KaydedilenlerDerginizi ekleyin

Dergiler / Erciyes Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi / 2026 / Sayı: 74

Turizmin genişlemesi, ekonomik kalkınma ve çevresel sürdürülebilirlik: Asya-Pasifik ülkelerinden ampirik kanıtlar

Tourism expansion, economic development and environmental sustainability: Empırıcal evidence from Asia-Pacific countries

Mahmut Sami Duran(SELÇUK ÜNİVERSİTESİ, YUNAK MESLEK YÜKSEKOKULU)0000-0003-3125-2596
Şeyma Bozkaya(İSTANBUL MEDİPOL ÜNİVERSİTESİ)0000-0001-8589-6608
Sinan Göç(NEVŞEHİR ÜNİVERSİTESİ)0000-0002-5820-8571
Sayfa
105–113
Yayın Tarihi
2026-08-31
🏛️Bu makalenin bibliyografik verileri ve tam metin bağlantısı DergiPark üzerinden sağlanmıştır.
DergiPark Kaydı ↗
✨

Yapay Zeka Hızlı Bakış & Çıkarımlar

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(1 Cümlede Hızlı Çıkarım)

Ampirik bulgulara doğrultusunda; birinci modelde, ekonomik büyümenin turizm gelişimi üzerinde olumlu bir etkisi vardır.

📌 3 Maddede Bu Makale

🎯
Amaç & Hipotez:Ekonomilerin amacı olan ekonomik büyümenin sürdürülebilir bir hale getirilmesi, çevre ile dost gelecek nesillere daha yaşanılabilir bir dünya bırakmak adına yeni yüzyılın en önemli hedefi haline gelmiştir.
📊
Temel Bulgular & Veri:Dolayısıyla ekonomiler bu unsurları içeren etkin politikalar ile sürdürülebilir kalkınma hedeflerini gerçekleştirme yolunda emin adımlarla ilerlemek adına bölgesel ve uluslararası iş birliklerine açık olmalıdırlar.
💡
Sonuç & Katkı:Ampirik bulgulara doğrultusunda; birinci modelde, ekonomik büyümenin turizm gelişimi üzerinde olumlu bir etkisi vardır.
🔬Tür:Modelleme & Sayısal Simülasyon
📍Kapsam:2002-2020 Verileri
⚙️Değişkenler:ekonomik büyüme · çevresel kalite · panel veri

Özet

Ekonomilerin amacı olan ekonomik büyümenin sürdürülebilir bir hale getirilmesi, çevre ile dost gelecek nesillere daha yaşanılabilir bir dünya bırakmak adına yeni yüzyılın en önemli hedefi haline gelmiştir. Ayrıca ekonomik turizm gelişimi de ekonomik gelişim ile karşılıklı sıkı bir ilişki içerisinde olması sürdürülebilir turizm yaklaşımını da gündeme getirmektedir. Dolayısıyla ekonomiler bu unsurları içeren etkin politikalar ile sürdürülebilir kalkınma hedeflerini gerçekleştirme yolunda emin adımlarla ilerlemek adına bölgesel ve uluslararası iş birliklerine açık olmalıdırlar. Bu kapsamda bu çalışma, Asya-Pasifik Bölgesi’nin (Çin, Tayland, Japonya, Malezya, Vietnam, Hindistan, Güney Kore ve Endonezya) en önemli turizm destinasyonlarında turizm gelişimi, çevresel performans ve ekonomik büyümenin belirleyicilerini incelemektedir. 2002-2020 dönemi verileri kullanılarak üç ayrı model oluşturulmuştur. Ampirik bulgulara doğrultusunda; birinci modelde, ekonomik büyümenin turizm gelişimi üzerinde olumlu bir etkisi vardır. Bununla birlikte, düzenleyici kalite değişkeni turizm üzerinde olumsuz bir etkiye sahipken, siyasi istikrar ve ekolojik ayak izinin turizm gelişimi ile anlamlı bir ilişkisi tespit edilememiştir. İkinci modelde, turizm gelişimi ekonomik büyümeyi artırırken, ekolojik ayak izinin ekonomik büyümeyi azalttığı sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Ayrıca, siyasi istikrar ve düzenleyici kalite değişkenlerinin ekonomik büyüme üzerinde olumlu bir etkisi olduğu görülmüştür. Üçüncü modelde, yalnızca ekonomik büyümenin ekolojik ayak izi üzerinde istatistiksel olarak anlamlı ve olumlu bir etkisi olduğu gözlemlenmiştir. Araştırma sonuçları, akademisyenler için önemli araştırma alanları sağlamanın yanı sıra, planlamacılara turizme yönelik uygun yaklaşımlar oluşturmada yardımcı olmaktadır.

Abstract

Making economic growth sustainable, which is the aim of economies, has become the most important goal of the new century in order to leave a more livable world for future generations in an environmentally friendly way. Furthermore, the close relationship between economic development and tourism development brings the sustainable tourism approach to the forefront. Therefore, economies should be open to regional and international collaborations to move confidently towards achieving sustainable development goals with effective policies that include these elements. In this context, this study examines the determinants of tourism development, environmental performance, and economic growth in the most important tourism destinations of the Asia-Pacific Region (China, Thailand, Japan, Malaysia, Vietnam, India, South Korea, and Indonesia). Three separate models were created using data from the 2002-2020 period. Based on empirical findings, the first model shows that economic growth has a positive effect on tourism development. However, the regulatory quality variable has a negative effect on tourism, while no significant relationship was found between political stability and ecological footprint and tourism development. The second model concludes that tourism development increases economic growth, while ecological footprint decreases economic growth. Furthermore, political stability and regulatory quality variables were found to have a positive impact on economic growth. In the third model, only economic growth was observed to have a statistically significant and positive effect on the ecological footprint. The research findings provide important research areas for academics, as well as assisting planners in developing appropriate approaches to tourism.

🔖

Bu Makaleye Atıf Yap

Duran, M. S., Bozkaya, Ş., Göç, S. (2026). Turizmin genişlemesi, ekonomik kalkınma ve çevresel sürdürülebilirlik: Asya-Pasifik ülkelerinden ampirik kanıtlar. Erciyes Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, Sayı: 74, 105–113. https://doi.org/10.18070/erciyesiibd.1894193

📄 Tam Metin PDF Okuyucu

📄

PDF görüntüleyici hazırlanıyor...

Kaynakça (71)

  1. Aboagye, S., & Kwakwa, P. A. (2023). The role of international tourism, trade openness and renewable energy in the financial development of selected African countries. Research in Globalization, 7, 100170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resglo.2023.100170
  2. Adedoyin, F. F., Nathaniel, S., & Adeleye, N. (2021). An investigation into the anthropogenic nexus among consumption of energy, tourism, and economic growth: Do economic policy uncertainties matter? Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28(4), 2835–2847. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-10638-x
  3. Alhowaish, A. K. (2016). Tourism development a sustainable economic growth strategy in the long run? Evidence from GCC countries. Sustainable Management in Tourism and Hospitality, 8(7), 605. https://doi.org/10.3390/su8070605
  4. Ali, Q., Khan, M. T. I., Khan, M. N. I. (2018). Dynamics between financial development, tourism, sanitation, renewable energy, trade and total reserves in 19 Asia cooperation dialogue members. Journal of Cleaner Production, 179, 114–131. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.01.066
  5. Alizadeh, M. (2020). Tourism impact on air pollution in developed and developing countries. Iran Economic Review, 24(1), 159-180.
  6. Aratuo, D. N., & Etienne, X. L. (2019). Industry level analysis of tourism-economic growth in the United States. Tourism Management, (70), 333-340. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. tourman.2018.09.004
  7. Aronsson, L. (1994). Sustainable tourism systems: The example of sustainable rural tourism in Sweden. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 2(1-2), 77-92. https://doi. org/10.1080/09669589409510685
  8. Balaguer J., & Cantavella-Jorda M. (2002) Tourism as a long-run economic growth factor: The Spanish case. Appiedl Economics, 34(7), 877e84. https://doi. org/10.1080/00036840110058923
  9. Baltagi, B. H. (2005). Econometric analysis of panel data. John Wiley & Sons.
  10. Bali, E., Sigeze, C., Manga, M., Bildirir, S., & Bildirir, K. (2018). The relationship between tourism, co2 emissions and economic growth: A case of Mediterranean countries. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 24(3), 219-232. https://doi.org/10.1080/109416 65.2018.1557717
  11. Ballı, E. (2021). The Nexus between tourism, environmental degradation and economic growth. Ege Academic Review, 21(2), 149-161. https://doi.org/10.21121/eab.907436
  12. Baum, C. F. (2001). An introduction to modern econometrics using stata. Stata Press.
  13. Beck, N., & Katz, J. N. (1995). What to do (and not to do) with time-series cross section data. The American Political Science Review 89(3), 634-647. https://doi. org/10.2307/2082979
  14. Breusch, T. S., & Pagan, A. R. (1980). The Lagrange multiplier test and its applications to model specification in econometrics. The Review of Economic Studies, 47(1), 239-253. https://doi.org/10.2307/2297111
  15. Brida, J. G., Cortes-Jimenez, I., & Pulina, M. (2016). Has the tourism-led growth hypothesis been validated? A literature review. Current Issues in Tourism, 19(5), 394–430. https:// doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2013.868414
  16. Daniel, K., Kraay, A., & Mastruzzi, M. (2010). The Worldwide Governance Indicators: Methodology and analytical issues (World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 5430). SSRN. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2894745
  17. Danish, & Wang, Z. (2019). Dynamic relationship between tourism, economic growth, and environmental quality. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 26(11), 1928-1943. https://doi. org/10.1080/09669582.2018.1526293
  18. Global Footprint Network. (2024). Sustainable tourism. https://www.footprintnetwork.org/ our-work/sustainable-tourism/
  19. Gössling, S. (2000). Sustainable tourism development in developing countries: Some aspects of energy use. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 8(5), 410-425. https://doi. org/10.1080/09669580008667376
  20. Greene, W. H. (2000). Econometric analysis (4th ed.). Prentice Hall.
  21. Grochová, L. I. (2014). Regulatory quality and sustainable economic development. Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis, 62(6), 1301-1308. https://doi.org/10.11118/actaun201462061301
  22. Hall, M. C. (2011). Policy learning and policy failure in sustainable tourism governance: From first-and second-order to third-order change. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 19(4-5), 649-671. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2011.555555
  23. Issever Grochová, L. (2014). Regulatory quality and sustainable economic development. Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis, 62(6), 1301 1308. https://doi.org/10.11118/actaun201462061301
  24. Jebli, M. B., Youssef, S. B., & Apergis, N. (2019). The dynamic linkage between renewable energy, tourism, co2 emissions, economic growth, foreign direct investment, and trade. Latin American Economic Review, 28(2), 2. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40503-019-0063 7
  25. Jin, L., Badarulzaman, N., Omar, S. I., & Pan, M. (2024). Dynamics of tourism flows in Jiangxi, China: A spatial-temporal analysis of quantity and quality since 2000. International Journal of Technical Vocational and Engineering Technology, 5(1), 59 72. https://journal.pktm.com.my/index.php/ijtvet/article/view/112
  26. Katırcıoğlu, S. T. (2009). Türkiye için turizm odaklı büyüme hipotezini sınır testi ve eşbütünleşme için Johansen yaklaşımı kullanılarak yeniden ele almak. Tourism Management, 30(1), 17-20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2008.04.004
  27. Khan, M. A., Popp, J., Talib, M. N., Lakner, Z., Khan, M. A., & Oláh, J. (2020). Asymmetric impact of institutional quality on tourism inflows among selected Asian Pacific countries. Sustainability, (12), 2-16. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12031223.
  28. Khan, M. K., Khan, M. I., & Rehan, M. (2020). The relationship between energy consumption, economic growth and carbon dioxide emissions in Pakistan. Financial Innovation, 6, 1. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40854-019-0162-0
  29. Koyuncu, F. T. (2024). Tourism activities in the context of ecological footprint: Panel data analysis for Mediterranean countries. Ege Academic Review, 24(2), 321-336. https:// doi.org/10.21121/eab.24.02.12
  30. Leitao, N. C., & Shahbaz, M. (2016). Economic growth, tourism arrivals and climate change. Bulletin of Energy Economics, 4(1), 35–43.
  31. Leıtão, A. (2010). Corruption and the environmental kuznets curve: Empirical evidence for sulfur. Ecological Economics, 69(11), 2191-2201. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. ecolecon.2010.06.004
  32. Lenzen, M., Sun, Y., Faturay, F., Ting, Y., Geschke, A., & Malik, A. (2018). The carbon footprint of global tourism. Nature Climate Change, 8, 522–528. https://doi. org/10.1038/ s41558-018-0141-x
  33. Liu, Z., Lan, J., Chien, F., Sadiq, M., & Nawaz, M. A. (2022). Role of tourism development in environmental degradation: A step towards emission reduction. Journal of Environmental Management, 303. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. jenvman. 2021.114078.
  34. Maden, S. I., Bulgan, G., & Yıldırım, S. (2019). The Effect of tourism sector on economic growth: An empirical study on Turkey. Journal of Yasar University, 14(55), 215-225. https://doi.org/10.19168/jyasar.529762
  35. Mancini, M. S., Barioni, D., Danelutti, C., Barnias, A., Bračanov, V., Pisce, G. C., Chabbaz, G., Dukavic, B., Guarneri, D., Lang, M., Martin, I., Reverte, S. M., Morell, I., Peculaj, A., Prvan, M., Randone., M., Sampson., J., Santarosso, M., Santini, F., …Galli, A. (2022). Ecological footprint and tourism: Development and sustainability monitoring of ecotourism packages in Mediterranean Protected Areas. Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism, 38, 100513. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jort.2022.100513
  36. Mishra, P. K., Rout, H. B., & Kestwal, A. K. (2020). Tourism, foreign direct investment and economic growth in India. African Journal of Hospitality. Tourism and Leisure, 9(1), 1-7.
  37. Misi Lopes, L.E., Packham, N., & Walther, U. (2023). The effect of governance quality on future economic growth: An analysis and comparison of emerging market and developed economies. SN Business & Economics, 3, 108. https://doi.org/10.1007/ s43546-023-00488-3
  38. Mokhtarifar, D., Heidari, H., & Alinezhad, R. (2023). Regulatory quality and economic growth in D-8 countries (PSTR Approach). International Journal of New Political Economy, 4(2), 1043-172. https://doi.org/10.48308/jep.4.2.143
  39. Moundigbaye, M. Rea, S. W., & Reed, W. R. (2018). Which panel data estimator should I use? A corrigendum and extension. Economics: The Open-Access, Open-Assessment E-Journal, 12(1), 1–31. https://doi.org/10.5018/ekonomi-ejournal.ja.2018-4
  40. Musa, M. S., Jelilov, G., Iorember, P. T., & Usman, O. (2021). Effects of tourism, financial development, and renewable energy on environmental performance in EU-28: Does institutional quality matter? Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28(38), 53328-53339. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-14450-z
  41. Muslija, A., Satrovic, E., & Erbaş, C. Ü. (2017). Panel analysis of tourism-economic growth Nexus. Uluslararası Ekonomik Araştırmalar Dergisi, 3(4), 535-545. https://izlik.org/ JA33YF57UH
  42. Nguyen, C. P., & Su, T. D. (2021). Tourism, institutional quality, and environmental sustainability. Sustainable Production and Consumption, (28), 786-801. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.spc.2021.07.005
  43. Namahoro, J. P., Wu, Q., Zhou, N., & Xue, S. (2021). Impact of energy intensity, renewable energy, and economic growth on co2 emissions: Evidence from Africa across regions and income levels. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 147, 111233. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2021.111233
  44. Nwaeze, N. C., Okere, K. I., Ogbodo, I., Muoneke, O. B., Ngini, I. N., & Ani, S. U. (2023). Dynamic linkages between tourism, economic growth, trade, energy demand and carbon emission: Evidence from EU. Future Business Journal, 9(16), 16. https://doi. org/10.1186/s43093-023-00193-5
  45. Parks, R. (1967). Efficient estimation of a system of regression equations when disturbances are both serially and contemporaneously correlated. Journal of the American Statistical Association 62(318), 500–509. https://doi.org/10.2307/2283977
  46. Pellegrini, L., Vujic S. (2003, 1-6 September). Corruption, economic development and environmental policy. Europen Summer School in Resources and Enviromental Ecomics: Political Economy of the Environment, EAERE FEEM VIU.
  47. Pimonenko, T., Lyulyov, O., & Us, Y. (2021). Cointegration between economic, ecological and tourism development. Journal of Tourism and Services, 12(23), 169-180. https:// doi.org/10.29036/jots.v12i23.293
  48. Ren, T., Can, M., Paramati, S. R., Fang, J., & Wu, W. (2021). The Impact of tourism quality on economic development and environment: Evidence from Mediterranean countries. Sustainability, 11(8), 2296. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11082296
  49. Reed, W. R. & Ye, H. (2011). Which panel data estimator should I use? Applied Economics, 4(8), 985-1000. https://doi.org/10.1080/00036840802600087
  50. Saputra, Z., Sartiyah, S., & Seftarita, C. (2022). The Impact of tourism on economic growth: Evidence from Aceh Province, Indonesia. International Journal of Global Optimization and Its Application, 1(3), 223-228. doi:https://doi.org/10.56225/ijgoia.v1i3.74
  51. Sarkodie, S. A. (2021). Environmental performance, biocapacity, carbon & ecological footprint of nations: Drivers, trends and mitigation options. Science of The Total Environment, 751, 141912. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020. 141912
  52. Sarpong, S. Y., Bein, M. A., Gyamfi, B. A., & Sarkodie, S. A. (2020). The impact of tourism arrivals, tourism receipts and renewable energy consumption on quality of life: A panel study of Southern African region. Heliyon, 6(11). https://doi.org/10.1016/j. heliyon.2020.e05351
  53. Schubert, S. F., Brida, J. G., & Risso, W. A. (2011). The impacts of international tourism demand on economic growth of small economies dependent on tourism. Tourism Management, 32(2), 377-385. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2010.03.007
  54. Šimundić, B., Kuliš, Z., Šerić, N. (2016). Tourism and economic growth: An evidence for Latin American and Caribbean Countries. Tourism & Hospitality Industry Congress Proceedings, 457-469.
  55. Shahzad, S. J., Shahbaz, M., Ferrer, R., & Kumar, R. R. (2017). Tourism-led growth hypothesis in the top ten tourist destinations: New evidence using the quantile-on quantile approach. Tourism Management, (60), 223-232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. tourman.2016.12.006
  56. Shi, H., Li, X., Zhang, H., Liua, X., Li, T., & Zhong, Z. (2019). Global difference in the relationships between tourism, economic growth, co2 emissions, and primary energy consumption. Current Issues in Tourism, 23(9), 1122-1137. https://doi.org/10.1080/13 683500.2019.1588864
  57. Teng, Y., Cox, A., & Chatziantoniou, I. (2021). Environmental degradation, economic growth and tourism development in Chinese regions. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, (28), 33781–33793. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-12567-9
  58. Topçu, M., Denaux, Z., & Crews, C. (2023). Good governance and the us tourism demand. Annals of Tourism Research Empirical Insights, 4(1), 100095. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. annale.2023.100095
  59. Torres-Díaz, V., Río-Rama, M. D., Álvarez-García, J., & Simonetti, B. (2024). Environmental sustainability and tourism growth: Convergence or compensation? Quality & Quantity, 59, 2129-2152. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-024-01906-w
  60. Usman, O., Elsalih, O., & Koshadh, O. (2019). Environmental performance and tourism development in EU-28 Countries: The role of institutional quality. Current Issues in Tourism, 23, 2103-2108. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2019.1635092
  61. United Nations. (2001). Sustainable development of tourism: Report of the Secretary General. https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/%20436460?v=pdf
  62. United Nations World Tourism Organization. (2019). Tourism’s carbon emissions report. https://www.unwto.org/news/tourisms-carbon-emissions-measured-in-landmark reportlaunched-at-cop25
  63. United Nations World Tourism Organization. (2023). Global and regional tourism performance https://www. unwto.org/tourism-data/global-and-regional-tourism performance
  64. World Bank. (n.d.). World Development Indicators. https://databank.worldbank.org/source/ world-development-indicators
  65. World Tourism guide for Organization. policy (2005). Making tourism more sustainable-a makers (English version). https://www.e-unwto.org/doi/ book/10.18111/9789284408214
  66. Wackernagel, M., Lewan, L., & Hansson, C. B. (1999). Evaluating the use of natural capital with the ecological footprint: applications in Sweden and subregions. Ambio, 28(7), 604-612. http://www.jstor.org/stable/4314966
  67. Wani, M. J. G., Loganathan, N., & Mujalli, A. (2024). The impact of sustainable development goals (SDGs) on tourism growth. Empirical evidence from G-7 countries. Cogent Social Sciences, 10(1), 2397535. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2024.2397535
  68. Wooldridge, J. M. (2002). Econometric analysis of cross section and panel data. MIT Press.
  69. Wu, T. P., & Wu, H. C. (2020). Tourism and economic growth in Asia: A bootstrap multivariate panel Granger causality. International Journal of Tourism Research, 21(1), 87–96. https://doi.org/10.1002/jtr.2243
  70. Yazdi, S. K., Salehi, K. H., & Soheilzad, M. (2017). The relationship between tourism, foreign direct investment and economic growth: Evidence from Iran. Current Issues in Tourism, 20(1), 15-26. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2015.1046820
  71. Yıldırım, D. Ç., Ektiren, B., & Erdoğan, F. (2023). The threshold effect of tourism, growth, and population interactions on environmental pollution in Mediterranean countries. Tourism Management Perspectives, 47, 101118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. tmp.2023.101118