The Socioeconomic Structure of the Upper Kızılırmak Basin in Light of the Middle Age Settlement System

Abstract

The Upper Kızılırmak Basin is a strategic settlement area that developed under both Byzantine and Turkish rule during the Middle Ages. Archaeological data from the region show pattern of population distribution, revealing that settlements were based on agriculture and animal husbandry. This form of production was decisive in shaping architectural structures and communication networks, as well as how the environment was used. The natural resources and climate provided by the Kızılırmak River formed the basis of settlements and economic activities. During the Seljuk and Ilkhanate periods, the basin played a central role in caravan trade due to its importance for trade routes, and its multicultural social structure paved the way for different ethnic and professional groups to interact. Political developments, wars, and changes in sovereignty deeply affected the economic and demographic dynamics of the region. Archaeological findings and historical sources show the Upper Kızılırmak Basin had a multi-layered socioeconomic structure.