KaydedilenlerDerginizi ekleyin

Dergiler / Coğrafi Bilimler Dergisi / 2026 / Cilt: 24 Sayı: 1

Siber Mekânın Siyasi Coğrafyası: Şifreleme, Gözetim ve Küresel Güç İlişkileri

The Political Geography of Cyberspace: Encryption, Surveillance, and Global Power Relations

Semih Nargül(VAN YÜZÜNCÜ YIL ÜNİVERSİTESİ)0000-0001-8694-0981
Sayfa
340–356
Yayın Tarihi
2026-04-30
🏛️Bu makalenin bibliyografik verileri ve tam metin bağlantısı DergiPark üzerinden sağlanmıştır.
DergiPark Kaydı ↗
✨

Yapay Zeka Hızlı Bakış & Çıkarımlar

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(1 Cümlede Hızlı Çıkarım)

WikiLeaks, Anonymous ve Snowden örnekleri ise bireylerin ve ağ tabanlı kolektiflerin uluslararası siyasette yeni güç biçimleri ürettiğini göstermektedir.

📌 3 Maddede Bu Makale

🎯
Amaç & Hipotez:Dijital çağ, siyasi coğrafyanın sınırlarını kökten dönüştürmektedir.
📊
Temel Bulgular & Veri:Bu çalışma, siber mekânın klasik devlet-merkezli düzeni nasıl aşındırdığını ve yeniden kurduğunu üç boyut üzerinden incelemektedir: şifreleme, gözetim ve yeni aktörler.
💡
Sonuç & Katkı:WikiLeaks, Anonymous ve Snowden örnekleri ise bireylerin ve ağ tabanlı kolektiflerin uluslararası siyasette yeni güç biçimleri ürettiğini göstermektedir.
🔬Tür:Araştırma Makalesi
📍Kapsam:Genişletilmiş Akademik Örneklem
⚙️Değişkenler:Siber mekân · Siyasi coğrafya · Şifreleme

Özet

Dijital çağ, siyasi coğrafyanın sınırlarını kökten dönüştürmektedir. Bu çalışma, siber mekânın klasik devlet-merkezli düzeni nasıl aşındırdığını ve yeniden kurduğunu üç boyut üzerinden incelemektedir: şifreleme, gözetim ve yeni aktörler. Şifreleme teknolojileri bireylere ulusal sınırların ötesinde ifade ve örgütlenme özgürlüğü tanırken, aynı zamanda suç ve terör ağlarına da alan açmaktadır. Dijital panoptikon çerçevesinde ele alınan gözetim teknolojileri, devletlerin egemenlik kapasitesini toprak sınırlarının ötesine taşıyarak mahremiyet, güvenlik ve kamusal alanı yeniden tanımlamaktadır. WikiLeaks, Anonymous ve Snowden örnekleri ise bireylerin ve ağ tabanlı kolektiflerin uluslararası siyasette yeni güç biçimleri ürettiğini göstermektedir. Bulgular, siber mekânın özgürleşme ile denetim, birey ile devlet, sınır ile ağ arasındaki gerilimde şekillenen çok aktörlü ve veri temelli bir siyasi coğrafya yarattığını ortaya koymaktadır.

Abstract

The digital age is fundamentally transforming the boundaries of political geography. This study examines how cyberspace erodes and reconfigures the classical state-centered order through three dimensions: encryption, surveillance, and new actors. While encryption technologies grant individuals freedom of expression and organization beyond national borders, they also provide a space for criminal and terrorist networks. Surveillance technologies, examined within the framework of the digital panopticon, extend the sovereignty of states beyond territorial borders, redefining privacy, security, and the public sphere. Examples such as WikiLeaks, Anonymous, and Snowden demonstrate that individuals and network-based collectives are producing new forms of power in international politics. The findings reveal that cyberspace creates a multi-actor, data-driven political geography shaped by tensions between liberation and control, the individual and the state, and borders and networks.

🔖

Bu Makaleye Atıf Yap

Nargül, S. (2026). Siber Mekânın Siyasi Coğrafyası: Şifreleme, Gözetim ve Küresel Güç İlişkileri. Coğrafi Bilimler Dergisi, Cilt: 24 Sayı: 1, 340–356. https://doi.org/10.33688/aucbd.1788517

📄 Tam Metin PDF Okuyucu

📄

PDF görüntüleyici hazırlanıyor...

Kaynakça (47)

  1. ABD Yüksek Mahkemesi. (2014). Riley v. California, No. 13-132. Erişim adresi: https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/573/13-132/case.pdf
  2. Alvarez, J. (2015). Stuxnet: The world's first cyber weapon. Stanford Center for International Security and Cooperation. Erişim adresi: https://cisac.fsi.stanford.edu/news/stuxnet
  3. Arendt, H. (1963). Eichmann in Jerusalem: A Report on the Banality of Evil. New York: Penguin.
  4. Avrupa Parlamentosu (2014). Introductory statement by Edward Snowden submitted to the European Parliament’s inquiry into the Electronic Mass Surveillance of EU Citizens. European Parliament. Erişim adresi: https://www.europarl.europa.eu/document/activities/cont/201403/20140307ATT80674/20140307ATT80674EN.pdf
  5. BBC. (2024). Hizbullah'ın çağrı cihazlarının patlatılması: Hangi sorular yanıt buldu? Erişim adresi: https://www.bbc.com/turkce/articles/czj978p0w39o
  6. Berkman Center (2016). Don’t Panic Making Progress on the “Going Dark” Debate Erişim adresi: https://cyber.law.harvard.edu/pubrelease/dontpanic/Dont_Panic_Making_Progress_on_Going_Dark_Debate.pdf
  7. Berlinski, D. (2000). The Advent of the Algorithm: The 300-Year Journey from an Idea to the Computer. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.
  8. Blount, P. J. (2019). Reprogramming the World: Cyberspace and the Geography of Global Order. E-International Relations Publishing.
  9. Borgwardt, E. (2005). A New Deal for the World: America’s Vision for Human Rights. Cambridge, MA: Belknap.
  10. Boschetti, N., Gordon, N. G. & Falco, G. (2022, October 24). Space Cybersecurity Lessons Learned from the ViaSat Cyberattack. ASCEND 2022. https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2022-4380
  11. Bowman, G. W. (2007). Thinking Outside the Border: Homeland Security and the Forward Deployment of the US Border. Houston Law Review, 44(2): 189–251. Erişim adresi: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=921121
  12. Castells, M. (2007). Communication, Power and Counter-Power in the Network Society. International Journal of Communication, 1(1): 238-266. Erişim adresi: https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/46
  13. Castells, M. (2010). The rise of the network society. Wiley-Blackwell.
  14. Clapham, C. (1998). Degrees of Statehood. Review of International Studies, 24(2): 143–57.
  15. Clinton, H. (2011). Internet Rights and Wrongs: Choices & Challenges in a Networked World remarks. U.S. Department of State. Erişim adresi: https://2009-2017.state.gov/secretary/20092013clinton/rm/2011/02/156619.htm
  16. Cohen, J. E. (2008). Privacy, Visibility, Transparency, and Exposure. The University of Chicago Law Review, 181–201. Erişim adresi: https://scholarship.law.georgetown.edu/facpub/805/
  17. Deleuze, G. & Guattari, F. (2015). A thousand plateaus: capitalism and schizophrenia. Bloomsbury.
  18. DeNardis, L. (2014). The Global War for Internet Governance. New Haven: Yale University Press.
  19. Dittmer, J. (2015). Everyday Diplomacy: UKUSA Intelligence Cooperation and Geopolitical Assemblages. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 105(3), 604–619. https://doi.org/10.1080/00045608.2015.1015098
  20. Domscheit-Berg, D. (2011). Inside Wikileaks: My Time with Julian Assange at the World’s Most Dangerous Website. New York: Crown Publishers.
  21. Fielder, J. D. (2013). “The Internet and Dissent in Authoritarian States,” in Conflict and Cooperation in Cyberspace: The Challenge to National Security, (Eds.) In Panayotis A. Yannakogeorgos & Adam B. Lowther, pp. 161-191. Boca Raton: Taylor & Francis.
  22. Foucault, M. (1995). Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison. New York: Vintage Books.
  23. Gellman, B. & Poitras, L. (2013). U.S., British Intelligence Mining Data from Nine U.S. Internet Companies in Broad Secret Program. The Washington Post. Erişim adresi: http://www.washingtonpost.com/investigations/us-intelligence-mining-data-from-nine-us-internet-companies-in-broad-secret-program/2013/06/06/3a0c0da8-cebf-11e2-8845-d970ccb04497_story.html
  24. Greenberg, A. (2012). This Machine Kills Secrets: How WikiLeakers, Cypherpunks and Hacktivists Aim to Free the World’s Information. New York: Dutton.
  25. Greenwald, G. (2014a). NSA Collecting Phone Records of Millions of Verizon Customers Daily. The Guardian. Erişim adresi: http://www. theguardian.com/world/2013/jun/06/nsa-phone-records-verizon-court-order
  26. Greenwald, G. (2014b). No Place to Hide: Edward Snowden, the NSA, and the U.S. Surveillance State. New York: Metropolitan Books.
  27. Habermas, J. (2001). The Postnational Constellation: Political Essays. MIT Press.
  28. Hopkins, N., Borger, J. & Harding, L. (2013). GCHQ: Inside the Top Secret World of Britain’s Biggest Spy Agency. The Guardian. Erişim adresi: http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/aug/02/gchq-spy-agency-nsa-snowden
  29. Kahn, D. (1996). The Codebreakers: The Comprehensive History of Secret Communication from Ancient Times to the Internet. Scribner.
  30. Lam, L. (2013). EXCLUSIVE: US Hacked Pacnet, Asia Pacific Fibre-Optic Network Operator, in 2009. South China Morning Post. Erişim adresi: http://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/article/1266875/exclusive-us-hacked-pacnet-asia-pacific-fibre-optic-network-operator
  31. Lessig, L. (2004). Free Culture: The Nature and Future of Creativity. New York: Penguin Books.
  32. Lessig, L. (2006). Code 2.0. Basic Books.
  33. Michel, A. H. (2015). How Rogue Techies Armed the Predator, Almost Stopped 9/11, and Accidentally Invented Remote War. Wired. Erişim adresi: https://www.wired.com/2015/12/how-rogue-techies-armed-the-predator-almost-stopped-911-and-accidentally-invented-remote-war/
  34. Moore, D. & Rid, T. (2016). Cryptopolitik and the Darknet. Survival, 58(1): 7–38. https://doi.org/10.1080/00396338.2016.1142085
  35. National Security Agency. (2013). PRISM/US-984XN Overview of the SIGAD Used Most in NSA Reporting Overview. https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB436/docs/EBB-055.pdf
  36. O’Brien, J. (2019). Keeping Enigma Secret From The Germans– Many Lives Were Lost Sacrificed Doing So, War History Erişim adresi: https://www.warhistoryonline.com/instantarticles/times-allies-didnt-use-enigma.html
  37. PCLOB. (2014). Report on the Surveillance Program Operated Pursuant to Section 702 of the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act. Erişim adresi: https://documents.pclob.gov/prod/Documents/OversightReport/e9e72454-4156-49b9-961a-855706216063/2023%20PCLOB%20702%20Report%20(002).pdf
  38. Poitras, L., Rosenbach, M. & Stark, H. (2013). NSA Spies on 500 Million German Data Connections. Spiegel Online. Erişim adresi:http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/nsa-spies-on-500-million-german-data-connections-a-908648.html
  39. Russon, M-A. (2021). ABD'de siber saldırı: Bilgisayar korsanları ülkenin en büyük boru hattını devre dışı bıraktı, akaryakıt karayoluyla taşınacak. BBC. Erişim adresi: https://www.bbc.com/turkce/haberler-dunya-57056048
  40. Snowden, E. (2014). Testimony before the Parliament of the European Union. Erişim adresi: http://library.blountsfolly.com/space/items/show/171.
  41. Soesanto, S. (2022). The IT Army of Ukraine Structure, Tasking, and Eco-System. CyberDefense Report. Erişim adresi: https://www.research-collection.ethz.ch/bitstreams/388e09e6-ce5e-4330-a284-13e873952f67/download
  42. Svyrydenko, D. & Mozgin, W. (2022). Hacktivism of the Anonymous Group as a Fighting Tool in the Context of Russia’s War against Ukraine. Future Human Image, 17. https://doi.org/10.29202/fhi/17/6
  43. Timberg, C. & Nakashima, E. (2013). Agreements with Private Companies Protect U.S. Access to Cables’ Data for Surveillance. The Washington Post. Erişim adresi: http://www.washingtonpost.com/business/technology/agreements-with-private-companies-protect-us-access-to-cables-data-for-surveillance/2013/07/06/aa5d017a-df77-11e2-b2d4-ea6d8f477a01_story.html United Nations Security Council. (1960). S/RES/138 Question relating to the case of Adolf Eichmann. Erişim adresi: https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/112107?v=pdf
  44. Zimmermann, P. R. (1995). The Official PGP User’s Guide. MIT Press.
  45. Zuboff, S. (2019). The Age of Surveillance Capitalism: The Fight for The Future at the New Frontier Of Power. Profile Books.
  46. Deleuze, G. & Guattari, F. (2015). A thousand plateaus: capitalism and schizophrenia. Bloomsbury.
  47. Lessig, L. (2004). Free Culture: The Nature and Future of Creativity. New York: Penguin Books.