Dergiler / Ahi Evran Üniversitesi Kırşehir Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi / 2026 / Cilt: 27 Sayı: 3

Öğretmenlerin Çevrim İçi Tetikte Olma, Sosyotelizm ve Siberaylaklık Davranışları Arasındaki İlişkinin İncelenmesi

Examining The Relationship Among Teachers’ Online Vigilance, Phubbing, and Cyberloafing Behaviors

Süleyman Eren Yürük(FIRAT ÜNİVERSİTESİ, EĞİTİM FAKÜLTESİ)0000-0003-2414-0537
Kübra Yılmaz Yürük(Milli Eğitim Bakanlığı)0009-0003-9283-866X
Yalın Kılıç Türel(FIRAT ÜNİVERSİTESİ, EĞİTİM FAKÜLTESİ)0000-0002-0021-0484
Sayfa
989–1022
Yayın Tarihi
2026-09-30
🏛️Bu makalenin bibliyografik verileri ve tam metin bağlantısı DergiPark üzerinden sağlanmıştır.
DergiPark Kaydı ↗
✨

Yapay Zeka Hızlı Bakış & Çıkarımlar

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(1 Cümlede Hızlı Çıkarım)

Bulgular, çevrimiçi tetikte olma, sosyotelizm ve siberaylaklık düzeylerinin cinsiyet ve mesleki deneyime göre anlamlı biçimde farklılaşmadığını göstermiştir.

📌 3 Maddede Bu Makale

🎯
Amaç & Hipotez:Bu çalışma, öğretmenlerin çevrimiçi tetikte olma, sosyotelizm (phubbing) ve siberaylaklık davranışları arasındaki ilişkileri incelemekte ve bu davranışların demografik değişkenlere göre farklılaşıp farklılaşmadığını araştırmaktadır.
📊
Temel Bulgular & Veri:İlişkisel tarama deseni kullanılarak yürütülen araştırmada, Türkiye’nin Elâzığ ilinde devlet okullarında görev yapan 257 ortaokul ve lise öğretmeninden veri toplanmıştır.
💡
Sonuç & Katkı:Bulgular, çevrimiçi tetikte olma, sosyotelizm ve siberaylaklık düzeylerinin cinsiyet ve mesleki deneyime göre anlamlı biçimde farklılaşmadığını göstermiştir.
🔬Tür:Uygulamalı Anket & Alan Araştırması
📍Kapsam:Genişletilmiş Akademik Örneklem
⚙️Değişkenler:Siberaylaklık · Çevrimiçi Tetikte Olma · Sosyotelizm

Özet

Bu çalışma, öğretmenlerin çevrimiçi tetikte olma, sosyotelizm (phubbing) ve siberaylaklık davranışları arasındaki ilişkileri incelemekte ve bu davranışların demografik değişkenlere göre farklılaşıp farklılaşmadığını araştırmaktadır. İlişkisel tarama deseni kullanılarak yürütülen araştırmada, Türkiye’nin Elâzığ ilinde devlet okullarında görev yapan 257 ortaokul ve lise öğretmeninden veri toplanmıştır. Katılımcılar Çevrimiçi Tetikte Olma Ölçeği, Genel Sosyotelizm Ölçeği ve Derste Akıllı Telefonla Siberaylaklık Ölçeğini yanıtlamışlardır. Cinsiyet ve mesleki deneyime göre farklılıkları incelemek amacıyla Mann–Whitney U ve Kruskal–Wallis testleri kullanılmış; çalışma değişkenleri arasındaki ilişkileri belirlemek için ise Spearman korelasyon analizi uygulanmıştır. Bulgular, çevrimiçi tetikte olma, sosyotelizm ve siberaylaklık düzeylerinin cinsiyet ve mesleki deneyime göre anlamlı biçimde farklılaşmadığını göstermiştir. Buna karşılık, çevrimiçi tetikte olma ile sosyotelizm, çevrimiçi tetikte olma ile siberaylaklık ve sosyotelizm ile siberaylaklık arasında güçlü ve pozitif ilişkiler bulunmuştur. Elde edilen bulgular, çevrimiçi tetikte olmanın sosyotelizm gibi sosyal olarak gözlemlenebilir davranışlarla yakından ilişkili olduğunu, siberaylaklıkla olan ilişkisinin ise daha bağlama duyarlı ve öz düzenleme süreçleri tarafından şekillendiğine dair ipuçları sunmaktadır. Genel olarak çalışma, öğretmenlerin dijital davranışlarını anlamada çevrimiçi tetikte olmanın temel bir yapı olduğunu ortaya koymakta ve eğitim ortamlarında dikkat yönetimi ile dijital dengeyi teşvik etmenin önemini vurgulamaktadır.

Abstract

This study examines the relationships among teachers’ online vigilance, phubbing, and cyberloafing behaviors and explores whether these behaviors differ according to demographic variables. Using a correlational survey design, data were collected from 257 middle and high school teachers working in public schools in Elazig, Türkiye. Participants completed the Online Vigilance Scale, the Generic Phubbing Scale, and the Smartphone Cyberloafing in Class Scale., Mann–Whitney U and Kruskal–Wallis tests were used to examine differences by gender and teaching experience, while Spearman correlation analysis was employed to assess relationships among the study variables. The results revealed no significant differences in online vigilance, phubbing, or cyberloafing based on gender or teaching experience. However, strong and positive correlations were found among all study variables, including between online vigilance and phubbing, online vigilance and cyberloafing, and phubbing and cyberloafing. These findings suggest that online vigilance is closely linked to socially observable behaviors such as phubbing, while its association with cyberloafing appears to be more context-dependent and shaped by self-regulation processes. Overall, the study highlights online vigilance as a key construct for understanding teachers’ digital behaviors and underscores the importance of promoting attention management and digital balance in educational settings.

🔖

Bu Makaleye Atıf Yap

Yürük, S. E., Yürük, K. Y., Türel, Y. K. (2026). Öğretmenlerin Çevrim İçi Tetikte Olma, Sosyotelizm ve Siberaylaklık Davranışları Arasındaki İlişkinin İncelenmesi. Ahi Evran Üniversitesi Kırşehir Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, Cilt: 27 Sayı: 3, 989–1022. https://doi.org/10.29299/kefad.1939668

📄 Tam Metin PDF Okuyucu

📄

PDF görüntüleyici hazırlanıyor...

Kaynakça (79)

  1. Aagaard, J. (2020). Digital akrasia: a qualitative study of phubbing. Ai & Society, 35(1), 237-244.
  2. Akbulut, Y., Dönmez, O., & Dursun, Ö. Ö. (2017). Cyberloafing and social desirability bias among students and employees. Computers in Human Behavior, 72, 87-95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2017.02.031
  3. Akbulut, Y., Dursun, Ö. Ö., Dönmez, O., & Şahin, Y. L. (2016). In search of a measure to investigate cyberloafing in educational settings. Computers in Human Behavior, 55, 616-625. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2015.10.015
  4. Akgün, F. (2019). Lise öğrencilerinin derslerdeki siberaylaklık davranışlarının incelenmesi. Eğitim ve Bilim, 45(201), 175-191. https://doi.org/10.15390/EB.2019.8079
  5. Al-Saggaf, Y. (2022). Social norms. In The psychology of phubbing (pp. 79–89). Springer Nature Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-7045-0_8
  6. Al-Saggaf, Y., & MacCulloch, R. (2019). Phubbing and social relationships: Results from an Australian sample. Journal of Relationships Research, 10, e10. https://doi.org/10.1017/jrr.2019.9
  7. Al‐Saggaf, Y., & O'Donnell, S. B. (2019). Phubbing: Perceptions, reasons behind, predictors, and impacts. Human Behavior and Emerging Technologies, 1(2), 132-140. https://doi.org/10.1002/hbe2.130
  8. Andrade, C. (2021). The inconvenient truth about convenience and purposive samples. Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine, 43(1), 86–88. https://doi.org/10.1177/0253717620977000
  9. Ansari, S., Azeem, A., Khan, I., & Iqbal, N. (2024). Association of phubbing behavior and fear of missing out: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 27(7), 467–481. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2023.0761
  10. Askew, K., Buckner, J. E., Taing, M. U., Ilie, A., Bauer, J. A., & Coovert, M. D. (2014). Explaining cyberloafing: The role of the theory of planned behavior. Computers in Human Behavior, 36, 510-519. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2014.03.033
  11. Blanchard, A. L., & Henle, C. A. (2008). Correlates of different forms of cyberloafing: The role of norms and external locus of control. Computers in Human Behavior, 24(3), 1067-1084. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2007.02.007
  12. Blau, G., Yang, Y., & Ward-Cook, K. (2006). Testing a measure of cyberloafing. Journal of Allied Health, 35(1), 9-17.
  13. Carson, R. L., Baumgartner, J. J., Matthews, R. A., & Tsouloupas, C. N. (2010). Emotional exhaustion, absenteeism, and turnover intentions in childcare teachers: Examining the impact of physical activity behaviors. Journal of Health Psychology, 15(6), 905–914. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359105309360697
  14. Chatterjee, S. (2020). Antecedents of phubbing: From technological and psychological perspectives. Journal of Systems and Information Technology, 22(2), 161-178. https://doi.org/10.1108/JSIT-07-2019-0179
  15. Chen, L. (2025). The Impact of Internet Addiction on Digital Distraction: A Cognitive Dissonance Perspective. Information Systems Management, 42(3), 384–402. https://doi.org/10.1080/10580530.2025.2479727
  16. Chi, L., Tang, T., & Tang, E. (2022). The phubbing phenomenon: A cross-sectional study on the relationships among social media addiction, fear of missing out, personality traits, and phubbing behavior. Current Psychology, 41(2), 1112–1123. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-021-02468-y
  17. Chotpitayasunondh, V., & Douglas, K. M. (2016). How “phubbing” becomes the norm: The antecedents and consequences of snubbing via smartphone. Computers in Human Behavior, 63, 9-18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2016.05.037
  18. Chotpitayasunondh, V., & Douglas, K. M. (2018). The effects of “phubbing” on social interaction. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 48(6), 304-316. https://doi.org/10.1111/jasp.12411
  19. Coehoorn, M. (2014). Phubbing? An absurd design intervention for redefining smartphone usage. Unpublished Master’s thesis, TU Delft.
  20. Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
  21. Demirci, K., Akgönül, M., & Akpinar, A. (2015). Relationship of smartphone use severity with sleep quality, depression, and anxiety in university students. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 4(2), 85–92.
  22. Dmitriev, N. D., Tanusree, C., & Samrat, R. (2022). Strategies of cyberloafing and phubbing which affect workplace digital transformation. Moscow Economic Journal, 7(10). https://doi.org/10.55186/2413046x_2022_7_10_568
  23. Domahidi, E. (2018). The associations between online media use and users’ perceived social resources: A meta-analysis. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 23(4), 181–200. https://doi.org/10.1093/jcmc/zmy007
  24. Duradoni, M., Raimondi, T., Buttà, F., & Guazzini, A. (2023). Moving beyond an addiction framework for phubbing: Unraveling the influence of intrinsic motivation, boredom, and online vigilance. Human Behavior and Emerging Technologies, 2023, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/6653652
  25. Durak, H. Y., & Saritepeci, M. (2019). Occupational burnout and cyberloafing among teachers: Analysis of personality traits, individual and occupational status variables as predictors. The Social Science Journal, 56(1), 69–87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soscij.2018.10.011
  26. Ergün, N., Göksu, İ., & Sakız, H. (2020). Effects of phubbing: Relationships with psychodemographic variables. Psychological Reports, 123(5), 1578–1613.
  27. Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Buchner, A., & Lang, A.-G. (2009). Statistical power analyses using G*Power 3.1: Tests for correlation and regression analyses. Behavior Research Methods, 41(4), 1149–1160. https://doi.org/10.3758/BRM.41.4.1149
  28. Franchina, V., Vanden Abeele, M., Van Rooij, A. J., Lo Coco, G., & De Marez, L. (2018). Fear of missing out as a predictor of problematic social media use and phubbing behavior among Flemish adolescents. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15(10), 2319. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15102319
  29. Garrido, E. C., Issa, T., Gutiérrez-Esteban, P., & Cubo Delgado, S. (2021). A descriptive literature review of phubbing behaviors. Heliyon, 7(5), e07037. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07037
  30. Gignac, G. E., & Szodorai, E. T. (2016). Effect size guidelines for individual differences researchers. Personality and Individual Differences, 102, 74–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2016.06.069
  31. Gökçearslan, Ş., Mumcu, F. K., Haşlaman, T., & Çevik, Y. D. (2016). Modelling smartphone addiction: The role of smartphone usage, self-regulation, general self-efficacy and cyberloafing in university students. Computers in Human Behavior, 63, 639–649. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2016.05.091
  32. Güllü, B. F., & Serin, H. (2020). The relationship between fear of missing out (FoMO) levels and cyberloafing behaviour of teachers. Journal of Education and Learning, 9(5), 205–214. https://doi.org/10.5539/jel.v9n5p205
  33. Halfmann, A., & Rieger, D. (2019). Permanently on call: The effects of social pressure on smartphone users’ self-control, need satisfaction, and well-being. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 24(4), 165–181. https://doi.org/10.1093/jcmc/zmz009
  34. Hanoum, M., Ekasari, A., Mumpuni, S., Purwantini, L., Indah, A., & Puspitasari, N. (2023, August). Phone snubbing (phubbing) conduct at school: A review based on academic cyberloafing, fear of missing out (FoMO), loneliness and self-concept. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Innovations in Social Sciences Education and Engineering (Vol. 3, pp. 47–47).
  35. Hardiani, W. A., Rahardja, E., & Yuniawan, A. (2018). Effect of role conflict and role overload to burnout and its impact on cyberloafing (Study on PT PLN (Persero) Pusat Manajemen Konstruksi). Jurnal Bisnis Strategi, 26(2), 89–99.
  36. Hayıt, T., & Dönmez, O. (2016). Investigation of the relationship between cyber-loafing profiles and cognitive absorption of university students. Journal of Research in Education and Teaching, 5(16), 146–150.
  37. Jia, H., Jia, R., & Karau, S. (2013). Cyberloafing and personality: The impact of the Big Five traits and workplace situational factors. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 20(3), 358–365. https://doi.org/10.1177/1548051813488208
  38. Johannes, N., Meier, A., Reinecke, L., Ehlert, S., Setiawan, D. N., Walasek, N., … Veling, H. (2020). The relationship between online vigilance and affective well-being in everyday life: Combining smartphone logging with experience sampling. Media Psychology, 24(5), 581–605. https://doi.org/10.1080/15213269.2020.1768122
  39. Kalaycı, E. (2010). Investigation of the relationship between cyberloafing and self-regulated learning strategies among undergraduate students [Üniversite öğrencilerinin siberaylaklık davranışları ile özdüzenleme stratejileri arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi] (Doctoral dissertation, Hacettepe University, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ankara, Turkey).
  40. Karadağ, E., Tosuntaş, Ş. B., Erzen, E., Duru, P., Bostan, N., Şahin, B. M.,. & Babadağ, B. (2015). Determinants of phubbing, which is the sum of many virtual addictions: A structural equation model. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 4(2), 60–74. https://doi.org/10.1556/2006.4.2015.005
  41. Karakoyun, F. (2021). Çevrim içi tetikte olma ölçeğinin Türkçe’ye uyarlanması [Adaptation of the online vigilance scale into Turkish]. Eğitim Teknolojisi Kuram ve Uygulama, 11(2), 358–374. https://doi.org/10.17943/etku.907666
  42. Kıdıman, E., & Durak, H. Y. (2023). The relationship between academic self-control and online vigilance among high school students: a multi-group analysis. Eğitim Teknolojisi Kuram ve Uygulama, 13(1), 24-36.
  43. Kim, K., del Carmen Triana, M., Chung, K., & Oh, N. (2016). When do employees cyberloaf? An interactionist perspective examining personality, justice, and empowerment. Human Resource Management, 55(6), 1041–1058. https://doi.org/10.1002/hrm.21700
  44. Kinman, G., Wray, S., & Strange, C. (2011). Emotional labour, burnout and job satisfaction in UK teachers: The role of workplace social support. Educational Psychology, 31(7), 843–856. https://doi.org/10.1080/01443410.2011.608650
  45. Klimmt, C., Hefner, D., Reinecke, L., Rieger, D., & Vorderer, P. (2017). The permanently online and permanently connected mind: Mapping the cognitive structures behind mobile internet use. In Permanently online, permanently connected (pp. 18–28). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315628373
  46. Kulesza, J., DeHondt, G., & Nezlek, G. (2011). More Technology, Less Learning?. Information Systems Education Journal, 9(7), 4-13.
  47. Le Roux, D. B., & Parry, D. A. (2022). Investigating predictors of online vigilance among university students. Information Technology & People, 35(1), 27–45. https://doi.org/10.1108/ITP-05-2019-0244
  48. Le Roux, D. B., Parry, D. A., Totolo, A., Iyawa, G., Holloway, J., Prenter, A., & Botha, L. (2021). Media multitasking, online vigilance and academic performance among students in three Southern African countries. Computers & Education, 160, 104056. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2020.104056
  49. Liberman, B., Seidman, G., McKenna, K. Y., & Buffardi, L. E. (2011). Employee job attitudes and organizational characteristics as predictors of cyberloafing. Computers in Human Behavior, 27(6), 2192–2199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2011.06.015
  50. Lim, V. K. (2002). The IT way of loafing on the job: Cyberloafing, neutralizing and organizational justice. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 23(5), 675–694. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.161
  51. Lim, V. K., & Chen, D. J. (2012). Cyberloafing at the workplace: Gain or drain on work? Behaviour & Information Technology, 31(4), 343–353. https://doi.org/10.1080/01449290903353054
  52. Lv, S., & Wang, H. (2023). The effect of college students’ boredom proneness on phubbing: The chain‐mediating effects of fear of missing out and online vigilance. Perspectives in Psychiatric Care, 59(1), 9713789. https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/9713789
  53. Maftei, A., & Măirean, C. (2024). Keep talking, I need to check my phone! Online vigilance and phubbing: The role of loneliness and moral disengagement. Ethics & Behavior, 34(6), 410–424. https://doi.org/10.1080/10508422.2023.2230505
  54. Oulasvirta, A., Rattenbury, T., Ma, L., & Raita, E. (2012). Habits make smartphone use more pervasive. Personal and Ubiquitous Computing, 16(1), 105–114. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00779-011-0412-2
  55. Petkovski, M., Rosen, C., Lehmann, N., Baune, L., Steinrücke, J., & Dominguez-Rodriguez, A. (2025). The relationships between online vigilance, mental health, stress, and fear of missing out: A cross-sectional study. Acta psychologica, 260, 105577.
  56. Pindek, S., Krajcevska, A., & Spector, P. E. (2018). Cyberloafing as a coping mechanism: Dealing with workplace boredom. Computers in Human Behavior, 86, 147–152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2018.04.040
  57. Polat, M. (2018). Derslerde akıllı telefon siberaylaklığı ölçeği (DATSAÖ): Üniversite öğrencileri için bir ölçek uyarlama çalışması [Smartphone cyberloafing scale in courses: A scale adaptation study for university students]. Social Sciences Studies Journal, 4(21), 3114–3127. https://doi.org/10.26449/sssj.993
  58. Reinecke, L., Klimmt, C., Meier, A., Reich, S., Hefner, D., Knop-Huelss, K., et al. (2018). Permanently online and permanently connected: Development and validation of the Online Vigilance Scale. PLoS ONE, 13(10), e0205384. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0205384
  59. Restubog, S. L. D., Garcia, P. R. J. M., Toledano, L. S., Amarnani, R. K., Tolentino, L. R., & Tang, R. L. (2011). Yielding to (cyber)-temptation: Exploring the buffering role of self-control in the relationship between organizational justice and cyberloafing behavior in the workplace. Journal of Research in Personality, 45(2), 247–251. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2011.01.006
  60. Roberts, J. A., & David, M. E. (2016). My life has become a major distraction from my cell phone: Partner phubbing and relationship satisfaction among romantic partners. Computers in Human Behavior, 54, 134–141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2015.07.058
  61. Schneider, F. M., & Hitzfeld, S. (2021). I ought to put down that phone but I phub nevertheless: Examining the predictors of phubbing behavior. Social Science Computer Review, 39(6), 1075–1088. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894439319882365
  62. Skaalvik, E. M., & Skaalvik, S. (2017). Dimensions of teacher burnout: Relations with potential stressors at school. Social Psychology of Education, 20(4), 775–790. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11218-017-9391-0
  63. Solecki, S. (2022). The phubbing phenomenon: The impact on parent–child relationships. Journal of Pediatric Nursing, 62, 211–214. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pedn.2021.12.016
  64. Tandon, A., Dhir, A., Talwar, S., Kaur, P., & Mäntymäki, M. (2022). Social media induced fear of missing out (FoMO) and phubbing: Behavioural, relational and psychological outcomes. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 174, 121149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2021.121149
  65. Thomée, S., Härenstam, A., & Hagberg, M. (2011). Mobile phone use and stress, sleep disturbances, and symptoms of depression among young adults: A prospective cohort study. BMC Public Health, 11(1), 66. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-11-66
  66. Toker, S., & Baturay, M. H. (2021). Factors affecting cyberloafing in computer laboratory teaching settings. International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education, 18(1), 20. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41239-021-00267-z
  67. Tufan, C., Köksal, K., Griffiths, M. D., Erturgut, R., & Mert, İ. S. (2025). Effects of fear of missing out, smartphone addiction, phubbing, and being phubbed on friendship satisfaction. Behaviour & Information Technology, 44(14), 3592–3608. https://doi.org/10.1080/0144929X.2024.2434893
  68. Ugrin, J. C., Pearson, J. M., & Nickle, S. M. (2018). An examination of the relationship between culture and cyberloafing using the Hofstede model. Journal of Internet Commerce, 17(1), 46–63. https://doi.org/10.1080/15332861.2017.1422503
  69. Van Eerde, W. (2000). Procrastination: Self‐regulation in initiating aversive goals. Applied Psychology, 49(3), 372–389.
  70. Vitak, J., Crouse, J., & LaRose, R. (2011). Personal Internet use at work: Understanding cyberslacking. Computers in Human Behavior, 27(5), 1751–1759. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2011.03.002
  71. Wagner, D. T., Barnes, C. M., Lim, V. K., & Ferris, D. L. (2012). Lost sleep and cyberloafing: Evidence from the laboratory and a daylight saving time quasi-experiment. Journal of Applied Psychology, 97(5), 1068–1076. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0027557
  72. Wilkowski, B. M., & Robinson, M. D. (2008). The cognitive basis of trait anger and reactive aggression: An integrative analysis. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 12(1), 3–21. https://doi.org/10.1177/1088868307309874
  73. Wu, J., Mei, W., & Ugrin, J. C. (2018). Student cyberloafing in and out of the classroom in China and the relationship with student performance. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 21(3), 199–204. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2017.0397
  74. Yam, F. C., & Kumcağız, H. (2020). Adaptation of General Phubbing Scale to Turkish culture and investigation of phubbing levels of university students in terms of various variables. Addicta: The Turkish Journal on Addictions, 7(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.15805/addicta.2020.7.1.0105
  75. Yasin, R. M., Bashir, S., Vanden Abeele, M., & Bartels, J. (2020). Supervisor phubbing phenomenon in organizations: Determinants and impacts. International Journal of Business Communication, 60(1), 150–172. https://doi.org/10.1177/2329488420907120
  76. Yi, J. Y., & Choi, H. C. (2012). Hope as a mediator between adult attachment and depression in university students. Korean Journal of Counseling, 3(2), 819–838.
  77. Yin, C., Tang, Y., Yu, L., & Li, L. (2025). Excessive media use in class and university students’ academic performance: The mediation effect of online vigilance and gender differences. Interactive Learning Environments, 33(2), 1385–1403. https://doi.org/10.1080/10494820.2024.2371930
  78. Zhang, Y., Tian, Y., Yao, L., Duan, C., Sun, X., & Niu, G. (2022). Individual differences matter in the effect of teaching presence on perceived learning: From the social cognitive perspective of self-regulated learning. Computers & Education, 179, 104427. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2021.104427
  79. Karadağ, E., Tosuntaş, Ş. B., Erzen, E., Duru, P., Bostan, N., Şahin, B. M.,. & Babadağ, B. (2015). Determinants of phubbing, which is the sum of many virtual addictions: A structural equation model. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 4(2), 60–74. https://doi.org/10.1556/2006.4.2015.005