KaydedilenlerDerginizi ekleyin

Dergiler / İstanbul Üniversitesi Sosyoloji Dergisi / 2022 / Cilt: 42 Sayı: 1

The Mental Health of a Society in Crisis: Complaints of Depression and Anxiety

Veysel Bozkurt(ISTANBUL UNIVERSITY)0000-0001-7623-3132
Hasan Kaya(Gulhane Medical Faculty Ankara City Hospital, Health Sciences University)0000-0002-9289-6013
Erol Göka(Gulhane Medical Faculty Ankara City Hospital, Health Sciences University)0000-0001-7066-2817
Kadriye Burcu Öngen Bilir(BURSA TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY)0000-0003-2581-0125
Sayfa
153–170
Yayın Tarihi
2022-12-31
DOI
—
🏛️Bu makalenin bibliyografik verileri ve tam metin bağlantısı DergiPark üzerinden sağlanmıştır.
DergiPark Kaydı ↗
✨

Yapay Zeka Hızlı Bakış & Çıkarımlar

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(1 Cümlede Hızlı Çıkarım)

Age, household income, and living in rural or urban areas were also determined to be predictive for depressive complaints.

📌 3 Maddede Bu Makale

🎯
Amaç & Hipotez:The aim of this paper is to examine the change in anxiety and feelings of depression within the Turkish population, including the factors behind these changes, during the most intense period of the COVID-19 pandemic crisis.
📊
Temel Bulgular & Veri:Data were collected online from a population with similar characteristics using the convenience sampling method at the beginning of the pandemic (2020) and during its second year (2021).
💡
Sonuç & Katkı:Age, household income, and living in rural or urban areas were also determined to be predictive for depressive complaints.
🔬Tür:Uygulamalı Anket & Alan Araştırması
📍Kapsam:2020 Verileri
⚙️Değişkenler:COVID-19 Pandemic · Anxiety · Depressive complaints

Abstract

The aim of this paper is to examine the change in anxiety and feelings of depression within the Turkish population, including the factors behind these changes, during the most intense period of the COVID-19 pandemic crisis. Data were collected online from a population with similar characteristics using the convenience sampling method at the beginning of the pandemic (2020) and during its second year (2021). After parsing the data, a total of 9,369 questionnaires were evaluated. The Anxiety and Depressive Complaints questionnaire was prepared based on the conditions related to COVID-19. The scale was produced by selecting from a large set of questions using Factor Analysis (FA). The Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) values of the measurement tool fell within the acceptable limits. It was observed that both anxiety and feelings of depression were extraordinarily high during this period. The data showed that gender, family communication problems, trust in the state, fear of losing one’s job, religious involvement, and time had predictive effects on anxiety. All the predictive variables for anxiety also had significant effects on depressive complaints. Age, household income, and living in rural or urban areas were also determined to be predictive for depressive complaints.

🔖

Bu Makaleye Atıf Yap

Bozkurt, V., Kaya, H., Göka, E., Bilir, K. B. Ö. (2022). The Mental Health of a Society in Crisis: Complaints of Depression and Anxiety. İstanbul Üniversitesi Sosyoloji Dergisi, Cilt: 42 Sayı: 1, 153–170. https://ajindex.com/articles/1258166

📄 Tam Metin PDF Okuyucu

📄

PDF görüntüleyici hazırlanıyor...

Kaynakça (68)

  1. Ağca Varoğlu, F. (2021). “Staying at home”: A rhythmanalysis of self-quarantine. In V. Bozkurt, G. Dawes, H. Gülerce & P. Westenbroek (Eds.), The societal impacts of Covid-19: A transnational perspective (pp. 45-62). Istanbul University Press. https://doi.Org/10.26650/B/SS49.2021.006.04 google scholar
  2. Ataman, K., Bozkurt, V, Göka, E., İlhan, M. N., Yıldırım, N., Çiftçi, E. Vuran, B. (2021). The social effects of Covid-19 pandemics. Türk Hijyen ve Deneysel Biyoloji Dergisi, 78(3), 235-248. https://doi.org/10.5505/TurkHijyen.2021.83357 google scholar
  3. Bäuerle, A., Teufel, M., Musche, V., Weismüller, B., Kohler, H., Hetkamp, M. Skoda, E. M. (2020). Increased generalized anxiety, depression and distress during the COVID-19 pandemic: A cross-sectional study in Germany. Journal of Public Health, 42(4), 672-678. https://doi. org/10.1093/pubmed/fdaa106 google scholar
  4. Bayhan, V.& Bozkurt, V. (2021). Psycho-social effects of the covid-19 pandemic on the young people. In H. Gülerce, V. Nimehchisalem, V. Bozkurt, G. Dawes & S. Rafik-Galea (Eds.), Society in the covid-19 pandemic: Inequalities, challenges, and opportunities (pp. 57-68). Ankara: Pegem Akademi. google scholar
  5. Bebbington, P. E., Dunn, G., Jenkins, R., Lewis, G., Brugha, T., Farrell, M., & Meltzer, H. (1998). The influence of age and sex on the prevalence of depressive conditions: Report from the National Survey of Psychiatric Morbidity. Psychological Medicine, 28(1), 9-19. https://doi.org/10.1017/ s0033291797006077 google scholar
  6. Blundell, R., Costa Dias, M., Joyce, R., & Xu, X. (2020). Covıd-19 and inequalities. Fiscal Studies, 41(2), 291-319 https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-5890.12232 google scholar
  7. Bozkurt, V. (2020). Working during a pandemic: Economic concerns, digitalization, and productivity. In D. Demirbaş, V. Bozkurt & S. Yorgun (Eds.), The COVID-19 pandemic and its economic, social, and political impacts (pp. 87-106). Istanbul University Press. google scholar
  8. Browning, M. H. E. M., Larson, L. R., Sharaievska, I., Rigolon, A., McAnirlin, O., Mullenbach, L. Alvarez, H. O. (2021). Psychological impacts from COVID-19 among university students: Risk factors across seven states in the United States. PloS One, 16(1), e0245327. https://doi. org/10.1371/journal.pone.0245327 google scholar
  9. Chatterjee, A., Banerjee, S., Stein, C., Kim, M.H., DeFerio, J., & Pathak, J. (2018). Risk factors for depression among civilians after the 9/11 World Trade Center terrorist attacks: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Currents, 10. https://doi.org/10.1371/currents. dis.6a00b40c8ace0a6a0017361d7577c50a google scholar
  10. Chen, J. H., Yu, E. W.-Y., Su, X., Tong, K. K., & Wu, A. M. S. (2021). Mental distress during the COVID-19 pandemic: Its association with public perceptions toward government’s pandemic responses and lifestyle changes. Current Psychology 40(12), 6282-6290. https://doi.org/10.1007/ s12144-021-01547-4 google scholar
  11. Chow, S. K., Francis, B., Ng, Y H., Naim, N., Beh, H. C., Ariffin, M. A. A. Sulaiman, A. H. (2021). Religious coping, depression and anxiety among healthcare workers during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Malaysian perspective. Healthcare, 9(1). https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9010079 google scholar
  12. Civan, A.C., KAYA, H., Darben, Y., Gul Cakil, A., & Goka, E. (2021). From predictions to evidence: Treatment compliance, disease progression and social compliance of patients with schizophrenia in the COVID-19 pandemic. Perspectives in Psychiatric Care, 57(4), 1991-1998. https://doi. org/10.1111/ppc.12824 google scholar
  13. Clemente-Suárez, V. J., Martínez-González, M. B., Benitez-Agudelo, J. C., Navarro-Jiménez, E., Beltran-Velasco, A. I., Ruisoto, P.Tornero-Aguilera, J. F. (2021). The Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental disorders. A critical review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(19). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph181910041 google scholar
  14. Çakı, N., Corr, P., & Krupıc, D. (2021). Pyschosocial effects of the Covid-19 pandemic. In V Bozkurt, G. Dawes, H. Gülerce & P. Westenbroek (Eds.), The societal impacts of Covid-19: A transnational perspective (pp. 63-78). Istanbul University Press. https://doi.org/10.26650/B/SS49.2021.006.05 google scholar
  15. Dawes, G., & Broadfıeld, K. (2021). Risking a new underclass: Young Australians, broken transitions, and the pandemic. In V. Bozkurt, G. Dawes, H. Gülerce, & P. Westenbroek (Eds.), The societal impacts of Covid-19: A transnational perspective (pp. 17-28). Istanbul University Press. https:// doi.org/10.26650/B/SS49.2021.006.02 google scholar
  16. Elmacıoğlu, L. (2022). Türkiye’de antidepresan kullanımındaki yükseliş alarm veriyor: Son 2 yılda satışlar 10 milyon kutu arttı. Independent Türkçe (27 Nisan 2022). https://www.indyturk.com/ node/503126/sa%C4%9Flik/t%C3%BCrkiyede-antidepresan-kullan%C4%B1m%C4%B1 ndaki-y%C3%BCkseli%C5%9F-alarm-veriyor-son-2-y%C4%B1lda-sat%C4%B1%C5%9Flar google scholar
  17. Faravelli, C., Alessandra Scarpato, M., Castellini, G., & Lo Sauro, C. (2013). Gender differences in depression and anxiety: The role of age. Psychiatry Research, 210(3), 1301-1303. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.psychres.2013.09.027 google scholar
  18. Florida, R., Glaeser, E., Sharif, M.M., Bedi, K., Campanella, T.J., Chee, C.H. Theil, S. (2020). How life in our cities will look after the coronavirus pandemic. Foreign Policy (01 Mayıs 2020). google scholar
  19. Fornili, M., Petri, D., Berrocal, C., Fiorentino, G., Ricceri, F., Macciotta, A. Baglietto, L. (2021). Psychological distress in the academic population and its association with socio-demographic and lifestyle characteristics during COVID-19 pandemic lockdown: Results from a large multicenter Italian study. PloS One, 16(3), e0248370. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0248370 google scholar
  20. Fuse-Nagase, Y. (2022). Mental health status among university students during COVID-19 pandemic in Japan: A longitudinal study with one year interval. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 68, 102973. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2021.102973 google scholar
  21. Gayatri, M., & Irawaty, D. K. (2021). Family resilience during COVID-19 pandemic: A literature review. The Family Journal, 30(2), 132-138. https://doi.org/10.1177/10664807211023875 google scholar
  22. Georgieva, I., Lepping, P., Bozev, V, Lickiewicz, J., Pekara, J., Wikman, S. Lantta, T. (2021). Prevalence, new incidence, course, and risk factors of PTSD, depression, anxiety, and panic disorder during the Covid-19 pandemic in 11 countries. Healthcare, 9(6). https://doi.org/10.3390/ healthcare9060664 google scholar
  23. Göka, E. (2020). Psikolojimize protez bir ilave ve yeni normal. In M. Şeker, A. Özer, C. Korkut (Ed.). Küresel salgının anatomisi: insan ve toplumun geleceği (pp. 715-736). Türkiye Bilimler Akademisi. google scholar
  24. Göka, E.(2020a). Yepyeni Bir Dünyada Yaşarken Gezegenimize Pandemi Çarptı. In K. Sayar (Ed.). Kaygı Çağı: Salgın Zamanlarında Ruh Sağlığı (pp. 131-163). Kapı Yayınları. google scholar
  25. Şarvan, T. G., & Suğur, N. (2021). The gendered pattern of COVID-19 pandemic. In H. Gülerce, V. Nimehchisalem, V. Bozkurt, G. Dawes & S. Rafik-Galea (Eds.), Society in the Covid-19 pandemic: Inequalities, challenges, and opportunities (pp. 1-20). Pegem Akademi. google scholar
  26. Gülerce, H., & Maraj, H. A. ( 2021). Resilience and hopelessness in Turkish society: Exploring the role of spirituality in the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Economy, Culture and Society, 63, 1-15. https://doi.org/10.26650/JECS2020-0075 google scholar
  27. Hajek, A., Sabat, I., Neumann-Böhme, S., Schreyögg, J., Barros, P. P., Stargardt, T., & König, H. H. (2022). Prevalence and determinants of probable depression and anxiety during the COVID-19 pandemic in seven countries: Longitudinal evidence from the European COvid Survey (ECOS). Journal of Affective Disorders, 299, 517-524. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2021.12.029 google scholar
  28. Hankin, B. L., Mermelstein, R., & Roesch, L. (2007). Sex differences in adolescent depression: Stress exposure and reactivity models. Child Development, 78(1), 279-295. https://doi.org/10.1111/ j.1467-8624.2007.00997.x google scholar
  29. Helliwell, J. F., Layard, R., Sachs, J. D., De Neve, J.-E., Aknin, L. B., & Wang, S. (Eds.) (2022). World happiness report. New York. google scholar
  30. Hou, F., Bi, F., Jiao, R., Luo, D., & Song, K. (2020). Gender differences of depression and anxiety among social media users during the COVID-19 outbreak in China: A cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health, 20(1), 1648. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-09738-7 google scholar
  31. Indu, P. V., Vijayan, B., Tharayil, H. M., Ayirolimeethal, A., & Vidyadharan, V. (2021). Domestic violence and psychological problems in married women during COVID-19 pandemic and lockdown: A community-based survey. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 64, 102812. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.ajp.2021.102812 google scholar
  32. Ionescu, T. C., Fetecau, B. I., Boscaiu, V., & Tudose, C. (2021). Anxiety, perceived stress, and resilience during the COVID-19 pandemic: Population estimates of persons presenting to a general practitioner in Romania. Brain Sciences, 11(11). https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11111541 google scholar
  33. Markowitz, J.C. (2021). In the aftermath of the pandemic: Interpersonal psychotherapy for anxiety, depression, and PTSD. Oxford University Press. google scholar
  34. Karageorghis, C. I., Bird, J. M., Hutchinson, J. C., Hamer, M., Delevoye-Turrell, Y. N., Guerin, S. M. R. Terry, P C. (2021). Physical activity and mental well-being under COVID-19 lockdown: A cross-sectional multination study. BMC Public Health, 21(1), 988. https://doi. org/10.1186/s12889-021-10931-5 google scholar
  35. Kaya, H., Kahve A.C., Eltemiz, M., Cellat, E., Göka, E. (2021). Psychological complaints, treatment compliance, and online consultation expectations of geriatric psychiatric patients in Covid-19 pandemic: A crosssectional evaluation. Turkish Journal of Geriatrics, 24(4), 499-509. https:// doi.org/10.31086/tjgeri.2021.247 google scholar
  36. Kuehner, C. (2003). Gender differences in unipolar depression: An update of epidemiological findings and possible explanations. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 108(3), 163-174. https://doi. org/10.1034/j.1600-0447.2003.00204.x google scholar
  37. Li, Y., Wang, A., Wu, Y., Han, N., & Huang, H. (2021). Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the mental health of college students: A systematic review and Meta-Analysis. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 669119. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.669119 google scholar
  38. Liu, H., Shi, Y., Auden, E., & Rozelle, S. (2018). Anxiety in rural Chinese children and adolescents: Comparisons across provinces and among subgroups. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15(10). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15102087 google scholar
  39. Liu, L., Xue, P., Li, S. X., Zhang, J., Zhou, J., & Zhang, W. (2021). Urban-rural disparities in mental health problems related to COVID-19 in China. General Hospital Psychiatry, 69, 119-120. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2020.07.011 google scholar
  40. Liu, Y., Yue, S., Hu, X., Zhu, J., Wu, Z., Wang, J., & Wu, Y. (2021). Associations between feelings/ behaviors during COVID-19 pandemic lockdown and depression/anxiety after lockdown in a sample of Chinese children and adolescents. Journal of Affective Disorders, 284, 98-103. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2021.02.001 google scholar
  41. Lucchetti, G., Góes, L. G., Amaral, S. G., Ganadjian, G. T., Andrade, I., Almeida, P. O. d. A. Manso, M. E. G. (2021). Spirituality, religiosity and the mental health consequences of social isolation during Covid-19 pandemic. The International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 67(6), 672-679. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020764020970996 google scholar
  42. Macit, R. (2021). The impact of Covid-19 on crime. In V. Bozkurt, G. Dawes, H. Gülerce, & P. Westenbroek (Eds.), The societal impacts of Covid-19: A Transnational perspective (pp. 173-181). Istanbul University Press. https://doi.org/10.26650/B/SS49.2021.006.12 google scholar
  43. Özdin, S., & Bayrak Özdin, Ş. (2020). Levels and predictors of anxiety, depression and health anxiety during COVID-19 pandemic in Turkish society: The importance of gender. The International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 66(5), 504-511. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020764020927051 google scholar
  44. Pierre, M., Keller, M., Altschul, D., Fawns-Ritchie, C., Hartley, L., Nangle, C. Porteous, D. (2021). Socioeconomic position and mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic: A cross-sectional analysis of the CovidLife study. Wellcome Open Research, 6, 139. https://doi.org/10.12688/ wellcomeopenres.16820.1 google scholar
  45. Pompili, M., Innamorati, M., Sampogna, G., Albert, U., Carmassi, C., Carrà, G. Fiorillo, A. (2022). The impact of Covid-19 on unemployment across Italy: Consequences for those affected by psychiatric conditions. Journal of Affective Disorders, 296, 59-66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2021.09.035 google scholar
  46. Radino, A., & Tarantino, V. (2022). Impact of physical activity on response to stress in people aged 65 and over during COVID-19 pandemic lockdown. Psychogeriatrics: The Official Journal of the Japanese Psychogeriatric Society, 22(2), 227-235. https://doi.org/10.1111/psyg.12806 google scholar
  47. Rodriguez-Besteiro, S., Tornero-Aguilera, J. F., Fernández-Lucas, J., & Clemente-Suárez, V. J. (2021). Gender differences in the COVID-19 pandemic risk perception, psychology, and behaviors of Spanish University students. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(8). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18083908 google scholar
  48. Sayın, Ö., & Bozkurt, V. (2020). Pandemide küresel kentte yaşamak: İstanbul’un Covıd-19 deneyimi [Living in a global city during the pandemic: Istanbul’s COVID-19 experience]. In D. Demirbaş, V. Bozkurt, & S. Yorgun (Eds.), Covıd-19 pandemisinin ekonomik, toplumsal ve siyasal etkileri [Economic, social and political effects of the COVID-19 pandemic] (pp. 203-216). Istanbul University Press. https://doi.org/10.26650/B/SS46.2020.005.13 google scholar
  49. Snowden, F. M. (2020). Epidemics and society: From the Black Death to the present ([Paperback edition]). The open Yale courses series. Yale University Press. google scholar
  50. Şahin, H., & Nerse, S. (2021). Psycho-social effects in the pandemic process and expectations for new social life. In H. Gülerce, V. Nimehchisalem, V. Bozkurt, G. Dawes & S. Rafik-Galea (Eds.), Society in the Covid-19 pandemic. Inequalities, challenges, and opportunities (pp. 69-85). Pegem Akademi. google scholar
  51. Şentürk, Ü., & Bozkurt, V. (2021). Family in the Covid-19 pandemic: Family ties and communication problems. In V. Bozkurt, G. Dawes, H. Gülerce & P. Westenbroek (Eds.), The societal impacts of Covid-19: A transnational perspective (pp. 183-201). Istanbul University Press. https://doi. org/10.26650/B/SS49.2021.006.13 google scholar
  52. Thune-Boyle, I. C., Stygall, J. A., Keshtgar, M. R., & Newman, S. P. (2006). Do religious/spiritual coping strategies affect illness adjustment in patients with cancer? A systematic review of the literature. Social Science & Medicine, 63(1), 151-164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. socscimed.2005.11.055 google scholar
  53. Ataman, K., Bozkurt, V, Göka, E., İlhan, M. N., Yıldırım, N., Çiftçi, E. Vuran, B. (2021). The social effects of Covid-19 pandemics. Türk Hijyen ve Deneysel Biyoloji Dergisi, 78(3), 235-248. https://doi.org/10.5505/TurkHijyen.2021.83357 google scholar
  54. Bäuerle, A., Teufel, M., Musche, V., Weismüller, B., Kohler, H., Hetkamp, M. Skoda, E. M. (2020). Increased generalized anxiety, depression and distress during the COVID-19 pandemic: A cross-sectional study in Germany. Journal of Public Health, 42(4), 672-678. https://doi. org/10.1093/pubmed/fdaa106 google scholar
  55. Bayhan, V.& Bozkurt, V. (2021). Psycho-social effects of the covid-19 pandemic on the young people. In H. Gülerce, V. Nimehchisalem, V. Bozkurt, G. Dawes & S. Rafik-Galea (Eds.), Society in the covid-19 pandemic: Inequalities, challenges, and opportunities (pp. 57-68). Ankara: Pegem Akademi. google scholar
  56. Browning, M. H. E. M., Larson, L. R., Sharaievska, I., Rigolon, A., McAnirlin, O., Mullenbach, L. Alvarez, H. O. (2021). Psychological impacts from COVID-19 among university students: Risk factors across seven states in the United States. PloS One, 16(1), e0245327. https://doi. org/10.1371/journal.pone.0245327 google scholar
  57. Chow, S. K., Francis, B., Ng, Y H., Naim, N., Beh, H. C., Ariffin, M. A. A. Sulaiman, A. H. (2021). Religious coping, depression and anxiety among healthcare workers during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Malaysian perspective. Healthcare, 9(1). https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9010079 google scholar
  58. Civan, A.C., KAYA, H., Darben, Y., Gul Cakil, A., & Goka, E. (2021). From predictions to evidence: Treatment compliance, disease progression and social compliance of patients with schizophrenia in the COVID-19 pandemic. Perspectives in Psychiatric Care, 57(4), 1991-1998. https://doi. org/10.1111/ppc.12824 google scholar
  59. Clemente-Suárez, V. J., Martínez-González, M. B., Benitez-Agudelo, J. C., Navarro-Jiménez, E., Beltran-Velasco, A. I., Ruisoto, P.Tornero-Aguilera, J. F. (2021). The Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental disorders. A critical review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(19). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph181910041 google scholar
  60. Florida, R., Glaeser, E., Sharif, M.M., Bedi, K., Campanella, T.J., Chee, C.H. Theil, S. (2020). How life in our cities will look after the coronavirus pandemic. Foreign Policy (01 Mayıs 2020). google scholar
  61. Fornili, M., Petri, D., Berrocal, C., Fiorentino, G., Ricceri, F., Macciotta, A. Baglietto, L. (2021). Psychological distress in the academic population and its association with socio-demographic and lifestyle characteristics during COVID-19 pandemic lockdown: Results from a large multicenter Italian study. PloS One, 16(3), e0248370. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0248370 google scholar
  62. Georgieva, I., Lepping, P., Bozev, V, Lickiewicz, J., Pekara, J., Wikman, S. Lantta, T. (2021). Prevalence, new incidence, course, and risk factors of PTSD, depression, anxiety, and panic disorder during the Covid-19 pandemic in 11 countries. Healthcare, 9(6). https://doi.org/10.3390/ healthcare9060664 google scholar
  63. Karageorghis, C. I., Bird, J. M., Hutchinson, J. C., Hamer, M., Delevoye-Turrell, Y. N., Guerin, S. M. R. Terry, P C. (2021). Physical activity and mental well-being under COVID-19 lockdown: A cross-sectional multination study. BMC Public Health, 21(1), 988. https://doi. org/10.1186/s12889-021-10931-5 google scholar
  64. Kaya, H., Kahve A.C., Eltemiz, M., Cellat, E., Göka, E. (2021). Psychological complaints, treatment compliance, and online consultation expectations of geriatric psychiatric patients in Covid-19 pandemic: A crosssectional evaluation. Turkish Journal of Geriatrics, 24(4), 499-509. https:// doi.org/10.31086/tjgeri.2021.247 google scholar
  65. Lucchetti, G., Góes, L. G., Amaral, S. G., Ganadjian, G. T., Andrade, I., Almeida, P. O. d. A. Manso, M. E. G. (2021). Spirituality, religiosity and the mental health consequences of social isolation during Covid-19 pandemic. The International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 67(6), 672-679. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020764020970996 google scholar
  66. Pierre, M., Keller, M., Altschul, D., Fawns-Ritchie, C., Hartley, L., Nangle, C. Porteous, D. (2021). Socioeconomic position and mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic: A cross-sectional analysis of the CovidLife study. Wellcome Open Research, 6, 139. https://doi.org/10.12688/ wellcomeopenres.16820.1 google scholar
  67. Pompili, M., Innamorati, M., Sampogna, G., Albert, U., Carmassi, C., Carrà, G. Fiorillo, A. (2022). The impact of Covid-19 on unemployment across Italy: Consequences for those affected by psychiatric conditions. Journal of Affective Disorders, 296, 59-66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2021.09.035 google scholar
  68. Radino, A., & Tarantino, V. (2022). Impact of physical activity on response to stress in people aged 65 and over during COVID-19 pandemic lockdown. Psychogeriatrics: The Official Journal of the Japanese Psychogeriatric Society, 22(2), 227-235. https://doi.org/10.1111/psyg.12806 google scholar