KaydedilenlerDerginizi ekleyin

Dergiler / Tarım Bilimleri Dergisi / 2026 / Volume: 32 Issue: 3

Indicator-Based Evaluation of Türkiye’s Water–Energy–Food Nexus Profile for Sustainable Development

Mehmet Ali Dayıoğlu(ANKARA UNIVERSITY, FACULTY OF AGRICULTURE, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY AND TECHNOLOGIES ENGINEERING)0000-0002-5533-9306
Maksut Barış Eminoğlu(ANKARA UNIVERSITY, FACULTY OF AGRICULTURE, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY AND TECHNOLOGIES ENGINEERING)0000-0003-3264-3636
Sayfa
—
Yayın Tarihi
2026-07-28
🏛️Bu makalenin bibliyografik verileri ve tam metin bağlantısı DergiPark üzerinden sağlanmıştır.
DergiPark Kaydı ↗
✨

Yapay Zeka Hızlı Bakış & Çıkarımlar

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(1 Cümlede Hızlı Çıkarım)

Taken together, these results indicate that to ensure balanced resource use and national food security, Türkiye must manage its limited water resources accurately and efficiently, and adopt environmentally sensitive, renewable energy oriented, and coherent policies.

📌 3 Maddede Bu Makale

🎯
Amaç & Hipotez:The Water–Energy–Food (WEF) Nexus rests on the reality that interlinkages among resources are mutually interdependent; changes in one sector can have significant repercussions in the others.
📊
Temel Bulgular & Veri:To this end, several methods, models, and tools are being developed to analyze interconnections, to measure resource use, and to develop integrated policies.
💡
Sonuç & Katkı:Taken together, these results indicate that to ensure balanced resource use and national food security, Türkiye must manage its limited water resources accurately and efficiently, and adopt environmentally sensitive, renewable energy oriented, and coherent policies.
🔬Tür:Modelleme & Sayısal Simülasyon
📍Kapsam:2019–2023 Verileri
⚙️Değişkenler:WEF Nexus Index · Composite indicators · SDGs

Abstract

The Water–Energy–Food (WEF) Nexus rests on the reality that interlinkages among resources are mutually interdependent; changes in one sector can have significant repercussions in the others. To this end, several methods, models, and tools are being developed to analyze interconnections, to measure resource use, and to develop integrated policies. In this study, the WEF Nexus concept and its component interactions are examined using a nexus framework and flow diagrams based on WEF resources. Türkiye’s water and energy resources, food production, climatic conditions, and greenhouse gas emissions are presented in depth, drawing on up-to-date data sources. The WEF Nexus Index and its outputs for Türkiye over 2019–2023 are compared at both global and OECD scales. The WEF Nexus Index is a composite indicator that evaluates national resource performance by combining 21 equally weighted parameters across water, energy, and food. Official WEF Nexus Index data are used to assess Türkiye’s global position among 181 countries. By accounting for “access” and “availability” dimensions for each resource, the index enables indicators to be evaluated on a 0–100 scale. For 2023, Türkiye’s WEF Nexus Index stands at 56.6, while the water, energy, and food sub-indices are 58.5, 44.0, and 67.3, respectively. Türkiye ranked 67th among 181 countries in 2019 and 90th in 2023. Over the five years, Türkiye’s average WEF Index is 58.7; sub-index averages are 65.2 for water, 44.9 for energy, and 65.8 for food. It has exhibited relatively low performance, particularly in energy. Within the WEF Nexus, availability scores of 45.5 for water, 19.5 for energy, and 58.4 for food negatively affect sustainable development. Taken together, these results indicate that to ensure balanced resource use and national food security, Türkiye must manage its limited water resources accurately and efficiently, and adopt environmentally sensitive, renewable energy oriented, and coherent policies.

🔖

Bu Makaleye Atıf Yap

Dayıoğlu, M. A., Eminoğlu, M. B. (2026). Indicator-Based Evaluation of Türkiye’s Water–Energy–Food Nexus Profile for Sustainable Development. Tarım Bilimleri Dergisi, Volume: 32 Issue: 3. https://doi.org/10.15832/ankutbd.1788207

📄 Tam Metin PDF Okuyucu

📄

PDF görüntüleyici hazırlanıyor...

Kaynakça (88)

  1. Al-Saidi M & Elagib N A (2017). Towards understanding the integrative approach of the water, energy and food nexus. Science of the Total Environment 574: 1131-1139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.09.046
  2. Albrecht T R, Crootof A & Scott C A (2018). The Water-Energy-Food Nexus: A systematic review of methods for nexus assessment. Environmental Research Letters 13(4): 043002, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aaa9c6
  3. Alexander K, Tan N, Gardumi F, Niño F A P, Kuling K, Ramos E & Foster V (2025). Analysing the Development of the Climate, Land, Energy, and Water systems (CLEWs) Modelling Framework: A state-of-the-art review. Environmental Research: Climate 4(3): 032001. https://doi.org/10.1088/2752-5295/adf504/v1/review1
  4. Allwood J, Konadu D, Mourao Z, Lupton R, Richards K, Fenner R & McMahon R (2016). Integrated land-water-energy assessment using the foreseer tool. In EGU General Assembly Conference Abstracts (pp. EPSC2016-17130)
  5. Alzaabi M S A & Mezher T (2021). Analyzing existing UAE national water, energy and food nexus related strategies. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 144: 111031. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2021.111031
  6. Cansino-Loeza B, del Carmen Munguia-Lopez A & Ponce-Ortega J M (2022). A water-energy-food security nexus framework based on optimal resource allocation. Environmental. Science & Policy 133: 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-443-13571-2.00008-4
  7. Corigliano O, Morrone P & Algieri A (2025). Navigating the challenges of sustainability in the food processing chain: insights into energy interventions to reduce footprint. Energies 18(2): 296. https://doi.org/10.3390/en18020296
  8. Crippa M, Guizzardi D, Pagani F, Banja M, Muntean M, Schaaf E, Quadrelli R, Risquez Martin A, Taghavi-Moharamli P, Grassi G, Rossi S, Melo J, Oom D, Branco A, Suarez Moreno M, Sedano F, San-Miguel J, Manca G, Pisoni E & Pekar F (2025). GHG emissions of all world countries – JRC/IEA 2025 Report, Luxembourg, https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2760/9816914, JRC143227
  9. Daher B T & Mohtar R H (2015). Water–energy–food (WEF) Nexus Tool 2.0: guiding integrative resource planning and decision-making. Water International 40(5–6): 748–771. https://doi.org/10.1080/02508060.2015.1074148
  10. Daher B T & Mohtar R H (2018). Water–energy–food (WEF) Nexus Tool 2.0: guiding integrative resource planning and decision-making. In. Sustainability in the Water energy food nexus (pp. 36-59). Routledge.
  11. Dansie A, Alleway H K & Böer B (2024). An Introduction and Overview to Building Water, Energy, and Food Security in the Pacific Using a Nexus Approach. In The Water, Energy, and Food Security Nexus in Asia and the Pacific: The Pacific (pp. 1-19). Cham: Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-25463-5_1
  12. David L O, Adepoju O, Nwulu N & Aigbavboa C (2024). Determining the impact of economic indicators on water, energy and food nexus for sustainable resource security. Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy 26(3): 803-820. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10098-023-02651-8
  13. Degirmencioglu, A, Mohtar R H, Daher, B T, Ozgunaltay-Ertugrul G & Ertugrul O (2019). Assessing the sustainability of crop production in the Gediz Basin, Turkey: a water, energy, and food nexus approach. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin 28(4): 2511–2522
  14. DSİ (2025). Devlet Su İşleri Genel Müdürlüğü, DSİ 2023 Yılı Resmi Su Kaynakları İstatistikleri, DSİ (2025). 2023 Official Water Resources Statistics. (In Turkish) General Directorate of State Hydraulic Works (DSİ)
  15. EDGAR (2025). GHG emissions of all world countries, 2025 report. EDGAR - Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research, https://edgar.jrc.ec.europa.eu/report_2025
  16. El Majdoubi G & El Ayadi H (2024). Analyzing the Water, Energy, and Food Security Nexus Index in Morocco. In. BIO Web Conf., 109: (2024) 01009. https://doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/202410901009
  17. Energy Institute (2025). Statistical Review of World Energy (2025). U.S. Energy Information Administration (2025). Energy Institute - Statistical Review of World Energy 2025
  18. Eriksson N, Avellán, T, Teutschbein C & Blicharska M (2025). Towards a common understanding of water-energy-food nexus research: A view of the European nexus community and beyond. Science of the Total Environment 967, 178775. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.178775
  19. Ertuğrul, Ö, Daher, B, Özgünaltay Ertuğrul G & Mohtar R (2024). From agricultural waste to energy: Assessing the bioenergy potential of South-Central Texas. Energies 17(4): 802. https://doi.org/10.3390/en17040802 Eurostat (2025). Water as a resource, https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Water_statistics
  20. FAO (2011). Global Food Losses and Food Waste - extent, causes and prevention. Rome, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. FAO (2014). The Water-energy-food Nexus: A New Approach in Support of Food Security and Sustainable Agriculture. Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), Rome. https://www.fao.org/3/bl496e/bl496e.pdf
  21. FAO AQUASTAT (2025). Dissemination System: https://data.apps.fao.org/aquastat/?lang=en
  22. FAO (2019). Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Moving forward on food loss and waste reduction. The state of food and agriculture 2019.
  23. FAOSTAT (2025). Statistics Division of the Food and Agricultural Organisation of the UN: www.fao.org/faostat Farmandeh E, Choobchian S & Karami S (2024). Conducting water-energy-food nexus studies: what, why, and how. Scientific Reports 14(1): 27310. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-79214-4
  24. Flammini A, Puri M, Pluschke L & Dubois O (2014). Walking the nexus talk: Assessing the water-energy-food nexus in the context of the sustainable energy for all initiative. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
  25. Gao D, Chen A S & Memon F A (2024). A systematic review of methods for investigating Climate Change impacts on Water-Energy-Food Nexus. Water Resources Management 38(1): 1-43. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11269-023-03659-x
  26. Giampietro M, Aspinall R J, Bukkens S G F, Benalcazar J C, Diaz-Maurin F, Flammini A, Gomiero T, Kovacic Z, Madrid C & Ramos-Martín J (2013). An Innovative Accounting Framework for the Food-Energy-Water Nexus Application of the MuSIASEM Approach to Three Case Studies; Environment and Natural. Resources Working Paper No. 56. Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations, Rome, Italy.
  27. Gonzalez-Rosell A, Arfa I & Blanco M (2023). Introducing GoNEXUS SEF: a solutions evaluation framework for the joint governance of water, energy, and food resources. Sustainability Science 18(4): 1683-1703. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11625-023-01324-1
  28. González-Rosell Barriga A H (2023). Assessing the water-energy-food nexus: A novel participatory framework that combines System Dynamics and Cross-Impact Analysis to address cross-sectoral challenges in Andalusia (Doctoral dissertation, Agronomica). https://doi.org/10.20868/upm.thesis.76501
  29. Hawkes C & Parsons A (2019). Rethinking Food Policy: A Fresh Approach to Policy and Practice Brief 1: Tackling food systems challenges: The role of food policy. Centre for Food Policy. City University of London climate change: Herrera-Franco G, Bollmann H A, Lofhagen J C P, Bravo-Montero L & Carrion-Mero P (2023). Approach on water-energy-food (WEF) nexus and A tool in https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envdev.2023.100858 decision-making processes. Environmental Development, 46, 100858.
  30. Hoekstra A Y, Chapagain A K, Mekonnen M M & Aldaya M M (2011). The Water Footprint Assessment Manual: Setting the Global Standard. Routledge. Hoekstra A Y & Mekonnen M M (2012). The water footprint of humanity. Proceedings of the National academy of sciences 109(9): 3232 3237. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1109936109
  31. Hoff H (2011). Understanding the Nexus: Background paper for the Bonn 2011 Nexus conference: The Water, Energy and Food Security Nexus. 19-18 Nov. 2011. Bonn Howells M, Hermann S, Welsch M, Bazilian M, Segerström R, Alfstad R, Gielen D, Rogner H, Fischer G & van Velthuizen H (2013). Integrated analysis of climate change, land-use, energy and water strategies. Nature Climate Change 3(7): 621-626. https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate1789
  32. Hristova, N, Nikolova N & Stoyanova E (2024). The Water-Energy-Food Nexus Index for Bulgaria–Overview and Comments. Geographica Pannonica 28(4): 250-258. https://doi.org/10.5937/gp28-52219
  33. IEA (2015). Energy Security. International Energy Agency, Energy Technology Systems Analysis Programme. Paris. http://www.iea.org/topics/energysecurity/.
  34. IEA (2025a). Energy Statistics Data Browser, International Energy Agency (IEA), uri: iea.org/data-and-statistics/data-tools/energy-statisticsdata-browser. IEA (2025b). Distribution and rates of final energy consumption (TFEC) by sectors in Türkiye in 2023. https://www.iea.org/countries/turkiye/efficiency-demand
  35. Imasiku K & Ntagwirumugara E (2020). An impact analysis of population growth on energy‐water‐food‐land nexus for ecological sustainable development in Rwanda. Food and Energy Security 9(1), e185. https://doi.org/10.1002/fes3.185
  36. Ingram S, Bogdan A M, Shah T, Lu X, Li M, Sidloski M & Natcher D (2021). Unpacking the WEF nexus index: A regional and Sub-regional analysis of northern Canada. Sustainability 13(23): 13338. https://doi.org/10.3390/su132313338 IRENA (2015). Renewable Energy in the Water, Energy and Food Nexus. https://www.irena.org/ /media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2015/IRENA_Water_Energy_Food_Nexus_2015.pdf
  37. IRENA & FAO (2021). Renewable energy for agri-food systems – Towards the Sustainable Development Goals and the Paris agreement. Abu Dhabi and Rome.
  38. Karnib A & Alameh A (2020). Technology-oriented approach to quantitative assessment of water–energy–food nexus. International. Journal of Energy and Water Resources 4(2): 189-197. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42108-020-00061-w
  39. Karnib A (2017). Water, energy and food nexus: The Q-Nexus model. European Water 60: 89-97
  40. Kraucunas I, Clarke L, Dirks J, Hathaway J, Hejazi M, Hibbard K & West T (2015). Investigating the nexus of climate, energy, water, and land at decision-relevant scales: the Platform for Regional Integrated Modeling and Analysis (PRIMA). Climatic Change 129(3): 573-588. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-014-1064-9
  41. Kurian M (2017). The water–energy–food nexus: Trade-offs, thresholds and transdisciplinary approaches to sustainable development. Environmental Science & Policy 68: 97-106
  42. Ladha-Sabur A, Bakalis S, Fryer P J & Lopez-Quiroga E (2019). Mapping energy consumption in food manufacturing. Trends in food science & technology 86: 270-280. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2019.02.034
  43. Li W, Ward P J & van Wesenbeeck L (2025). A critical review of quantifying water-energy-food nexus interactions. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 211, 115280. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2024.115280
  44. Liu J, Mao G, Hoekstra A Y, Wang H, Wang J, Zheng C & Yan J (2018). Managing the energy-water-food nexus for sustainable development. Applied Energy 210: 377-381. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.10.064
  45. Liu G, Hu J, Chen C, Xu L, Wang N, Meng F & Casazza M (2021). LEAP-WEAP analysis of urban energy-water dynamic nexus in Beijing (China). Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 136: 110369, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2020.110369
  46. Martinez-Hernandez, E, Leach M & Yang A (2017). Understanding water-energy-food and ecosystem interactions using the nexus simulation tool NexSym. Applied Energy 206: 1009-1021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.09.022
  47. MGM (2025a). 2025 Yılı Ortalama Sıcaklıklarının 1991-2020 Normallerine Göre Mukayesesi. Aylık Sıcaklık Analizi - Meteoroloji Genel Müdürlüğü, https://www.mgm.gov.tr/veridegerlendirme/sicaklik-analizi.aspx
  48. MGM (2025b). 2025 Su Yılı 12 Aylık Alansal Kümülatif Yağış Raporu. Kümülatif Yağış Raporu - Meteoroloji Genel Müdürlüğü, https://www.mgm.gov.tr/veridegerlendirme/yagis-raporu.aspx?b=k
  49. MGM (2025a). Comparison of Average Temperatures for 2025 Based on 1991-2020 Norms. Monthly Temperature Analysis, (In Turkish) - General Directorate of Meteorology, https://www.mgm.gov.tr/veridegerlendirme/sicaklik-analizi.aspx
  50. MGM (2025b). 2025 Water Year 12-Month Cumulative Precipitation Report. Cumulative Precipitation Report (In Turkish) - General Directorate of Meteorology, https://www.mgm.gov.tr/veridegerlendirme/yagis-raporu.aspx?b=k
  51. Mondal K, Tantuway R B, Chatterjee C & Singh R (2023). Development of a water‐energy‐food nexus model for multiscale studies. Irrigation and Drainage 72(5): 1356-1373. https://doi.org/10.1002/ird.2800
  52. Mondal K, Chowdhury M, Dutta S, Satpute A N, Jha A, Khose S, Das S (2025). Synergising agricultural systems: A critical review of the interdependencies within the water-energy-food nexus for sustainable futures. Water-Energy Nexus, 8: 167-188. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wen.2025.04.004
  53. OECD/FAO (2024). Agricultural Outlook 2024-2033, Paris and Rome, https://doi.org/10.1787/4c5d2cfb-en.
  54. Özgür B (2025). The Water-Food-Energy Nexus Approach to Planning and Governance: The Case of Konya Closed Basin, Doctoral Dissertation, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Türkiye
  55. Poore J & Nemecek T (2018). Reducing food’s environmental impacts through producers and consumers. Science, 360(6392): 987-992. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaq0216
  56. Rai P K (2023). Role of water-energy-food nexus in environmental management and climate action. Energy Nexus, 11, 100230. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nexus.2023.100230
  57. Ramos E P, Howells M, Sridharan V, Engström R E, Taliotis C, Mentis D & Rogner H (2021). The climate, land, energy, and water systems (CLEWs) framework: a retrospective of activities and advances to 2019. Environmental Research Letters 16(3): 033003. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/abd34f
  58. Rhouma A, Seitfudem G, El Jeitany J, Pacetti T, Brouwer F & Gil J M (2025). Connecting the water footprint with the water-energy-food ecosystems nexus concept and its added value in the Mediterranean. Environmental and Sustainability Indicators, 26, 100640. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indic.2025.100640
  59. Ritchie H (2019). “Food production is responsible for one-quarter of the world’s greenhouse gas emissions” Published online at OurWorldinData.org. Retrieved from: 'https://ourworldindata.org/food-ghg-emissions'
  60. Ritchie H, Rosado P & Roser M (2022). “Environmental Impacts of Food Production” Published online at OurWorldinData.org. Retrieved from: 'https://ourworldindata.org/environmental-impacts-of-food'
  61. SEI (2019). Modeling water & energy (LEAP/WEAP). (Stockholm Environment Institute).
  62. Shannak S D, Mabrey D & Vittorio M (2018). Moving from theory to practice in the water–energy–food nexus: An evaluation of existing models and frameworks. Water-Energy Nexus 1(1): 17-25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wen.2018.04.001
  63. Shinde V R (2017). Water‐energy‐food nexus: selected tools and models in practice. Water‐Energy‐Food Nexus: Principles and Practices pp. 67-76. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119243175.ch7
  64. Simpson G B, Jewitt G P W & Badenhorst J (2020). The Water-Energy-Food Nexus Index and its application to South Africa and the Southern African Development Community. WRC Report no. 2959/1/19, Water Research Commission, Pretoria.
  65. Simpson G (2020a). “WEF Nexus Index dataset”, Mendeley Data, V1, https://doi.org/10.17632/2krwdc8n8d.1
  66. Simpson G (2020b). “WEF Nexus Index dataset”, Mendeley Data, V2, https://doi.org/10.17632/2krwdc8n8d.2
  67. Simpson G (2022). “WEF Nexus Index dataset”, Mendeley Data, V3, https://doi.org/10.17632/2krwdc8n8d.3
  68. Simpson G B, Jewitt G P, Becker W, Badenhorst J, Masia S, Neves A R & Pascual (2022). The water-energy-food nexus index: a tool to support integrated resource planning, management and security. Frontiers in Water, 4, 825854. https://doi.org/10.3389/frwa.2022.825854
  69. Simpson G (2023). “WEF Nexus Index dataset”, Mendeley Data, V4, https://doi.org/10.17632/2krwdc8n8d.4
  70. Simpson G B, Jewitt G P, Mabhaudhi T, Taguta C & Badenhorst J (2023). An African perspective on the water-energy-food nexus. Scientific Reports, 13(1), 16842. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-43606-9
  71. Smith Lopez C, Bogdan A M, Belcher K & Natcher D (2024). Advancing a WEF nexus security index for Alaska: an informed starting point for policy making. Polar Geography, 47(2), 71-89. https://doi.org/10.1080/1088937x.2024.2311785
  72. Sovacool B K, Bazilian M, Griffiths S, Kim J, Foley A & Rooney D (2021). Decarbonizing the food and beverages industry: A critical and systematic review of developments, sociotechnical systems and policy options. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 143: 110856. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2021.110856
  73. Szymańska E J & Mroczek R (2023). Energy intensity of food industry production in Poland in the process of energy transformation. Energies, 16(4): 1843. https://doi.org/10.3390/en16041843
  74. Taghdisian A, Bukkens S G & Giampietro M (2022). A societal metabolism approach to effectively analyze the water–energy–food nexus in an agricultural transboundary river basin. Sustainability 14(15): 9110. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14159110
  75. TEİAŞ (2025). Türkiye Elektrik İletim A.Ş. https://www.teias.gov.tr/turkiye-elektrik-uretim-iletim-istatistikleri
  76. TÜİK (2025). Türkiye tarım istatstikleri, https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Kategori/GetKategori?p=tarim-111&dil=1
  77. TEİAŞ (2025). Turkish Electricity Transmission Corporation (TEİAŞ), (In Turkish), https://www.teias.gov.tr/turkiye-elektrik-uretim-iletim istatistikleri
  78. TÜİK (2025). Turkish agricultural statistics, (In Turkish), https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Kategori/GetKategori?p=tarim-111&dil=1 UN (2015). Transforming our world: the 2030 agenda for sustainable development A/RES/70/1, New York.
  79. UN-Water (2013). Water Security and the Global Water Agenda. UN-Water Analytical Brief. United Nations University, Hamilton, Canada.
  80. UN-Water (2025). Water Facts. January_2025
  81. UNEP (2024). Food Waste Index Report 2024. Think Eat Save: Tracking Progress to Halve Global Food Waste. United Nations Environment Programme. Nairobi. https://wedocs.unep.org/20.500.11822/45230
  82. Wicaksono A, Jeong G & Kang D (2020). Wefsim: A model for water–energy–food nexus simulation and optimization. In Advances in. Science, Technology and Innovation pp. 55-58. Springer Nature. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-13068-8_13
  83. Willis H H, Geoves D G, Ringel J S, Mao Z, Efron S & Abbott M (2016). Developing the Pardee RAND food-energy-water security index. Santa Monica, Calif: RAND Corporation 72 pp. https://doi.org/10.7249/tl165
  84. Wu L, Elshorbagy A, Pande S & Zhuo L (2021). Trade-offs and synergies in the water-energy-food nexus: The case of Saskatchewan, Canada. Resources, Conservation and Recycling 164: 105192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2020.105192
  85. WWF (2021). Driven to Waste: The Global Impact of Food Loss on Farms. Gland: World Wide Fund for Nature Yang Y, Yang L & Gao H (2025). A novel assessment framework for analyzing the sustainability of water-energy-food nexus system from a pressure-support perspective. Energy Conversion and Management 332: 119715. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2025.119715
  86. Yupanqui C, Dias N, Goodarzi M R, Sharma S, Vagheei H & Mohtar R H (2025). (2025). A review of water-energy-food nexus frameworks, models, challenges and future opportunities to create an integrated, national security-based development index. Energy Nexus, 100409. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nexus.2025.100409
  87. Zhang C, Chen X, Li Y, Ding W & Fu G (2018). Water-energy-food nexus: Concepts, questions and methodologies. Journal of Cleaner Production 195: 625-639. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.05.194
  88. Zhang T, Tan Q, Yu X, Zhang S (2020). Synergy assessment and optimization for water-energy-food nexus: Modeling and application. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 134: 110059. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2020.110059