Dergiler / Çukurova Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi / 2026 / Cilt: 35

SAĞLIK, GELİR EŞİTSİZLİĞİ VE YOKSULLUK: GELİŞMİŞ VE GELİŞMEKTE OLAN ÜLKELER ÜZERİNE BİR İNCELEME

HEALTH, INCOME INEQUALITY, AND POVERTY: AN EXAMINATION OF DEVELOPED AND DEVELOPING COUNTRIES

Koray Uygur(NEVŞEHİR HACI BEKTAŞ VELİ ÜNİVERSİTESİ)0000-0003-0795-9348
Ebru Topcu(ALANYA ALAADDİN KEYKUBAT ÜNİVERSİTESİ)0000-0003-3572-7552
Sayfa
—
Yayın Tarihi
2026-06-17
🏛️Bu makalenin bibliyografik verileri ve tam metin bağlantısı DergiPark üzerinden sağlanmıştır.
DergiPark Kaydı ↗
✨

Yapay Zeka Hızlı Bakış & Çıkarımlar

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(1 Cümlede Hızlı Çıkarım)

Birinci modele ilişkin ampirik bulgular, gelir eşitsizliğinin hem gelişmiş hem de gelişmekte olan ülkelerde sağlık çıktısı üzerinde istatistiksel olarak anlamlı ve negatif bir etkiye sahip olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır.

📌 3 Maddede Bu Makale

🎯
Amaç & Hipotez:Gelir eşitsizliği ve yoksulluk, sağlığın temel sosyo-ekonomik belirleyicileri arasında yer almakta; sağlık çıktıları ve nüfusun farklı kesimleri arasındaki eşitsizlikler üzerinde önemli bir etki yaratmaktadır.
📊
Temel Bulgular & Veri:Bu çerçevede çalışmanın temel amacı, gelişmiş ve gelişmekte olan ülkelerde yoksulluk ve gelir eşitsizliğinin sağlık çıktısı üzerindeki etkisinin incelenmesidir. 2004-2019 dönemini kapsayan veriler kullanılarak her iki ülke grubu için Driscoll-Kraay tahmincisi ile iki ayrı model tahmin edilmiştir.
💡
Sonuç & Katkı:Birinci modele ilişkin ampirik bulgular, gelir eşitsizliğinin hem gelişmiş hem de gelişmekte olan ülkelerde sağlık çıktısı üzerinde istatistiksel olarak anlamlı ve negatif bir etkiye sahip olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır.
🔬Tür:Modelleme & Sayısal Simülasyon
📍Kapsam:2004-2019 Verileri
⚙️Değişkenler:Yoksulluk · Gelir Eşitsizliği · Sağlık

Özet

Gelir eşitsizliği ve yoksulluk, sağlığın temel sosyo-ekonomik belirleyicileri arasında yer almakta; sağlık çıktıları ve nüfusun farklı kesimleri arasındaki eşitsizlikler üzerinde önemli bir etki yaratmaktadır. Gelir eşitsizliğinin artmasıyla birlikte görece düşük gelirli grupların sağlık durumu sıklıkla bozulmaktadır. Benzer biçimde, yetersiz gelirin doğrudan bir sonucu olan yoksulluk olgusu da bireylerin temel ihtiyaçlarını karşılayamamasına ve dolayısıyla genel sağlık düzeyinin gerilemesine yol açmaktadır. Bu çerçevede çalışmanın temel amacı, gelişmiş ve gelişmekte olan ülkelerde yoksulluk ve gelir eşitsizliğinin sağlık çıktısı üzerindeki etkisinin incelenmesidir. 2004-2019 dönemini kapsayan veriler kullanılarak her iki ülke grubu için Driscoll-Kraay tahmincisi ile iki ayrı model tahmin edilmiştir. İlk model gelir eşitsizliğinin sağlık üzerindeki etkisini incelerken, ikinci model yoksulluğun sağlık çıktısı üzerindeki etkisini değerlendirmektedir. Birinci modele ilişkin ampirik bulgular, gelir eşitsizliğinin hem gelişmiş hem de gelişmekte olan ülkelerde sağlık çıktısı üzerinde istatistiksel olarak anlamlı ve negatif bir etkiye sahip olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır. Benzer şekilde ikinci modele ilişkin bulgular da her iki ülke grubunda yoksulluğun sağlık üzerinde istatistiksel olarak anlamlı ve olumsuz bir etkisinin bulunduğunu göstermektedir.

Abstract

Income inequality and poverty are fundamental socioeconomic determinants of health, exerting an important impact on health outcomes and driving disparities across different segments of the population. As income inequality intensifies, the health status of relatively lower-income groups is often compromised. Similarly, poverty, which is a direct consequence of insufficient income, leads to the inability to meet basic needs, subsequently resulting in a deterioration of overall health. Within this framework, the primary objective of this study is to examine the effects of poverty and income inequality on the health outcome in both developed and developing countries. Utilizing a dataset spanning the period 2004–2019, two distinct models were estimated for both country groups using the Driscoll–Kraay estimator. The first model investigates the impact of income inequality on health, while the second assesses the influence of poverty on the health outcome. The empirical findings from the first model indicate that income inequality has a statistically significant negative effect on the health outcome in both developed and developing countries. Correspondingly, results from the second model reveal that poverty similarly has a statistically significant detrimental impact on health across both groups of countries.

🔖

Bu Makaleye Atıf Yap

Uygur, K., Topcu, E. (2026). SAĞLIK, GELİR EŞİTSİZLİĞİ VE YOKSULLUK: GELİŞMİŞ VE GELİŞMEKTE OLAN ÜLKELER ÜZERİNE BİR İNCELEME. Çukurova Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, Cilt: 35. https://doi.org/10.35379/cusosbil.1672163

📄 Tam Metin PDF Okuyucu

📄

PDF görüntüleyici hazırlanıyor...

Kaynakça (78)

  1. Ahmad, N., Raid, M., Alzyadat, J., & Alhawal, H. (2023). Impact of Urbanization and Income Inequality on Life Expectancy of Male and Female in South Asian Countries: A Moderating Role of Health Expenditures, Humanit. Soc. Sci. Commun., 10, 552, https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-023-02005-1
  2. American Public Health Association (APHA) (2017). Reducing Income Inequality to Advance Health. Policy Statement Database. APHA Policy Statements Policy Number 20179, https://www.apha.org/policies-and-advocacy/public-health-policy-statements/policy-database/2018/01/18/reducing-income-inequality-to-advance-health
  3. Asafu-Adjaye, J. (2004). Income inequality and health: A multi-country analysis. International Journal of Social Economics, 31, 195–207. https://doi.org/10.1108/03068290410515501
  4. Baltagi, B., & Wu, P. X. (1999). Unequally Spaced Panel Data Regressions with AR(1) Disturbances, Econometric Theory, 15(16), 814-823. https://www.jstor.org/stable/3533276
  5. Bhargava, A., Franzini, L., & Narendranathan, W. (1982). Serial Correlation and the Fixed Effects Model, The Review of Economic Studies, 49(4), 533-549. https://doi.org/10.2307/2297285
  6. Blázquez-Fernández, C., Cantarero-Prieto, D., & Pascual-Saez, M. (2018). Does Rising Income Inequality Reduce Life Expectancy? New Evidence for 26 European Countries (1995–2014), Global Economic Review, 47(4), 464-479, https://doi.org/10.1080/1226508X.2018.1526098
  7. BMA (2017) Health at a Price: Reducing the Impact of Poverty. A Briefing from the Board of Science, 1-17.
  8. Bozma, G., Eren, M., & Başar, S. (2018). Gelir dağılımı eşitsizliği ve yaşam beklentisi ilişkisi: Wilkinson hipotezi. Atatürk Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi 32(3): 793-805. https://izlik.org/JA65MU53BT
  9. Breitung, J., & Pesaran, M. H. (2008). Unit roots and cointegration in panels. In L. Mátyás & P. Sevestre (Eds.), The econometrics of panel data (Vol. 46, pp. 279–322). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-75892-1_9
  10. Breusch, T. S., & Pagan, A. R. (1979). A Simple Test for Heteroscedasticity and Random Coefficient Variation, Econometrica: Journal of the Econometric Society, 1287–1294. https://doi.org/10.2307/1911963
  11. Breusch, T. S., & Pagan, A. R. (1980). The Lagrange Multiplier Test and Its Applications to Model Specification in Econometrics, The Review of Economic Studies, 47(1), 239-253. https://doi.org/10.2307/2297111
  12. Chang, S., & Gao, B. (2021). A Fresh Evidence of Income Inequality and Health Outcomes Asymmetric Linkages in Emerging Asian Economies, Frontiers in Public Health, 9, https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2021.791960
  13. Cui, X., & Chang, C. T. (2021). How income influences health: decomposition based on absolute income and relative income effects. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18, 10738. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182010738
  14. De Vogli, R., Mistry, R., Gnesotto, R., & Cornia, G.A. (2005). Has the Relation Between Income Inequality and Life Expectancy Disappeared? Evidence from Italy and Top Industrialised Countries, Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 59, 158-162. https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.2004.020651
  15. Deaton, A. (2001). Health, inequality, and economic development (NBER Working Paper No. 8318). National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w8318
  16. Deaton, A. (2003). Health, inequality, and economic development. Journal of economic literature, 41(1), 113-158. https://doi.org/10.1257/002205103321544710
  17. Driscoll, J. C., & Kraay, A. C. (1998). Consistent Covariance Matrix Estimation with Spatially Dependent Panel Data, Review of Economics and Statistics, 80(4), 549-560. https://doi.org/10.1162/003465398557825
  18. Erdoğan, S., Yıldırım, D. Ç., & Gedikli, A. (2019). The relationship between CO₂ emissions and health indicators: The case of Turkey. Econometrics Letters, 6(1), 28–39.
  19. European Environment Agency (EEA) (n.d.) Ηow air pollution affects our health. https://www.eea.europa.eu/en/topics/in-depth/air-pollution/how-it-affects-our-health
  20. Gavurová, B., Ivanková, V., & Rigelský, M. (2020). Does alcohol consumption affect life expectancy in OECD countries? Adiktologie, 20(3–4), 115–123. https://doi.org/10.35198/01-2020-002-0001
  21. Georgiou, M. N. (2013). Optimum alcohol use and life expectancy: A panel data analysis (SSRN Paper No. 2215442). https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2215442
  22. Gerdtham, U. G., & Ruhm, C. J. (2006). Deaths rise in good economic times: evidence from the OECD. Economics & Human Biology, 4(3), 298-316. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ehb.2006.04.001
  23. Greene, W. H. (2000). Econometric Analysis (4th edition. International edition). New Jersey: Prentice Hall. ASIN: ‎B002NCQ3HM.
  24. Grossman, M. (1972). On the Concept of Health Capital and the Demand for Health, Journal of Political Economy, 80(2), 223-255. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1830580
  25. Gweshengwe, B., Hassan, N. H., & Duan, X. (2020). Defining the Characteristics of Poverty and Their Implications for Poverty Analysis. Cogent Social Sciences, 6(1): 1768669. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2020.1768669
  26. Haaland, V. F., & Telle, K. (2015). Pro-cyclical mortality across socioeconomic groups and health status. Journal of Health Economics, 39, 248–258. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhealeco.2014.08.005
  27. Halisçelik, E., Acaravcı, A., & Güzel, A. E. (2019). Türkiye’de Gelir Dağılımı, Sağlık Harcamaları ve Yaşam Beklentisi İlişkisi: ARDL Sınır Testi Analizi [Income Distribution, Health Expenditure and Life Expectancy Nexus in Turkey: ARDL Bounds Testing Analysis], Uluslararası Ekonomi ve Yenilik Dergisi, 5(2), 263-275, https://doi.org/10.20979/ueyd.590821
  28. Hausman, J. A. (1978). Specification Tests in Econometrics, Econometrica, 46(6), 1251–1272, https://doi.org/10.2307/1913827
  29. Healthy People 2030 (n.d.). Social Determinants of Health. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. https://health.gov/healthypeople/priority-areas/social-determinantshealth#:~:text=Social%20determinants%20of%20health%20(SDOH,of%2Dlife%20outcomes%20and%20risks (accessed 15 May 2023).
  30. Herzer, D., & Nunnenkamp, P. (2015). Income Inequality and Health: Evidence from Developed and Developing Countries, Economics, 9(4), 1–57. https://doi.org/10.5018/economics-ejournal.ja.2015-4
  31. Hill, T. D., & Jorgenson, A. (2018). Bring Out Your Dead!: A Study of Income Inequality and Life Expectancy in the United States, 2000–2010’, Health & Place, 49:1-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2017.11.001
  32. Hill, T. D., Jorgenson, A. K., Ore, P., Balistreri, K. S., & Clark, B. (2019). Air quality and life expectancy in the United States: An analysis of the moderating effect of income inequality. SSM – Population Health, 7, 100346. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssmph.2018.100346
  33. Hu, Y., van Lenthe, F. J., & Mackenbach, J. P. (2015). Income Inequality, Life Expectancy and Cause-Specific Mortality in 43 European Countries, 1987-2008: A Fixed Effects Study, Eur J Epidemiol, 30(8), 615-625. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10654-015-0066-x
  34. International Monetary Fund (IMF) (2023). Country Composition of WEO Groups. https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/April/groups-and-aggregates (accessed 18 May 2023).
  35. Jerumeh, T. R., Ogunnubi, C. S., & Yusuf, S. A. (2015). Industrial pollution and its attendant effects on public health in Nigeria. Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development, 6(24), 164–175.
  36. Karlsson, M., Nilsson, T., Lyttkens, C. H., & Leeson, G. (2010). Income inequality and health: Importance of a cross-country perspective. Social Science & Medicine, 70(6), 875–885. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.10.056
  37. Kawachi, I., & Kennedy, B. P. (1997). Socioeconomic determinants of health: Health and social cohesion: Why care about income inequality? BMJ: British Medical Journal, 314(7086), 1037–1040. http://www.jstor.org/stable/25174195
  38. Kawachi, I., Kennedy, B. P., Lochner, K., & Prothrow-Stith, D. (1997). Social capital, income inequality, and mortality. American Journal of Public Health, 87(9), 1491–1498. https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.87.9.1491
  39. Lange, S., & Vollmer, S. (2017). The Effect of Economic Development on Population Health: A Review of the Empirical Evidence, British Medical Bulletin, 12(1), 47–60. https://doi.org/10.1093/bmb/ldw052
  40. Levin, A., Lin, C., & Chu, C. J. (2002). Unit Root Tests in Panel Data: Asymptotic and Finite Sample Properties, Journal of Econometrics, 108(1), 1-24. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4076(01)00098-7
  41. Li, H., & Zhu, Y. (2006). Income, income inequality, and health: Evidence from China. Journal of Comparative Economics, 34(4): 668-693. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jce.2006.08.005
  42. Lorgelly P. K, Lindley J. (2008). What is the relationship between income inequality and health? Evidence from the BHPS. Health Economics 17(2), 249-265. https://doi.org/10.1002/hec.1254
  43. Lynch, J. W., Smith, G. D., Kaplan, G. A., & House, J. S. (2000). Income Inequality and Mortality: Importance to Health of Individual Income, Psychosocial Environment, or Material Conditions, BMJ, 320(7243), 1200-1204. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.320.7243.1200
  44. Lynch, J., Smith, G. D., Harper, S., Hillemeier, M., Ross, N., Kaplan, G. A., & Wolfson, M. (2004). Is income inequality a determinant of population health? Part 1. A systematic review. The Milbank Quarterly, 82(1), 5–99. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0887-378x.2004.00302.x
  45. Marmot, M. (2002). The influence of income on health: Views of an epidemiologist. Health Affairs, 21(2), 31–46. https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.21.2.31
  46. Marmot, M., & Wilkinson, R. G. (2001). Psychosocial and material pathways in the relation between income and health: a response to Lynch et al. BMJ, 322(7296), 1233–1236. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.322.7296.1233
  47. Martin, L., & Baten, J. (2022). Inequality and Life Expectancy in Africa and Asia, 1820‐2000, Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 201, 40-59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2022.07.017
  48. Mellor, J. M., & Milyo, J. (2002). Income Inequality and Health Status in the United States: Evidence from the Current Population Survey, Journal of Human Resources, 37(3), 510-539. https://doi.org/10.2307/3069680
  49. Mentzakis, E., Suhrcke, M., Roberts, B., Murphy, A., & McKee, M. (2013). Estimating the causal effect of alcohol consumption on well-being for a cross-section of 9 former Soviet Union countries. Social Science & Medicine, 89, 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2013.04.019
  50. Messias, E. (2003). Income Inequality, Illiteracy rate, and Life Expectancy in Brazil, American Journal of Public Health, 93(8), 1294-1296. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.93.8.1294
  51. Miladinov, G. (2020). Socioeconomic Development and Life Expectancy Relationship: Evidence from the EU Accession Candidate Countries, Genus, 76 (2). https://doi.org/10.1186/s41118-019-0071-0
  52. Neumayer, E. (2004). Recessions lower (some) mortality rates: Evidence from Germany. Social Science & Medicine, 58(6), 1037–1047. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0277-9536(03)00276-4
  53. Niessen, L. W., Diwakar, M., Akuoku, J., Mirelman, A. J., Ahmed, S., Koehlmoos, T., Trujillo, A., & Khan, J. (2018). Tackling Socioeconomic Inequalities and Non-Communicable Diseases in Low-Income and Middle-Income Countries Under the Sustainable Development Agenda, The Lancet, 391(10134), 2036-2046, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)30482-3
  54. Norström, F., Waenerlund, A. K., Lindholm, L., Nygren, R., Sahlén, K. G., & Brydsten, A. (2019). Does unemployment contribute to poorer health-related quality of life among Swedish adults? BMC Public Health, 19, 457. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-019-6825-y
  55. Pesaran, M. H. (2004). General Diagnostic Tests for Cross Section Dependence in Panels. Cambridge Working Papers in Economics No. 0435.
  56. Picchio, M., & Ubaldi, M. (2022). Unemployment and Health: A Meta-Analysis. IZA Institute of Labor Economics Discussion Paper Series IZA DP No. 15433.
  57. Ram, R. (2005). Income inequality, poverty, and population health: Evidence from recent data for the United States. Social Science & Medicine, 61(12), 2568–2576. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2005.04.038
  58. Rasella, D., Aquino, R., & Barreto, M. L. (2013). Impact of Income Inequality on Life Expectancy in a Highly Unequal Developing Country: The Case of Brazil, J Epidemiol Community Health, 67,661-666. https://doi.org/10.1136/jech-2012-201426
  59. Ross, C. E., & Wu, C-L. (1995). The Links Between Education and Health, American Sociological Review, 60(5), 719-745. https://doi.org/10.2307/2096319 Ruhm, C. J. (2000). Are recessions good for your health?. The Quarterly journal of economics, 115(2), 617-650. https://doi.org/10.1162/003355300554872
  60. Ruhm, C. J. (2005). Healthy living in hard times. Journal of health economics, 24(2), 341-363. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhealeco.2004.09.007
  61. Sart, G., Bayar, Y., & Danilina, M. (2024). Impact of education and income inequalities on life expectancy: Insights from the new EU members. Frontiers in Public Health, 12, Article 1397585. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2024.1397585
  62. Shmueli, A. (2004). Population Health and Income Inequality: New Evidence from Israeli Time-Series Analysis, International Journal of Epidemiology, 33(2), 311-317. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyh035
  63. Singh, G. K., & Lee, H. (2021). Marked Disparities in Life Expectancy by Education, Poverty Level, Occupation, and Housing Tenure in the United States, 1997-2014, International Journal of Maternal and Child Health and AIDS, 10(1), 7-18. https://doi.org/10.21106/ijma.402 Solt, F. (2019). The Standardized World Income Inequality Database (SWIID), Versions 8-9. https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/LM4OWF, Harvard Dataverse, V11.
  64. Tafran, K., Tumin, M., & Osman, A. F. (2020). Poverty, Income, and Unemployment as Determinants of Life Expectancy: Empirical Evidence from Panel Data of Thirteen Malaysian States, Iranian Journal of Public Health, 49(2), 294-303.
  65. Tapia Granados, J. A., & Diez Roux, A. V. (2009). Life and death during the Great Depression. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 106(41), 17290–17295. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0904491106
  66. Tapia Granados, J. A., & Ionides, E. L. (2017). Population health and the economy: Mortality and the Great Recession in Europe. Health Economics, 26(12), e219–e235. https://doi.org/10.1002/hec.3495
  67. The American Academy of Family Physicians (AAFP) (2022). Poverty and Health - The Family Medicine Perspective. AAFP Foundation Position Paper), https://www.aafp.org/about/policies/all/poverty-health.html
  68. Truesdale, B. C., & Jencks, C. (2016). The Health Effects of Income Inequality: Averages and Disparities, Annual Review of Public Health, 37, 413-430. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-032315-021606
  69. Watkins, S. J. (‎1992)‎. Unemployment and Health, World Health, World Health Organization. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/325494
  70. Wildman, J., Gravelle, H., & Sutton, M. (2003). Health and Income Inequality: Attempting to Avoid the Aggregation Problem, Applied Economics, 35(9), 999-1004. https://doi.org/10.1080/0003684032000056805
  71. Wilkinson, R. G. (1996). Unhealthy societies: the afflictions of inequality. Routledge, London.
  72. World Bank (WB) (2014). Poverty and Health. www.worldbank.org/en/topic/health/brief/poverty-health (Retrieved 2023-06-06).
  73. World Bank (WB) (n.d.). Metadata Glossary. https://databank.worldbank.org/metadataglossary/world-development-indicators/series/SP.DYN.LE00.IN
  74. World Bank Development Indicators (WDI). https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators (Retrieved 2023-01-15).
  75. World Health Organization (WHO) (1999) Poverty and health: report by the Director-General. Executive Board EB105/5.
  76. World Health Organization (WHO) (2018). Health Inequities and Their Causes. https://www.who.int/news-room/facts-in-pictures/detail/health-inequities-and-their-causes (Retrieved 2023-06-04)
  77. World Health Organization (WHO) (2019). Health and Reduced Inequalities: Policy Brief. World Health Organization. Regional Office for Europe. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/341011
  78. Yang, L. (2017). The Relationship Between Poverty and Inequality: Concepts and Measurement. CASEpaper 205/LIPpaper 2, ISSN 1460-5023. https://sticerd.lse.ac.uk/dps/case/cp/casepaper205.pdf