KaydedilenlerDerginizi ekleyin

Dergiler / Anadolu Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi / 2026 / Volume: 27 Issue: 3

ANALYSIS OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FEMALE EMPLOYMENT AND MALE UNEMPLOYMENT IN TURKIYE: A SPATIAL PANEL DATA APPROACH

Bilal Coşan(BANDIRMA ONYEDİ EYLÜL ÜNİVERSİTESİ, İKTİSADİ VE İDARİ BİLİMLER FAKÜLTESİ, ÇALIŞMA EKONOMİSİ VE ENDÜSTRİ İLİŞKİLERİ BÖLÜMÜ)0000-0002-8023-1129
Hakan Öndes(BANDIRMA ONYEDİ EYLÜL ÜNİVERSİTESİ, İKTİSADİ VE İDARİ BİLİMLER FAKÜLTESİ, EKONOMETRİ BÖLÜMÜ)0000-0002-0618-7705
Sayfa
—
Yayın Tarihi
2026-09-22
🏛️Bu makalenin bibliyografik verileri ve tam metin bağlantısı DergiPark üzerinden sağlanmıştır.
DergiPark Kaydı ↗
✨

Yapay Zeka Hızlı Bakış & Çıkarımlar

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(1 Cümlede Hızlı Çıkarım)

Overall, the findings indicate that the labor market in Türkiye has a regionally heterogeneous structure and that it is important to formulate labor market policies taking regional differences into account.

📌 3 Maddede Bu Makale

🎯
Amaç & Hipotez:Studies examining the regional and spatial dimensions of the relationship between female employment and male unemployment in Türkiye remain limited.
📊
Temel Bulgular & Veri:This study examines the relationship between female employment and male unemployment using data from Türkiye’s Level-1 regions covering the period 2014–2024 within the framework of spatial panel data analysis.
💡
Sonuç & Katkı:Overall, the findings indicate that the labor market in Türkiye has a regionally heterogeneous structure and that it is important to formulate labor market policies taking regional differences into account.
🔬Tür:Research Article
📍Kapsam:2014–2024 Verileri
⚙️Değişkenler:Female Employment · Male Unemployment · Spatial Panel Model

Abstract

Studies examining the regional and spatial dimensions of the relationship between female employment and male unemployment in Türkiye remain limited. This study examines the relationship between female employment and male unemployment using data from Türkiye’s Level-1 regions covering the period 2014–2024 within the framework of spatial panel data analysis. The analysis results show that male unemployment is affected not only by the economic structure of the region but also by developments in neighboring regions. The significant spatial lag coefficient indicates the existence of spatial spillover effects between regions. Furthermore, a positive and statistically significant relationship was found between female employment and male unemployment. However, this relationship should not be interpreted within a framework of direct one-way causality. Overall, the findings indicate that the labor market in Türkiye has a regionally heterogeneous structure and that it is important to formulate labor market policies taking regional differences into account.

🔖

Bu Makaleye Atıf Yap

Coşan, B., Öndes, H. (2026). ANALYSIS OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FEMALE EMPLOYMENT AND MALE UNEMPLOYMENT IN TURKIYE: A SPATIAL PANEL DATA APPROACH. Anadolu Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, Volume: 27 Issue: 3. https://doi.org/10.53443/anadoluibfd.1828655

📄 Tam Metin PDF Okuyucu

📄

PDF görüntüleyici hazırlanıyor...

Kaynakça (58)

  1. Acı, E. Y. (2015). Development and economic aspect of education the analysis of correlation between unemployment and educational expenditure in Türkiye according to quantile regression model. Eurasian Academy of Sciences Eurasian Econometrics, Statistics & Emprical Economics Journal, 2, 34–54. https://doi.org/10.17740/eas.stat.2015-V2-04
  2. Albanesi, S., & Şahin, A. (2018). The gender unemployment gap. Review of Economic Dynamics, 30, 47–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.red.2017.12.005
  3. Alkaya, A., & Işık, P. (2022). The effects of macroeconomic factors and population on unemployment: Panel data analysis on OECD countries. Sosyoekonomi, 30(54), 497–539. https://doi.org/10.17233/sosyoekonomi.2022.04.25
  4. Anselin, L. (1988). Lagrange multiplier test diagnostics for spatial dependence and spatial heterogeneity. Geographical Analysis, 20(1), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1538-4632.1988.tb00159.x
  5. Arellano, M., & Bond, S. (1991). Some tests of specification for panel data: Monte carlo evidence and an application to employment equations. The Review of Economic Studies, 58(2), 277–297. https://doi.org/10.2307/2297968
  6. Armstrong, H., & Taylor, J. (1985). Spatial variations ın the male unemployment ınflow rate. Applied Economics, 17(1), 41–54. https://doi.org/10.1080/00036848500000004
  7. Bal-Domańska, B. (2022). The impact of macroeconomic and structural factors on the unemployment of young women and men. Econ. Change Restruct, 55, 1141–1172. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10644-021-09341-9
  8. Başlevent, C., & Onaran, Ö. (2003). Are married women in Türkiye more likely to become added or discouraged workers?. LABOUR, 17(3), 439–458. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9914.00248
  9. Bauer, A., & Weber, E. (2021). COVID-19: How much unemployment was caused by the shutdown in Germany?. Applied Economics Letters, 28(12), 1053–1058. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504851.2020.1789544
  10. Bernstein, D. H., & Martinez, A. B. (2021). Jointly modeling male and female labor participation and unemployment. Econometrics, 9(4), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.3390/econometrics9040046
  11. Berüment, H., Dogan, N., & Tansel, A. (2006). Economic performance and unemployment: Evidence from an emerging economy. International Journal of Manpower, 27(7), 604–623. https://doi.org/10.1108/01437720610708248
  12. Biagi, F., & Lucifora, C. (2008). Demographic and education effects on unemployment in Europe. Labour Economics, 15, 1076–101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.labeco.2007.09.006
  13. Blau, F. D., & Kahn, L. M. (2017). The gender wage gap: Extent, trends, and explanations. Journal of Economic Literature, 55(3), 789–865. https://doi.org/10.1257/jel.20160995
  14. Borjas, G. J. (2013). Labor economics (6th ed.). McGraw-Hill Irwin. https://petterini.ufsc.br/files/2025/09/borjas.pdf
  15. Brincikova, Z., & Darmo, L. (2015). The ımpact of economic growth on gender specific unemployment in the EU. Scientific Annals of the “Alexandru Ioan Cuza” University of Iaşi Economic Sciences, 62(3), 383–390. https://doi.org/10.1515/aicue-2015-0026
  16. Burridge, P. (1981). Testing for a common factor in a spatial autoregression model. Environment and Planning A, 13(7), 795–800. https://doi.org/10.1068/a130795
  17. Carree, M. A. (2002). Does unemployment affect the number of establishments? A regional analysis for US States. Regional Studies, 36(4), 389–398. https://doi.org/10.1080/00343400220131151
  18. Chand, K., Tiwari, R., & Phuyal, M. (2017). Economic growth and unemployment rate: An empirical study of Indian economy. PRAGATI Journal of Indian Economy, 4(2), 66. https://doi.org/10.17492/pragati.v4i02.11468
  19. Cojocaru, R. M., Bolboașă, M. B., Agafiței, M.-D., Copcă, N., & Grosu, F. S. (2025). Unveiling regional disparities in unemployment: A spatial econometric study of Spain. Sustainability, 17(3), 1270. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17031270
  20. Couch, K. A., Fairlie, R. W., & Xu, H. (2020). Early evidence of the impacts of COVID-19 on minority unemployment. Journal of Public Economics, 192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2020.104287
  21. Çelikay, F. (2020). Dimensions of tax burden: A review on OECD countries. Journal of Economics, Finance and Administrative Science, 25(49), 27–43. https://doi.org/10.1108/JEFAS-12-2018-0138
  22. Çoban, S., & Ulusay, N. (2022). Analysis of the relationship between unemployment and economic growth at the regional level in Türkiye: Is there age and gender asymmetry?. International Social Mentality and Researcher Thinkers Journal, 8(62), 1484–1493. https://doi.org/10.29228/smryj.64028
  23. Dániel, Z. A., Kozma, D. E., & Molnár, T. (2026). Regional labour market polarisation in Hungary. Economies, 14(2), 63.1–13. https://doi.org/10.3390/economies14020063
  24. Duman, A. (2023). The gendered relationship between temporary, informal employment and wages: Evidence from the Turkish labor market. Feminist Economics, 29(4), 194–222. https://doi.org/10.1080/13545701.2023.2249000
  25. Durmaz, Ş. (2016). Women and their challenges in labor market. Journal of Ahi Evran University Social Sciences Institute, 2(3), 37–60. https://izlik.org/JA58FX38UE
  26. Ehrenberg, R.G., Smith, R. S., & Hallock, K. F. (2021). Modern labor economics: Theory and public policy (14th ed.). Routledge. https://books.google.com.tr/books/about/Modern_Labor_Economics.html?id=XKE6zgEACAAJ&redir_esc=y
  27. Elhorst, J. P. (2012). Dynamic spatial panels: Models, methods, and inferences. Journal of Geographical Systems, 14(1), 5–28. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10109-011-0158-4
  28. Elhorst, J. P. (2014). Spatial econometrics: From cross-sectional data to spatial panels. Springer. https://arm.ssuv.uz/frontend/web/books/643105596a3dd.pdf
  29. Erdoğan, S., & Yaşar, S. (2018). The development of female employment in Türkiye: The case of Konya-Karaman. KMÜ Journal of Social and Economic Research, 20(34), 18–28. https://izlik.org/JA32KR33HM
  30. Esping-Andersen, G. (2009). The incomplete revolution: Adapting to women’s new roles. Polity Press. https://lanekenworthy.net/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/reading-espingandersen2009pp111to144.pdf
  31. Giddens, A. (2013). Sociology: A brief but critical view (Ü. Y. Battal, Trans.). Siyasal Bookstore. https://books.google.com.tr/books/about/Sociology_A_Brief_but_Critical_Introduct.html?id=9TRIEAAAQBAJ&redir_esc=y
  32. Goldin, C. (1995). The U-shaped female labor force function in economic development and economic history. In T. P. Schultz (Ed.), Investment in women’s human capital and economic development (pp. 61–90). University of Chicago Press. https://www.nber.org/papers/w4707
  33. Han, V. (2021). The impact of technological growth and education spending on unemployment: Evidence from a panel ARDL-PMG approach. Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation Management, 10(2), 1–22. https://izlik.org/JA92XZ22NN
  34. Heitger, B. (2002). The impact of taxation on unemployment in OECD countries. Cato Journal, 22(2), 333–354. https://www.cato.org/cato-journal/fall-2002
  35. Heyne, S., & Vobemer, J. (2023). Gender, unemployment, and subjective well-being: Why do women suffer less from unemployment than men?. European Sociological Review, 39(2), 301–316. https://doi.org/10.1093/esr/jcac030
  36. Hjazeen, H., Seraj, M., & Ozdeser, H. (2021). The nexus between the economic growth and unemployment in Jordan. Future Business Journal, 7(1), 42, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s43093-021-00088-3
  37. İlkkaracan, İ. (2012). Why so few women in the labor market in Türkiye?. Feminist Economics, 18(1), 1–37. https://doi.org/10.1080/13545701.2011.649358
  38. Katris, C. (2021). Unemployment and COVID-19 impact in Greece: A vector autoregression (VAR) data analysis. Engineering Proceedings, 5(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2021005041
  39. Koray, M. (2012). Social policy. İmge Bookstore. https://www.scribd.com/document/933870660/Meryem-Koray-Sosyal-Politika-%C4%B0mge-Yay%C4%B1nlar%C4%B1
  40. Kutbay, H., & Buyrukoğlu, S. (2018). The effect of tax burden on divorce and suicide: An examination in terms of unemployment. Vergi Raporu, 225. 108–124.
  41. LeSage, J. P., & Pace, R. K. (2008). Spatial econometric modeling of origin-destination flows. Journal of Regional Science, 48(5), 941–967. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9787.2008.00573.x
  42. Lewandowska-Gwarda, K. (2018). Female unemployment and its determinants in Poland in 2016 from the spatial perspective. Oeconomia Copernicana, 9(2), 183–204. https://doi.org/10.24136/oc.2018.010
  43. López-Bazo, E., del Barrio, T., & Artis, M. (2002). The regional distribution of Spanish unemployment: A spatial analysis. Papers in Regional Science, 81, 365–389. https://doi.org/10.1007/s101100200128
  44. Lundberg, S. (1985). The added worker effect. Journal of Labor Economics, 3(1), 11–37. https://doi.org/10.1086/298069
  45. Matuszewska-Janica, A., & Fernández-Avilés, G. (2025). Towards sustainable labour market: Spatial analysis of the differences in the employment of women and men across the EU regions. Equilibrium. Quarterly Journal of Economics and Economic Policy, 20(2), 509–548. https://doi.org/10.24136/eq.3634
  46. McBride, T. (1992). Women’s work and industrialization. In L. R. Berlanstein (Ed.), The industrial revolution and work in nineteenth-century Europe (63–80). Routledge.
  47. Ministry of Family and Social Policies. (2018). Women's empowerment strategy document and action plan 2018–2023. General Directorate of Women's Status. Retrieved September 15, 2025, from https://www.aile.gov.tr/KSGM/PDF/kadinin_guclenmesi_strateji_ve_eylem_plani.pdf
  48. More, C. (2000). Understanding the industrial revolution. Routledge. https://books.google.com.tr/books/about/Understanding_the_Industrial_Revolution.html?id=VJPCuOCFBWIC&redir_esc=y
  49. Pirim, Z., William, A. O., & Leslie, S. K. (2014). The long-term impact of educational and health spending on unemployment rates. European Journal of Economic and Political Studies, 7(1), 49–69.
  50. Rokhim, F., Novianti, T., & Anggraeni, L. (2023). Factors influencing unemployment in Indonesia. Journal of Scientific Research, Education, and Technology (JSRET), 2(1), 122–131. https://doi.org/10.58526/jsret.v2i1.51
  51. Salama, A., & Oláh, J. (2019). Key factors affecting unemployment in the Arab world. Central European Journal of Labour Law and Personnel Management, 2(2), 60–72. https://doi.org/10.33382/cejllpm.2019.03.05
  52. Singh, D., & Shastri, S. (2020). Public expenditure on education, educational attainment and unemployment nexus in India: An empirical investigation. International Journal of Social Economics, 47(5), 663–674. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSE-06-2019-0396
  53. Su, C. W., Dai K, E., Ullah, S., & Andlib, Z. (2022). COVID-19 pandemic and unemployment dynamics in European economies. Economic Research-Ekonomska Istraživanja, 35(1), 1752–1764. https://doi.org/10.1080/1331677X.2021.1912627
  54. Şahin, H., & Kutluay Tutar, F.(2017). An analysis for women employment in Türkiye in the process for membership to European Union. Kastamonu University Journal of Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, 16(2), 40–57. https://izlik.org/JA58WD42AL
  55. Tobler, W. R. (1970). A computer movie simulating urban growth in the Detroit region. Economic Geography, 46(sup1), 234–240. https://doi.org/10.2307/143141
  56. Toksöz, G. (2012). Kalkınmada kadın emeği. Varlık Yayınları. https://www.academia.edu/4762273/Kalk%C4%B1nmada_Kad%C4%B1n_Eme%C4%9Fi_Yazar_G%C3%BClay_Toks%C3%B6z_2012_%C4%B0stanbul_Varl%C4%B1k_Yay%C4%B1nlar%C4%B1
  57. Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu. (2023). Labor force statistics [Data set]. Retrieved February 15, 2025, from https://biruni.tuik.gov.tr/medas/?kn=102&locale=tr
  58. Van Der Meer, P. H. (2014). Gender, unemployment and subjective well-being: Why being unemployed ıs worse for men than for women. Social Indicator Research, 115, 23–44. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-012-0207-5