kir, B. and Avcioglu, R. (2010). Performances of some cool season turfgrass cultivars in Mediterranean environment: II. F. arundinacea Schreb., Festuca ovina L., Festuca rubra spp. rubra L., Festuca rubra spp. trichophylla Gaud and Festuca rubra spp. commutata Gaud. Turkish Journal of Field Crops, 15(2): 180-187. (In Turkish)
  19. Deniz, U. T. (2018). A study on evaluation of new species performace of some cool climate turfgrasses in our country under the Mediterranean climate. (MSc. Thesis). Ege University, The Institute of Natural Sciences, Izmir, Türkiye. (In Turkish)
  20. Erasik, T. (2014). Investigations on the turf quality of some new tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) cultivars in Mediterranean ecology. (MSc. Thesis). Ege University, The Institute of Natural Sciences, Izmir, Türkiye. (In Turkish)
  21. Erdogan, H. (2019). Determination of possibilities in turf facilities of some perennial turf grasses and mixtures at Aydin ecological conditions. (MSc. Thesis). Adnan Menderes University, The Institute of Natural Sciences, Aydın, Türkiye. (In Turkish)
  22. FIFA (2011). Quality Concept Handbook of Requirements for Football Turf. Federation Internationale de Football Association, Zurich, Switzerland.
  23. Huang, B. and Gao, H. (2000). Root physiological characteristics associated with drought resistance in tall fescue cultivars. Crop Science, 40: 196-203.
  24. Icoz, O., Gunlu, E. and Oter, Z. (2009). Sport Tourism Destinations as Brand and Factors Affecting Destination Choices of Soccer Teams. 5th International Conference on Business Management and Economics, 22-24 October, pp. 385-398 Cesme, Izmir, Türkiye. (In Turkish)
  25. Ileri, O., Altay, Y. and Koç, A. (2024). Seasonal quality of some cool-season turfgrass species in cold semi-arid climate. Journal of Tekirdag Agricultural Faculty, 21(4): 954-965.
  26. Kacar, B. and Inal, A. (2008). Plant Analyses. Nobel Publications, 1241, 892p, Ankara, Türkiye. (In Turkish) Kacar, B. and Katkat, V. (2010). Plant Nutrition (Bitki Besleme). 5th. Edition, Nobel Yayın Dağıtım Tic. Ltd. Şti, Kızılay-Ankara, Türkiye. (In Turkish)
  27. Karakulak, I. (2007). Comparison of test performance peculiar to football on synthetic and natural grass fields. (MSc. Thesis). Ankara University, Health Sciences Institute, Ankara, Türkiye. (In Turkish)
  28. Kerek, M., Drijber, R. A. And Gaussoin, R. E. (2003). Labile soil organic matter as a potential nitrogen source in golf greens. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 35: 1643-1649.
  29. Kesemen, E. (2008). Evaluation of plant characteristics of red fescue (Festuca rubra L.) using various nitrogen doses. (MSc. Thesis). Ankara University, The Institute of Natural Sciences, Ankara, Türkiye. (In Turkish)
  30. Kilic, G. and Turk, M. (2017). Effects of different nitrogen doses on the turf performance of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea L.) cultivars. Suleyman Demirel University Faculty of Agriculture Journal, 21(1): 31-37. (In Turkish)
  31. Kocak, M. (2019). Turf performances of some turfgrass species sown in pure and mixed: the trial Sultankoy/Tekirdag. (MSc. Thesis). Tekirdag Namik Kemal University, The Institute of Natural Sciences, Tekirdag, Türkiye. (In Turkish)
  32. Koktas, Z. and Bilgili, U. (2025). Assessing the impacts of various nitrogen sources on some cool season turfgrasses Journal of Tekirdag Agricultural Faculty, 22(4): 968-977.
  33. Kusvuran, A. (2009). Determining the best suitable turf grass species, mixtures and turf performance for Cukurova conditions. (Ph.D. Thesis). Cukurova University, The Institute of Natural Sciences, Adana, Türkiye. (In Turkish)
  34. Lê, S., Josse, J. and Husson, F. (2008). FactoMineR: An R package for multivariate analysis. Journal of Statistical Software, 25(1): 1-18.
  35. Lima, C. P. D., Backes, C., Villas Bôas, R. L., Oliveira, M. R. D., Kiihl, T. A. M. and Freitag, E. E. (2010). Bermuda grass sod production as related to nitrogen rates. Revista Brasileira de Ciência do Solo, 34: 371-378.
  36. Martiniello, P. and D’Andrea, E. (2006). Cool-Season turf grass species adaptability in Mediterranean environments and quality traits of varieties. European Journal of Agronomy, 25(3): 234-242.
  37. Mendiburu, F. (2021). Agricolae: Statistical Procedures for Agricultural Research. R package version 1.3-5. https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=Agricolae (Accessed Date: 20.05.2024).
  38. Onal, L. (1983). A study on the performance of a planting machine for germinated seeds. Journal of Ege University Faculty of Agriculture, 20(2): 23-42. (In Turkish)
  39. Oral, N. (1998). Research on seed mixtures, seeding rates and nitrogen fertilizer application for lawn areas to be established in Bursa region. (Ph.D. Thesis). Uludag University, The Institute of Natural Sciences, Bursa, Türkiye. (In Turkish)
  40. Orcun, E. (1979). Private Garden Architecture, Grass Fields Establishment and Maintenance Technique. Ege University Faculty of Agriculture Publications No: 152, 106 p., Bornova, Izmir, Türkiye. (In Turkish)
  41. Ozkan, S. S. (2013). Effect of different mowing heights on the performances of different turf alternatives grown in Mediterranean ecology. (MSc. Thesis). Ege University, The Institute of Natural Sciences, Izmir, Türkiye. (In Turkish)
  42. Oztarhan, H. (2010). Investigations on the adaptation capacities of some grasses widely used in temperate regions to the Aegean coastal zone. (MSc. Thesis). Ege University, The Institute of Natural Sciences, Izmir, Türkiye. (In Turkish)
  43. Patton, A. and Boyd, J. (2007). Choosing a Grass for Arkansas Lawns. University of Arkansas Division of Agriculture, Agriculture and Natural Resources, Cooperative Extension Service. FSA2112. https://www.uaex.edu/publications/pdf/fsa-2112.pdf (Accessed Date: 20.05.2024)
  44. Pinnix, G. D., McCauley, R. K. and Miller, G. L. (2018). Air temperature effects on turfgrass colorant transfer. Crop, Forage and Turfgrass Management, 4(1): 1-6.
  45. Puhalla, J., Krans, J. V. and Goatley, J. (2010). Sports Fields, Design, Construction and Maintenance. John Wiley and Sons Inc, Hoboken, NJ, U. S. A.
  46. Salisbury, F. B. and Ross, C. W. (1992). Plant Physiology. Wadsworth Publishing Company Inc., Belmont, California, U. S. A.
  47. Salman, A. (2000). Investigations on the turf performances of some cool season grasses under Mediterranean climate. (MSc. Thesis). Ege University, The Institute of Natural Sciences, Izmir, Türkiye. (In Turkish)
  48. Salman, A. and Avcioglu, R. (2010). Performances of some cool season turfgrasses in different fertilizer doses. Journal of Agriculture Faculty of Ege University, 47(3): 309-319. (In Turkish)
  49. Saygin, A. (2019). Some properties of seeding rates and mixtures of turfgrass established in central Black Sea region. (MSc. Thesis). Ondokuz Mayis University, The Institute of Natural Sciences, Samsun, Türkiye. (In Turkish)
  50. Skogley, C. R. and Sawyer, C. D. (1992). Field Research. In: Turfgrass, Eds: D. V. Waddigton, R. N. Carrow and R. C. Shearman, American Society of Agronomy, Inc., Madison, Wisconsin, U. S. A.
  51. TTSM (2001). Technical Instructions for Agricultural Values Measurement Trials. Republic of Türkiye Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry Variety Registration And Seed Certification Center, 9 p., Ankara, Türkiye. (In Turkish)
  52. Turgeon, A. J. (1999). Turfgrass Management. 5th ed. Prentice-Hall Publ. Co., Upper Saddle River, NJ, U. S. A.
  53. Turk, M. and Sozoren, K. (2016). Effects of different nitrogen doses on the turf performance of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) cultivars. Suleyman Demirel University Faculty of Agriculture Journal, 1(2): 99-107. (In Turkish)
  54. UEFA (2018). Pitch Quality Guidelines, Natural turf pitch management. Union of European Football Associations, Nyon, Switzerland.
  55. Varoglu, H. (2010). Turf characteristic of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea), kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis), red fescue (Festuca rubra) and perennial rygrass (Lolium perenne). (MSc. Thesis). Ege University, The Institute of Natural Sciences, Izmir, Türkiye. (In Turkish)
  56. Varoglu, H., Avcioglu, R. and Degirmenci, R. (2015). Turf characteristic of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) bluegrass (Poa pratensis), red fescue (Festuca rubra) and the British grass (Lolium perenne). Journal of Central Research Institute for Field Crops, 24(2): 85-95. (In Turkish)
  57. Walker, K. S., Bigelow, C. A., Smith, D. R., Van Scoyoc, G. E. and Reicher, Z. J. (2007). Aboveground responses of cool‐season lawn species to nitrogen rates and application timings. Crop Science, 47(3): 1225-1236.
  58. Zere, S. (2017). Effects of different sewage sludge and nitrogen doses on growth and turf quality of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) (MSc. Thesis). Uludag University, The Institute of Natural Sciences, Bursa, Türkiye. (In Turkish)