KaydedilenlerDerginizi ekleyin

Dergiler / Türk Tarım ve Doğa Bilimleri Dergisi / 2026 / Volume: 13 Issue: 2

Determination and Optimization of Operational Factors Affecting Drift in a Smart Spraying System Adapted for Vineyard Conditions

Ünal Ürkmez(ÇANAKKALE ONSEKİZ MART ÜNİVERSİTESİ, ZİRAAT FAKÜLTESİ)0000-0002-4689-6522
Hüseyin Güler(EGE ÜNİVERSİTESİ, ZİRAAT FAKÜLTESİ, TARIM MAKİNELERİ VE TEKNOLOJİLERİ MÜHENDİSLİĞİ BÖLÜMÜ, TARIM MAKİNELERİ PR.)0000-0002-6537-9627
Sayfa
—
Yayın Tarihi
2026-04-27
🏛️Bu makalenin bibliyografik verileri ve tam metin bağlantısı DergiPark üzerinden sağlanmıştır.
DergiPark Kaydı ↗
✨

Yapay Zeka Hızlı Bakış & Çıkarımlar

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(1 Cümlede Hızlı Çıkarım)

These findings indicate that integrating smart technologies into existing machinery allows for dynamic parameter management based on phenological canopy structure, providing a sustainable and cost-effective approach to enhancing application efficiency while significantly mitigating environmental risks in precision viticulture.

📌 3 Maddede Bu Makale

🎯
Amaç & Hipotez:Traditional vineyard spraying often relies on conventional, fixed parameters, leading to significant chemical waste and off-target spray drift, which causes environmental and health risks.
📊
Temel Bulgular & Veri:The system was integrated onto a conventional air-assisted orchard sprayer common in the region.
💡
Sonuç & Katkı:These findings indicate that integrating smart technologies into existing machinery allows for dynamic parameter management based on phenological canopy structure, providing a sustainable and cost-effective approach to enhancing application efficiency while significantly mitigating environmental risks in precision viticulture.
🔬Tür:Modelleme & Sayısal Simülasyon
📍Kapsam:Genişletilmiş Akademik Örneklem
⚙️Değişkenler:Sprayer · LiDAR · spray drift

Abstract

Traditional vineyard spraying often relies on conventional, fixed parameters, leading to significant chemical waste and off-target spray drift, which causes environmental and health risks. Furthermore, there is a lack of optimized operational parameters for viticulture in both practical farming and existing literature. In this study, a smart spraying system (SSS) was revised and adapted for Aegean vineyard conditions. The system was integrated onto a conventional air-assisted orchard sprayer common in the region. The study aimed to determine the optimum parameters for minimizing airborne spray drift during both the pre-flowering and fruit-set periods. Four main factors were tested: forward speed, airflow rate, spray rate, and spray depth. Central Composite Design (CCD) under the Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was used to determine the optimal level of variables. Based on the RSM model, the optimum operational parameters for minimum drift were determined as 4.59 km h⁻¹ forward speed, 33,240 m³ h⁻¹ airflow rate, 0.050 L m⁻³ spray rate, and 1.9 m spray depth for the pre-flowering stage; and 5.97 km h⁻¹, 31,374 m³ h⁻¹, 0.075 L m⁻³, and 1.65 m for the fruit-set stage, respectively. Compared to conventional applications where the smart system was disabled, the optimized smart spraying systems achieved a drift reduction of 92.5% during the pre-flowering period and 89% during the fruit-set period. These findings indicate that integrating smart technologies into existing machinery allows for dynamic parameter management based on phenological canopy structure, providing a sustainable and cost-effective approach to enhancing application efficiency while significantly mitigating environmental risks in precision viticulture.

🔖

Bu Makaleye Atıf Yap

Ürkmez, Ü., Güler, H. (2026). Determination and Optimization of Operational Factors Affecting Drift in a Smart Spraying System Adapted for Vineyard Conditions. Türk Tarım ve Doğa Bilimleri Dergisi, Volume: 13 Issue: 2. https://doi.org/10.30910/turkjans.1905823

📄 Tam Metin PDF Okuyucu

📄

PDF görüntüleyici hazırlanıyor...

Kaynakça (31)

  1. Balsari, P., Doruchowski, G., Marucco, P., Tamagnone, M., van de Zande, J., & Wenneker, M. (2008). System for adjusting the spray application to the target characteristics. Agricultural Engineering International: CIGR Journal, 10, Manuscript IT 08 002
  2. Bayat, A., & Tangolar, S. (1994). Bağ ilaçlamada farklı tip pülverizatörlerin terbiye sistemlerine göre sağladıkları etkinliklerin saptanması. Çukurova Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 9(4), 135-150.
  3. Çelen, İ. H., & Durgut, M. R. (2008). The effect of the air blast sprayer speed on the chemical distribution in vineyard. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences, 11(11), 1472-1476
  4. Carlsen, S. C. K., Spliid, N. H., & Svensmark, B. (2006). Drift of 10 herbicides after tractor spray application. 2. Primary drift (droplet drift). Chemosphere, 64(9), 1533-1540.
  5. Chen, Y., Zhu, H., & Özkan, H. E. (2012). Development of a variable-rate sprayer with laser scanning to synchronize spray outputs to tree structure. Transactions of the ASABE, 55(3), 773-781. https://doi.org/10.13031/2013.41509
  6. Chen, Y., Zhu, H., Özkan, E., & Krause, C. R. (2013). Spray drift and off-target loss reduction with a precision air-assisted sprayer. Transactions of the ASABE, 56(6), 1273-1281. https://doi.org/10.13031/trans.56.10173
  7. Dekeyser, D., Foque, D., Duga, A. T., Verboven, P., Hendrickx, N., & Nuyttens, D. (2014). Spray deposition assessment using different application techniques in artificial orchard trees. Crop Protection, 64, 187-197.
  8. Doruchowski, G., Balsari, P., & Van de Zande, J. (2009). Development of a crop adapted spray application system for sustainable plant protection in fruit growing. Acta Horticulturae, 824, 251-260.
  9. Fox, R. D., Derksen, R. C., Brazee, R. D., & Özkan, H. E. (1998). Drift measurement: Methods and techniques. Food, Agricultural and Biological Engineering (FABE) Department, The Ohio State University.
  10. Garcerá, C., Moltó, E., Izquierdo, H., Balsari, P., Marucco, P., Grella, M., Gioelli, F., & Chueca, P. (2022). Effect of the airblast settings on the vertical spray profile: Implementation on an on-line decision aid for citrus treatments. Agronomy, 12(4), 799. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12061462
  11. Gil, E., Escolà, A., Rosell, J. R., Planas, S., & Val, L. (2007). Variable rate application of plant protection products in vineyard using ultrasonic sensors. Crop Protection, 26(8), 1287-1297.
  12. Grella, M., Gil, E., Balsari, P., Marucco, P., & Gallart, M. (2017). Advances in developing a new test method to assess spray drift potential from air blast sprayers. Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research, 15(3), e0207. https://doi.org/10.5424/sjar/2017153-10580
  13. Güler, H. (2002). Değişken hava akımı ve ilaç püskürtme yönlerinin tele alınmış bağlarda ilaç dağılım düzgünlüğüne olan etkileri [Doktora tezi]. Ege Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü
  14. İtmeç, M., Bayat, A. A real-time variable rate air and liquid sprayer for orchard applications. Precision Agriculture, 27, 29 (2026). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11119-026-10331-y
  15. Khatawkar, D. S., Dharaneedharan, D., & James, P. S. (2024). Knapsack air assisted electrostatic sprayer for agricultural formulations. CABI Agriculture and Bioscience, 5(1), 80. https://doi.org/10.1186/s43170-024-00286-3
  16. Li, L., He, X., Song, J., Liu, Y., Zeng, A., Yang, L., Liu, C., & Liu, Z. (2018). Design and experiment of variable rate orchard sprayer based on laser scanning sensor. International Journal of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, 11(1), 101–108.
  17. Manandhar, A., Zhu, H., Ozkan, E., & Shah, A. (2020). Techno-economic impacts of using a laser-guided variable-rate spraying system to retrofit conventional constant-rate sprayers. Precision Agriculture, 21(5), 1156–1171.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11119-020-09712-8
  18. Osterman, A., Godeša, T., Hočevar, M., Širok, B., & Stopar, M. (2013). Real-time positioning and monitoring system for improving spray efficiency in orchards. Precision Agriculture, 14, 61–75.
  19. Pergher, G., & Gubiani, R. (1995). The effect of spray application rate and airflow rate on foliar deposition in a hedgerow vineyard. Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research, 61(3), 205-216.
  20. Pezzi, F., & Rondelli, V. (2000). The performance of an air-assisted sprayer operating in vines. Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research, 76(4), 331-340.
  21. Rosell, J. R., & Sanz, R. (2012). A review of methods and applications of the geometric characterization of tree crops in agricultural activities. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, 81, 124-141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2011.09.007
  22. Salcedo, R., Zhu, H., Zhang, Z., Wei, Z., Chen, L., Özkan, E., & Falchieri, D. (2020). Foliar deposition and coverage on young apple trees with PWM-controlled spray systems. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, 178, 105704. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2020.105794
  23. Salcedo, R., Zhu, H., Ozkan, E., Falchieri, D., Zhang, Z., & Wei, Z. (2021). Reducing ground and airborne drift losses in young apple orchards with PWM-controlled spray systems. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, 189, 106389 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2021.106389
  24. Salyani, M., Miller, D. R., Farooq, M., & Sweeb, R. D. (2013). Effects of sprayer operating parameters on airborne drift from citrus air-carrier sprayers. Agricultural Engineering International: CIGR Journal, 15(1), 27-37.
  25. Shi, R., Sun, H., Qiu, W., Lv, X., Ahmad, F., Gu, J., Yu, H., & Zhang, Z. (2022). Analysing Airflow Velocity in the Canopy to Improve Droplet Deposition for Air-Assisted Spraying: A Case Study on Pears. Agronomy, 12(12), 3123 https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12102424
  26. Vanucci, D., Pochi, D., & Raparelli, E. (1998). Spraying in vineyard: Evaluation of air-borne spray by aspirated air sampler. Agricultural Mechanization Research Institute, Operative Machinery Division.
  27. Urkan, E. (2012). Farklı tip memelerle bağ ilaçlamasında pülverizatör performansının ve sürüklenmenin belirlenmesi [Doktora Tezi]. Ege Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü.
  28. Ürkmez, Ü. (2023). Mevcut Pülverizatörlere Takılabilen Akıllı Püskürtme Sisteminin Performansına Etkili Bazı Parametrelerin Optimizasyonu [Doktora Tezi]. Ege Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü.
  29. Walklate, P. J., Cross, J. V., Richardson, G. M., & Baker, D. E. (2006). Optimising the adjustment of label-recommended dose rate for orchard spraying. Crop Protection, 25(10), 1080-1086.
  30. Xun, L., Campos, J., Salas, B., Llop, J., & Gil, E. (2023). Advanced spraying systems to improve pesticide saving and reduce spray drift for apple orchards. Precision Agriculture, 24(4), 1526–1546. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11119-023-10007-x
  31. Zhang, C., Li, Q., Yuan, P., & Zhou, H. (2025). Orchard variable-rate sprayer using LiDAR-based canopy volume measurement. Agronomy, 15(12), 2709. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15122709