KaydedilenlerDerginizi ekleyin

Dergiler / Etlik Veteriner Mikrobiyoloji Dergisi / 2026 / Cilt: 37 Sayı: 1

Akuakültürde Bakteriyofaj Terapisi

Phage Therapy in Aquaculture

İrem Nur Uşaklı(ANKARA ÜNİVERSİTESİ, ANKARA VETERİNER FAKÜLTESİ)0009-0005-3448-5485
Hamit Kaan Müştak(ANKARA ÜNİVERSİTESİ, VETERİNER FAKÜLTESİ)0000-0002-3694-1959
Sayfa
61–72
Yayın Tarihi
2026-07-13
🏛️Bu makalenin bibliyografik verileri ve tam metin bağlantısı DergiPark üzerinden sağlanmıştır.
DergiPark Kaydı ↗
✨

Yapay Zeka Hızlı Bakış & Çıkarımlar

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(1 Cümlede Hızlı Çıkarım)

Bununla birlikte bu yaklaşımın yaygın ve güvenli bir şekilde uygulanabilmesi için faj direnci, doz optimizasyonu ve standardizasyonu, çevresel stabilite gibi durumlara yönelik kapsamlı çalışmalar yapılması gerektiği belirtilmiştir.

📌 3 Maddede Bu Makale

🎯
Amaç & Hipotez:Su ürünleri yetiştiriciliği, küresel gıda kaynağının sağlanması ve ekonomik sürdürülebilirlik açısından stratejik öneme sahip bir sektördür.
📊
Temel Bulgular & Veri:Özellikle son yıllarda üretim yoğunluklarının artması ve teknolojik gelişmelerden yararlanılması ile su ürünleri yetiştiriciliği hızlı bir gelişim göstermiştir; ancak bu gelişmelere paralel olarak bakteriyel hastalıkların görülme sıklığı da artmıştır.
💡
Sonuç & Katkı:Bununla birlikte bu yaklaşımın yaygın ve güvenli bir şekilde uygulanabilmesi için faj direnci, doz optimizasyonu ve standardizasyonu, çevresel stabilite gibi durumlara yönelik kapsamlı çalışmalar yapılması gerektiği belirtilmiştir.
🔬Tür:Deneysel Tarla Denemesi
📍Kapsam:Genişletilmiş Akademik Örneklem
⚙️Değişkenler:Akuakültür · bakteriyofaj · bakteriyel balık hastalıkları

Özet

Su ürünleri yetiştiriciliği, küresel gıda kaynağının sağlanması ve ekonomik sürdürülebilirlik açısından stratejik öneme sahip bir sektördür. Özellikle son yıllarda üretim yoğunluklarının artması ve teknolojik gelişmelerden yararlanılması ile su ürünleri yetiştiriciliği hızlı bir gelişim göstermiştir; ancak bu gelişmelere paralel olarak bakteriyel hastalıkların görülme sıklığı da artmıştır. Bu hastalıkların kontrol ve tedavisinde uzun yıllardır antimikrobiyallerin tercih edilmiş, ancak bu ilaçların yoğun ve uzun süreli kullanımı antibiyotik direncin (AMD) gelişimini hızlandırarak önemli bir sorun haline gelmiştir. Bu bağlamda antibiyotiğe bağımlılığı azaltan çevre dostu, hedefe yönelik ve sürdürülebilir alternatif bir yöntem olarak bakteriyofaj terapileri tekrardan gündeme gelmiştir. Bu derlemede, bakteriyofajların temel biyolojisi, faj terapisi için uygun fajın seçimi için izolasyon ve karakterizasyonu, konak aralığı belirlenmesi, dozajlama ve uygulama yöntemleri, akuakültürde yaygın olarak görülen Aeromonas spp., Vibrio spp., Edwardsiella spp., Flavobacterium spp., Streptococcus spp. Pseudomonas spp. ve Yersinia spp. gibi bakteriyel hastalıklara karşı yapılan in vivo ve in vitro faj terapisi uygulamaları ve sonuçları, literatür verileri doğrultusunda derlenmiştir. Yapılan çalışmalar sonucunda da bakteriyofaj terapisinin alternatif bir biyolojik araç olarak kullanılabileceği yönünde olumlu sonuçlar elde edilmiştir. Bununla birlikte bu yaklaşımın yaygın ve güvenli bir şekilde uygulanabilmesi için faj direnci, doz optimizasyonu ve standardizasyonu, çevresel stabilite gibi durumlara yönelik kapsamlı çalışmalar yapılması gerektiği belirtilmiştir.

Abstract

Aquaculture is a sector of strategic importance for ensuring global food supply and economic sustainability. Particularly in recent years, the sector has experienced rapid growth due to increased production intensity and the utilization of technological advancements; however, in parallel with these developments, the incidence of bacterial diseases has also increased. For many years, antimicrobials have been widely used for the control and treatment of these diseases; but their intensive and prolonged use has accelerated the development of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), becoming a significant global concern. In this context, bacteriophage therapy has re-emerged as an environmentally friendly, targeted and sustainable alternative strategy aimed at reducing dependence on antibiotics. This review comprehensively evaluates the fundamental biology of bacteriophages, the isolation and characterization of suitable phages for therapeutic applications, host range determination, dosage and application methods; in vivo and in vitro phage therapy applications against bacterial pathogens commonly observed in aquaculture such as Aeromonas spp., Vibrio spp., Edwardsiella spp., Flavobacterium spp., Streptococcus spp. Pseudomonas spp. and Yersinia spp are reviewed and complied based on literature data. The results of these studies indicate that bacteriophage therapy can be used as an alternative biological tool. Nevertheless, it is emphasized that further comprehensive studies focusing on phage resistance, dose optimization and standardization, and environmental stability are required for the widespread and safe implementation of this approach.

🔖

Bu Makaleye Atıf Yap

Uşaklı, İ. N., Müştak, H. K. (2026). Akuakültürde Bakteriyofaj Terapisi. Etlik Veteriner Mikrobiyoloji Dergisi, Cilt: 37 Sayı: 1, 61–72. https://doi.org/10.35864/evmd.1887435

📄 Tam Metin PDF Okuyucu

📄

PDF görüntüleyici hazırlanıyor...

Kaynakça (105)

  1. Abedon, S. T. (2016). Phage therapy dosing: The problem (s) with multiplicity of infection (MOI). Bacteriophage, 6(3), e1220348.
  2. Ackermann, H. W. (2006). Classification of bacteriophages. The bacteriophages, 2, 8-16. Ackermann, H. W., & Prangishvili, D. (2012). Prokaryote viruses studied by electron microscopy. Archives of virology, 157(10), 1843–1849. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-012-1383-y
  3. Akmal, M., Rahimi-Midani, A., Hafeez-ur-Rehman, M., Hussain, A., & Choi, T. J. (2020). Isolation, characterization, and application of a bacteriophage infecting the fish pathogen Aeromonas hydrophila. Pathogens, 9(3), 215.
  4. Albarella, D., Dall’Ara, P., Rossi, L., & Turin, L. (2025). Bacteriophage Therapy in Freshwater and Saltwater Aquaculture Species. Microorganisms, 13(4), 831.
  5. Almeida, G. M., Mäkelä, K., Laanto, E., Pulkkinen, J., Vielma, J., & Sundberg, L. R. (2019). The fate of bacteriophages in recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS)—towards developing phage therapy for RAS. Antibiotics,8(4), 192.
  6. Altınok, I., Türe, M., Ustaoğlu, D., Cebeci, A., Öztürk, R. Ç., Aygür, E., & Kaygusuz, Ö. (2025). Isolation and characterization of novel Yersinia ruckeri bacteriophages for potential use in aquaculture. Aquaculture, 743219.
  7. Altınok, I., Türe, M., Ustaoglu, D., Cebeci, A., & Öztürk, R. Ç. (2026). Genomic Characterisation and In Vivo Therapeutic Evaluation of the Novel Phage Lp ACM616_1 Targeting Lactococcus petauri. Journal of Fish Diseases, e70124.
  8. Amillano-Cisneros, J. M., Fuentes-Valencia, M. A., Leyva-Morales, J. B., Savín-Amador, M., Márquez-Pacheco, H., Bastidas-Bastidas, P. D. J.,. & Badilla-Medina, C. N. (2025). Effects of microorganisms in fish aquaculture from a sustainable approach: a review. Microorganisms, 13(3), 485.
  9. Anderson, B., Rashid, M. H., Carter, C., Pasternack, G., Rajanna, C., Revazishvili, T.,. & Sulakvelidze, A. (2011). Enumeration of bacteriophage particles: Comparative analysis of the traditional plaque assay and real-time QPCR-and nanosight-based assays. Bacteriophage,1(2), 86-93.
  10. Arda, M., & Mikrobiyoloji, T. (2015). 5. Baskı. Medisan Yayınevi. 297-308.
  11. Austin, B., & Austin, D. A. (2007). “Bacterial fish pathogens: diseases of farmed and wild fish (Vol 4)”, Springer.
  12. Aydoğan, D. Y., & Hadımlı, H. H. (2016). Bakteriyofaj tedavisi. Etlik Veteriner Mikrobiyoloji Dergisi, 27(1), 38-47. Bianchessi, L., De Bernardi, G., Vigorelli, M., Dall’Ara, P., & Turin, L. (2024). Bacteriophage therapy in companion and farm animals. Antibiotics, 13(4), 294.
  13. Bondad‐Reantaso, M. G., MacKinnon, B., Karunasagar, I., Fridman, S., Alday‐Sanz, V., Brun, E., Le Groumellec, M., Li, A., Surachetpong, W., Karunasagar, I., Hao, B., Dall’Occo, A., Urbani, R., & Caputo, A. (2023). Review of alternatives to antibiotic use in aquaculture. Reviews in Aquaculture, 15(4), 1421–1451. https://doi.org/10.1111/raq.12786
  14. Cabello, F. C. (2006). Heavy use of prophylactic antibiotics in aquaculture: a growing problem for human and animal health and for the environment. Environmental microbiology, 8(7), 1137-1144.
  15. Çağatay, İ. T. (2023). Bacteriophage applications in aquaculture. Israeli Journal of Aquaculture-Bamidgeh, 75(2)
  16. Cai, L., Tian, Y., Li, Z., Yang, Y., Ai, C., & Zhang, R. (2023). A broad-host-range lytic phage vB_VhaS-R18L as a candidate against vibriosis. Frontiers in Microbiology, 14, 1191157.
  17. Cao, Y., Li, S., Han, S., Wang, D., Zhao, J., Xu, L.,. & Lu, T. (2020). Characterization and application of a novel Aeromonas bacteriophage as treatment for pathogenic Aeromonas hydrophila infection in rainbow trout. Aquaculture, 523, 735193
  18. Cebeci, A., Türe, M., Alemdağ, M., & Altınok, I. (2023). Whole genome sequence of a novel bacteriophage APT65 infecting Aeromonas hydrophila. Phage, 4(1), 46-50.
  19. Chung, K. M., Liau, X. L., & Tang, S. S. (2023). Bacteriophages and their host range in multidrug-resistant bacterial disease treatment. Pharmaceuticals, 16(10), 1467.
  20. Clokie, M. R., & Kropinski, A. (2009). Methods and protocols, volume 1: Isolation, characterization, and interactions. Methods in molecular biology”. Humana press, 69-81.
  21. Clokie, M. R., Millard, A. D., Letarov, A. V., & Heaphy, S. (2011). Phages in nature. Bacteriophage, 1(1), 31-4
  22. Culot, A., Grosset, N., & Gautier, M. (2019). Overcoming the challenges of phage therapy for industrial aquaculture: A review. Aquaculture, 513, 734423.
  23. Dąbrowska, K., & Abedon, S. T. (2019). Pharmacologically aware phage therapy: pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic obstacles to phage antibacterial action in animal and human bodies. Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews, 83(4), 10-1128.
  24. Dang, T. H. O., Xuan, T. T., Duyen, L. T., Le, N. P., & Hoang, H. A. (2021). Protective efficacy of phage PVN02 against haemorrhagic septicaemia in striped catfish Pangasianodon hypophthalmus via oral administration. Journal of Fish Diseases, 44(8), 1255-1263.
  25. de Jonge, P. A., Nobrega, F. L., Brouns, S. J., & Dutilh, B. E. (2019). Molecular and evolutionary determinants of bacteriophage host range. Trends in microbiology, 27(1), 51-63.
  26. Ding, T.; Sun, H.; Pan, Q.; Zhao, F.; Zhang, Z.; Ren, H. Isolation and characterization of Vibrio parahaemolyticus bacteriophage vB_VpaS_PG07. (2020). Virus Res, 286, 198080.
  27. Donati, V. L., Dalsgaard, I., Sundell, K., Castillo, D., Er-Rafik, M., Clark, J.,. & Madsen, L. (2021). Phage-mediated control of Flavobacterium psychrophilum in aquaculture: In vivo experiments to compare delivery methods. Frontiers in Microbiology, 12, 628309.
  28. Droubogiannis, S., & Katharios, P. (2022). Genomic and biological profile of a novel bacteriophage, Vibrio phage Virtus, which improves survival of Sparus aurata larvae challenged with Vibrio harveyi. Pathogens, 11(6), 630.
  29. Droubogiannis, S., & Katharios, P. (2025). Phage therapy in aquaculture. In Antimicrobial Resistance in Aquaculture and Aquatic Environments (pp. 229-255). Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore.
  30. Droubogiannis, S., Pavlidi, L., Skliros, D., Flemetakis, E., & Katharios, P. (2023). Comprehensive characterization of a novel bacteriophage, vB_VhaS_MAG7 against a fish pathogenic strain of Vibrio harveyi and its in vivo efficacy in phage therapy trials. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 24(9), 8200.
  31. Elgendy, M. Y., Ali, S. E., Dayem, A. A., Khalil, R. H., Moustafa, M. M., & Abdelsalam, M. (2024). Alternative therapies recently applied in controlling farmed fish diseases: mechanisms, challenges, and prospects. Aquaculture International, 32(7), 9017-9078.
  32. Gill, J. J., & Hyman, P. (2010). Phage choice, isolation, and preparation for phage therapy. Current pharmaceutical biotechnology, 11(1), 2-14
  33. Gon Choudhury, T., Tharabenahalli Nagaraju, V., Gita, S., Paria, A., & Parhi, J. (2017). Advances in bacteriophage research for bacterial disease control in aquaculture. Reviews in Fisheries Science & Aquaculture, 25(2), 113-125.,
  34. Hanson, L. A. (2020). Practical management of bacterial diseases in finfish aquaculture to minimise antimicrobial resistance. Asian Fisheries Science, 33(S1), 55-61.
  35. Hegde, A., Kabra, S., Basawa, R. M., Khile, D. A., Abbu, R. U. F., Thomas, N. A., Manickam, N. B., & Raval, R. (2023). Bacterial diseases in marine fish species: current trends and future prospects in disease management. World journal of microbiology & biotechnology,39(11), 317. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11274-023-03755-5
  36. Hyman, P. (2019). Phages for phage therapy: isolation, characterization, and host range breadth. Pharmaceuticals, 12(1), 35.
  37. Hyman, P. (2025). Are you my host? An overview of methods used to link bacteriophages with hosts. Viruses, 17(1), 65.
  38. Hyman, P., & Abedon, S. T. (2010) Chapter 7—Bacteriophage host range and bacterial resistance. Advances in Applied Microbiology, 217-248.
  39. Irshath, A. A., Rajan, A. P., Vimal, S., Prabhakaran, V. S., & Ganesan, R. (2023). Bacterial pathogenesis in various fish diseases: recent advances and specific challenges in vaccine development. Vaccines, 11(2), 470
  40. Jun, J. W. (2024). A Concise Overview of Studies on Successful Real-World Applications of Bacteriophages in Aquaculture. Viruses, 16(12), 1843.
  41. Karataş, S., & Karaçoban, F. (2021). Fajların Balık Hastalıklarının Kontrolünde Kullanımı. Acta Aquatica Turcica, 17(4).
  42. Khairnar, K., Raut, M. P., Chandekar, R. H., Sanmukh, S. G., & Paunikar, W. N. (2013). Novel bacteriophage therapy for controlling metallo-beta-lactamase producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection in catfish. BMC veterinary research, 9(1), 264.
  43. Kim, J. H., Son, J. S., Choi, Y. J., Choresca, C. H., Shin, S. P., Han, J. E.,. & Park, S. C. (2012). Isolation and characterization of a lytic Myoviridae bacteriophage PAS-1 with broad infectivity in Aeromonas salmonicida. Current Microbiology, 64(5), 418-426.
  44. Kunttu, H. M., Runtuvuori-Salmela, A., Middelboe, M., Clark, J., & Sundberg, L. R. (2021). Comparison of delivery methods in phage therapy against Flavobacterium columnare infections in rainbow trout. Antibiotics, 10(8), 914.
  45. Lajqi Berisha, N., Poceva Panovska, A., & Hajrulai-Musliu, Z. (2024). Antibiotic resistance and aquatic systems: Importance in public health. Water, 16(17), 2362.
  46. Le, T.S.; Southgate, P.C.; O’Connor, W.; Vu, S.V.; Kurtböke, D.İ. (2020). Application of bacteriophages to control Vibrio alginolyticus contamination in oyster (Saccostrea glomerata) larvae. Antibiotic 2020, 9, 415.
  47. Liu, R., Han, G., Li, Z., Cun, S., Hao, B., Zhang, J., & Liu, X. (2022). Bacteriophage therapy in aquaculture: current status and future challenges. Folia Microbiologica, 67(4), 573-590.
  48. Lopatina, A., Tal, N., & Sorek, R. (2020). Abortive infection: bacterial suicide as an antiviral immune strategy. Annual review of virology, 7(1), 371-384.
  49. Loponte, R., Pagnini, U., Iovane, G., & Pisanelli, G. (2021). Phage therapy in veterinary medicine. Antibiotics, 10(4), 421 Ly-Chatain, M. H. (2014). The factors affecting effectiveness of treatment in phages therapy. Frontiers in microbiology, 5, 51.
  50. Mäntynen, S., Laanto, E., Oksanen, H. M., Poranen, M. M., & Díaz-Muñoz, S. L. (2021). Black box of phage–bacterium interactions: exploring alternative phage infection strategies. Open biology, 11(9), 210188.
  51. Mohammed, E. A. H., Kovács, B., Kuunya, R., Mustafa, E. O. A., Abbo, A. S. H., & Pál, K. (2025). Antibiotic Resistance in Aquaculture: Challenges, Trends Analysis, and Alternative Approaches. Antibiotics, 14(6), 598.
  52. Nair, A., Ghugare, G. S., & Khairnar, K. (2022). An appraisal of bacteriophage isolation techniques from environment. Microbial ecology, 83(3), 519-53
  53. Nakai, T. (2010). Application of bacteriophages for control of infectious diseases in aquaculture. Bacteriophages in the control of food‐and waterborne pathogens, 257-272.
  54. Nang, S. C., Lin, Y. W., Fabijan, A. P., Chang, R. Y., Rao, G. G., Iredell, J.,. & Li, J. (2023). Pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics of phage therapy: a major hurdle to clinical translation. Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 29(6), 702-709.
  55. Nokhwal, A., Anand, T., Ravikant, & Vaid, R. K. (2023). Bacteriophage therapy: an emerging paradigm in fish disease management. Aquaculture International, 31(2), 777-805.
  56. Oliveira, J., Castilho, F., Cunha, A., & Pereira, M. J. (2012). Bacteriophage therapy as a bacterial control strategy in aquaculture. Aquaculture International, 20(5), 879-910.
  57. Onarinde, B. A., & Dixon, R. A. (2018). Prospects for biocontrol of Vibrio parahaemolyticus contamination in blue mussels (Mytilus edulus)-a year-long study. Frontiers in microbiology, 9, 1043.
  58. Pal, S. (2015). Phage Therapy an alternate disease control in Aquaculture: A review on recent advancements. J. Agric. Vet. Sci, 8, 68-81.
  59. Park, S. C., & Nakai, T. (2003). Bacteriophage control of Pseudomonas plecoglossicida infection in ayu Plecoglossus altivelis. Diseases of aquatic organisms, 53(1), 33-39.
  60. Preena, P. G., Swaminathan, T. R., Kumar, V. J. R.b& Singh, I. S. B. (2020). Antimicrobial resistance in aquaculture: a crisis for concern. Biologia, 75(9), 1497-1517.
  61. Rai, S., Kaur, B., Singh, P., Singh, A., Benjakul, S., Vijay Kumar Reddy, S.,. & Tyagi, A. (2024). Perspectives on phage therapy for health management in aquaculture. Aquaculture International, 32(2), 1349-1393
  62. Ramos-Vivas, J., Superio, J., Galindo-Villegas, J., & Acosta, F. (2021). Phage therapy as a focused management strategy in aquaculture. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 22(19), 1
  63. Ranveer, S. A., Dasriya, V., Ahmad, M. F., Dhillon, H. S., Samtiya, M., Shama, E.,. & Puniya, A. K. (2024). Positive and negative aspects of bacteriophages and their immense role in the food chain. npj Science of Food, 8(1), 1. Rao, B. M., & Lalitha, K. V. (2015). Bacteriophages for aquaculture are they beneficial or inimical. Aquaculture, 437, 146-154. Richards, G. P. (2014). Bacteriophage remediation of bacterial pathogens in aquaculture: a review of the technology. Bacteriophage,4(4), e975540.
  64. Rørbo, N., Rønneseth, A., Kalatzis, P. G., Rasmussen, B. B., Engell-Sørensen, K., Kleppen, H. P.,. & Middelboe, M. (2018). Exploring the effect of phage therapy in preventing Vibrio anguillarum infections in cod and turbot larvae. Antibiotics, 7(2), 42.
  65. Ross, A., Ward, S., & Hyman, P. (2016). More is better: selecting for broad host range bacteriophages. Frontiers in microbiology, 7, 1352.
  66. Russell, D. A. (2017). Sequencing, assembling, and finishing complete bacteriophage genomes. In Bacteriophages: Methods and Protocols, Volume 3 (pp. 109-125). New York, NY: Springer New York.
  67. Schulz, P., Pajdak-Czaus, J., Siwicki AK. (2022). In Vivo Bacteriophages’ Application for the Prevention and Therapy of Aquaculture Animals–Chosen Aspects. Animal 2022, 12(10),1233; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12101233
  68. Schulz, P., Pajdak‐Czaus, J., Robak, S., Dastych, J., & Siwicki, A. K. (2019). Bacteriophage‐based cocktail modulates selected immunological parameters and post‐challenge survival of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Journal of Fish Diseases, 42(8), 11li51-1160.
  69. Schulz, P., Robak, S., Dastych, J., & Siwicki, A. K. (2019). Influence of bacteriophages cocktail on European eel (Anguilla anguilla) immunity and survival after experimental challenge. Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 84, 28-37. Sieiro, C., Areal-Hermida, L., Pichardo-Gallardo, Á., Almuiña-González, R., De Miguel, T., Sánchez, S.,. & Villa, T. G. (2020). A hundred years of bacteriophages: Can phages replace antibiotics in agriculture and aquaculture? Antibiotics, 9(8), 493.
  70. Sillankorva, S., & Hyman, P. (2023). Isolation of Bacteriophages for Clinically Relevant Bacteria. In Bacteriophage Therapy: From Lab to Clinical Practice (pp. 3-12). New York, NY: Springer US.
  71. Silva, Y. J., Moreirinha, C., Pereira, C., Costa, L., Rocha, R. J., Cunha, Â.,. & Almeida, A. (2016). Biological control of Aeromonas salmonicida infection in juvenile Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis) with Phage AS-A. Aquaculture, 450, 225-233.
  72. Smith, S. A. (Ed.). (2019). Fish diseases and medicine. CRC Press.
  73. Stalin, N., & Srinivasan, P. (2017). Efficacy of potential phage cocktails against Vibrio harveyi and closely related Vibrio species isolated from shrimp aquaculture environment in the south east coast of India. Veterinary microbiology, 207, 83-96.
  74. Strand A. (2017). Analyses of Bacteriophages to Yersinia Ruckeri and the Salmon (Salmo Salar L.) Antibody Response to the Bacteriophages. Master’s thesis. The University of Bergen.
  75. Sulakvelidze, A., Alavidze, Z., & Morris Jr, J. G. (2001). Bacteriophage therapy. Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, 45(3), 649-659.
  76. Sundell, K., Landor, L., Castillo, D., Middelboe, M., & Wiklund, T. (2020). Bacteriophages as biocontrol agents for Flavobacterium psychrophilum biofilms and rainbow trout infections. Phage, 1(4), 198-204.
  77. Tan, D., Dahl, A., & Middelboe, M. (2015). Vibriophages differentially influence biofilm formation by Vibrio anguillarum strains. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 81(13), 4489-4497.
  78. Torun, E. (2018). Tavuk Dışkıları ve Çevresel Örneklerden Salmonella Infantis Fajlarının İzolasyonu. Doktora Tezi. Ankara Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Ankara.
  79. Turner, D., Shkoporov, A. N., Lood, C., Millard, A. D., Dutilh, B. E., Alfenas-Zerbini, P., et al. & Adriaenssens, E. M. (2023). Abolishment of morphology-based taxa and change to binomial species names: 2022 taxonomy update of the ICTV bacterial viruses subcommittee. Archives of Virology, 168(2), 74.
  80. Türe, M., Cebeci, A., Altınok, I., Aygür, E., & Çalışkan, N. (2022). Isolation and characterization of Aeromonas hydrophila-specific lytic bacteriophages. Aquaculture, 558, 738371.
  81. Türe, M., Aygür, E., Çalışkan, N. K., Polat, E. K., & Altınok, I. (2024). Effects of Oral Application of Bacteriophage Cocktails to Treat Aeromoniasis Caused by Aeromonas hydrophila. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 25(3).
  82. Üstündağ, M. (2025). Phage Therapy in Aquaculture: Applications, Efficacy and Challenges. MEMBA Su Bilimleri Dergisi, 11(2), 182-200.
  83. Veyrand‐Quirós, B., Gómez‐Gil, B., Lomeli‐Ortega, C. O., Escobedo‐Fregoso, C., Millard, A. D., Tovar‐Ramírez, D.,. & Quiroz‐Guzmán, E. (2020). Use of bacteriophage vB_Pd_PDCC‐1 as biological control agent of Photobacterium damselae subsp. damselae during hatching of longfin yellowtail (Seriola rivoliana) eggs. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 129(6), 1497-1510.
  84. Weber-Dąbrowska, B., Jończyk-Matysiak, E., Żaczek, M., Łobocka, M., Łusiak-Szelachowska, M., & Górski, A. (2016). Bacteriophage procurement for therapeutic purposes. Frontiers in microbiology, 7, 1177.
  85. Welch, T. J. (2020). Characterization of a novel Yersinia ruckeri serotype O1‐specific bacteriophage with virulence‐neutralizing activity. Journal of Fish Diseases, 43(2), 285-293
  86. WHO (World Health Organization). (2022). Global antimicrobial resistance and use surveillance system (GLASS) report 2022. World Health Organization.
  87. Yang, L., Zhong, W., Tang, T., He, M., Zhang, T., Zhou, B.,. & Gao, Z. (2025). Phage‐Based Biocontrol Strategies and Application in Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control. Reviews in Aquaculture, 17(3), e70024.
  88. Yu, H., Zhang, L., Feng, C., Chi, T., Qi, Y., Raza, S. H. A.,. & Zhang, L. (2022). A phage cocktail in controlling phage resistance development in multidrug resistant Aeromonas hydrophila with great therapeutic potential. Microbial Pathogenesis, 162, 105374.
  89. Żaczek, M., Weber-Dąbrowska, B., & Górski, A. (2020). Phages as a cohesive prophylactic and therapeutic approach in aquaculture systems. Antibiotics, 9(9), 564.
  90. Zhang, X. H., He, X., & Austin, B. (2020). Vibrio harveyi: a serious pathogen of fish and invertebrates in mariculture. Marine life science & technology, 2(3), 231-245.
  91. Zhu, Y., Shang, J., Peng, C., & Sun, Y. (2022). Phage family classification under Caudoviricetes: A review of current tools using the latest ICTV classification framework. Frontiers in microbiology, 13, 1032186.
  92. Amillano-Cisneros, J. M., Fuentes-Valencia, M. A., Leyva-Morales, J. B., Savín-Amador, M., Márquez-Pacheco, H., Bastidas-Bastidas, P. D. J.,. & Badilla-Medina, C. N. (2025). Effects of microorganisms in fish aquaculture from a sustainable approach: a review. Microorganisms, 13(3), 485.
  93. Anderson, B., Rashid, M. H., Carter, C., Pasternack, G., Rajanna, C., Revazishvili, T.,. & Sulakvelidze, A. (2011). Enumeration of bacteriophage particles: Comparative analysis of the traditional plaque assay and real-time QPCR-and nanosight-based assays. Bacteriophage,1(2), 86-93.
  94. Cao, Y., Li, S., Han, S., Wang, D., Zhao, J., Xu, L.,. & Lu, T. (2020). Characterization and application of a novel Aeromonas bacteriophage as treatment for pathogenic Aeromonas hydrophila infection in rainbow trout. Aquaculture, 523, 735193
  95. Donati, V. L., Dalsgaard, I., Sundell, K., Castillo, D., Er-Rafik, M., Clark, J.,. & Madsen, L. (2021). Phage-mediated control of Flavobacterium psychrophilum in aquaculture: In vivo experiments to compare delivery methods. Frontiers in Microbiology, 12, 628309.
  96. Kim, J. H., Son, J. S., Choi, Y. J., Choresca, C. H., Shin, S. P., Han, J. E.,. & Park, S. C. (2012). Isolation and characterization of a lytic Myoviridae bacteriophage PAS-1 with broad infectivity in Aeromonas salmonicida. Current Microbiology, 64(5), 418-426.
  97. Nang, S. C., Lin, Y. W., Fabijan, A. P., Chang, R. Y., Rao, G. G., Iredell, J.,. & Li, J. (2023). Pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics of phage therapy: a major hurdle to clinical translation. Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 29(6), 702-709.
  98. Rai, S., Kaur, B., Singh, P., Singh, A., Benjakul, S., Vijay Kumar Reddy, S.,. & Tyagi, A. (2024). Perspectives on phage therapy for health management in aquaculture. Aquaculture International, 32(2), 1349-1393
  99. Ranveer, S. A., Dasriya, V., Ahmad, M. F., Dhillon, H. S., Samtiya, M., Shama, E.,. & Puniya, A. K. (2024). Positive and negative aspects of bacteriophages and their immense role in the food chain. npj Science of Food, 8(1), 1. Rao, B. M., & Lalitha, K. V. (2015). Bacteriophages for aquaculture are they beneficial or inimical. Aquaculture, 437, 146-154. Richards, G. P. (2014). Bacteriophage remediation of bacterial pathogens in aquaculture: a review of the technology. Bacteriophage,4(4), e975540.
  100. Rørbo, N., Rønneseth, A., Kalatzis, P. G., Rasmussen, B. B., Engell-Sørensen, K., Kleppen, H. P.,. & Middelboe, M. (2018). Exploring the effect of phage therapy in preventing Vibrio anguillarum infections in cod and turbot larvae. Antibiotics, 7(2), 42.
  101. Schulz, P., Robak, S., Dastych, J., & Siwicki, A. K. (2019). Influence of bacteriophages cocktail on European eel (Anguilla anguilla) immunity and survival after experimental challenge. Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 84, 28-37. Sieiro, C., Areal-Hermida, L., Pichardo-Gallardo, Á., Almuiña-González, R., De Miguel, T., Sánchez, S.,. & Villa, T. G. (2020). A hundred years of bacteriophages: Can phages replace antibiotics in agriculture and aquaculture? Antibiotics, 9(8), 493.
  102. Silva, Y. J., Moreirinha, C., Pereira, C., Costa, L., Rocha, R. J., Cunha, Â.,. & Almeida, A. (2016). Biological control of Aeromonas salmonicida infection in juvenile Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis) with Phage AS-A. Aquaculture, 450, 225-233.
  103. Veyrand‐Quirós, B., Gómez‐Gil, B., Lomeli‐Ortega, C. O., Escobedo‐Fregoso, C., Millard, A. D., Tovar‐Ramírez, D.,. & Quiroz‐Guzmán, E. (2020). Use of bacteriophage vB_Pd_PDCC‐1 as biological control agent of Photobacterium damselae subsp. damselae during hatching of longfin yellowtail (Seriola rivoliana) eggs. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 129(6), 1497-1510.
  104. Yang, L., Zhong, W., Tang, T., He, M., Zhang, T., Zhou, B.,. & Gao, Z. (2025). Phage‐Based Biocontrol Strategies and Application in Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control. Reviews in Aquaculture, 17(3), e70024.
  105. Yu, H., Zhang, L., Feng, C., Chi, T., Qi, Y., Raza, S. H. A.,. & Zhang, L. (2022). A phage cocktail in controlling phage resistance development in multidrug resistant Aeromonas hydrophila with great therapeutic potential. Microbial Pathogenesis, 162, 105374.