Dergiler / Ankara Avrupa Çalışmaları Dergisi / 2024 / Cilt: 23 Sayı: 2

Jeopolitik İp Cambazlığı: Değişen Dünya Düzeninde Çin-AB İlişkilerinin Karmaşık Dinamikleri

Navigating the Geopolitical Tightrope: The Complex Dynamics of Sino-EU Relations in a Shifting World Order

Rahman Nurdun(Hacettepe Üniversitesi)0009-0009-1677-5226
Sayfa
293–328
Yayın Tarihi
2024-12-15
🏛️Bu makalenin bibliyografik verileri ve tam metin bağlantısı DergiPark üzerinden sağlanmıştır.
DergiPark Kaydı ↗
✨

Yapay Zeka Hızlı Bakış & Çıkarımlar

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(1 Cümlede Hızlı Çıkarım)

Bu gelişmeler ışığında, bu makale, doğal olarak istikrarsız bir ortaklık olan Çin-AB ilişkilerinin evrilen dinamiklerini analiz etmeyi amaçlamaktadır.

📌 3 Maddede Bu Makale

🎯
Amaç & Hipotez:Son yıllarda, Avrupa Birliği'nin (AB) Çin'e karşı tutumu ve politikalarında belirgin bir değişim yaşandı.
📊
Temel Bulgular & Veri:Bu değişim, İnsan hakları kavramın farklı yorumlanması, Ukrayna ile Rusya arasındaki çatışma ve ABD ile Çin arasındaki gerginlik gibi krizlerin etkisiyle tetiklendi.
💡
Sonuç & Katkı:Bu gelişmeler ışığında, bu makale, doğal olarak istikrarsız bir ortaklık olan Çin-AB ilişkilerinin evrilen dinamiklerini analiz etmeyi amaçlamaktadır.
🔬Tür:Araştırma Makalesi
📍Kapsam:Genişletilmiş Akademik Örneklem
⚙️Değişkenler:China · the BRI · Russia

Özet

Son yıllarda, Avrupa Birliği'nin (AB) Çin'e karşı tutumu ve politikalarında belirgin bir değişim yaşandı. Bu değişim, İnsan hakları kavramın farklı yorumlanması, Ukrayna ile Rusya arasındaki çatışma ve ABD ile Çin arasındaki gerginlik gibi krizlerin etkisiyle tetiklendi. Aynı zamanda, birçok Avrupa Birliği (AB) ülkesi, Çin'in Kuşak ve Yol Girişimi'ne (BRI) ulusal çıkarlarına potansiyel bir tehdit olarak görmekte ve buna karşı kuşkucu bir tutum sergilemektedir. ABD ve Çin arasında bir çatışma durumunda AB'nin kendini ABD ile uyumlu hale getirmeye eğilimli olduğu belirtilmektedir. Ekonomik gücüne rağmen, AB, kolektif bir yapı olarak, Çin ile ilişkileri ele alırken stratejik olarak sınırlı olarak görülmektedir ve genellikle teknoloji ve ticari kısıtlamalara başvurmaktadır. AB, ekonomik gücünü kullanırken stratejik kısıtlarını tanıyan ve Çin ile olan karmaşık ilişkiyi ele alırken dikkatli bir çizgi izleyen bir konumda bulunmaktadır. Bu gelişmeler ışığında, bu makale, doğal olarak istikrarsız bir ortaklık olan Çin-AB ilişkilerinin evrilen dinamiklerini analiz etmeyi amaçlamaktadır.

Abstract

In recent years, a discernible shift has occurred in the European Union's (EU) stance and policies towards China, prompted by a confluence of crises including different interpretation of human rights concept, the conflict between Ukraine and Russia as well as Sino-US tensions. Meanwhile, many European Union (EU) countries express skepticism about China's Belt and Road Initiative (the BRI), perceiving it as a potential threat to their national interests. In the event of a confrontation between the US and China, the EU is gradually inclined to align itself with the US. Despite its economic prowess, the EU, as a collective entity, is viewed as strategically limited when dealing with China, resorting mainly to technology and commercial restrictions. The EU finds itself walking a delicate line, leveraging its economic strength yet recognizing its strategic constraints in addressing the multifaceted relationship with China. In light of these developments, this article seeks to analyze the evolving dynamics of Sino-EU relations, leading to an inherently unstable partnership.

Anahtar kelimeler
🔖

Bu Makaleye Atıf Yap

Nurdun, R. (2024). Jeopolitik İp Cambazlığı: Değişen Dünya Düzeninde Çin-AB İlişkilerinin Karmaşık Dinamikleri. Ankara Avrupa Çalışmaları Dergisi, Cilt: 23 Sayı: 2, 293–328. https://doi.org/10.32450/aacd.1443838

📄 Tam Metin PDF Okuyucu

📄

PDF görüntüleyici hazırlanıyor...

Kaynakça (115)

  1. “A new EU-China strategy European Parliament resolution of 16 September 2021 on a new EU-China strategy” (2021/2037(INI)), date of access: February 22, 2024, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:52021IP0382
  2. Aggestam, Lisbeth and Adrian Hyde-Price,“ Double Trouble: Trump, Transatlantic Relations and European Strategic Autonomy,” Journal of Common Market Studies 57. 1(2019): 114 -127.
  3. Algieri, Franco, “EU Economic Relations with China: An Institutionalist Perspective,” The China Quarterly, 2002, p. 70, date of access: February 15, 2024, https://library.fes.de/libalt/journals/swetsfulltext/13230833.pdf
  4. Andrijauskas, Konstantinas, The Sino-Lithuanian Crisis Going beyond the Taiwanese Representative Office Issue, IFRI, date of access: February 20, 2024, https://www.ifri.org/sites/default/files/atoms/files/andrijauskas_sino_lithuanian_crisis_2022.pdf
  5. Beake, Nick (2022)Why Europe will have to face the true cost of being in debt to China, date of access: February 24, 2024, https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-61276168.
  6. Benson, Emily and Gloria Sicilia, “A Closer Look at De-risking,” date of access: January 2, 2024, https://www.csis.org/analysis/closer-look-de-risking
  7. Berkofsky, Axel, “EU-China Relations – Really Towards a Strategic Partnership?” Sicherheit und Frieden (S+F) / Security and Peace, 2006, Vol. 24, No. 4, Themenschwerpunkt: Asien (2006), pp. 188-189, Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH, Stable URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/24231626
  8. Besch, Sophia and Ian Bond, “Europe, The Us And China: A Love-Hate Triangle?” date of access: January 2, 2024, https://www.cer.eu/publications/archive/policy-brief/2020/europe-us-and-china-love-hate-triangle
  9. Brattberg, Erik, Europe’s Emerging Approach to China’s Belt and Road Initiative, date of access: February 22, 2024, https://carnegieendowment.org/2018/10/19/europe-s-emerging-approach-to-china-s-belt-and-road-initiative-pub-77536
  10. Brattberg, Erik, Philippe le Corre and Paul Stronksi, Thomas de Waal China’s Influence in Southeastern, Central, and Eastern Europe: Vulnerabilities and Resilience in Four Countries, date of access: February 22, 2024, https://carnegieendowment.org/2021/10/13/china-s-influence-in-southeastern-central-and-eastern-europe-vulnerabilities-and-resilience-in-four-countries-pub-85415
  11. Bräuner, Oliver, Beyond the Arms Embargo: EU Transfers of Defense and Dual-Use Technologies to China, Journal of East Asian Studies, September–December 2013, Vol. 13, No. 3. Stable URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/26335259
  12. “Building a Comprehensive Partnership with China, Communication From The Commission,” date of access: February 15, 2024, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=COM:1998:0181:FIN:EN:PDF
  13. Cai, Fangbo, “Zhōng-Ōu guānxì 70 nián fāzhǎn lìchéng huígù yǔ zhǎnwàng”(Review and Outlook of the 70-Year Development Course of China-Europe Relations), date of access: January 2, 2024, http://comment.cfisnet.com/2019/0619/1316479.html.
  14. Casarini, Nicola, The EU-China partnership: 10 years, European Union Institute for Security Studies (EUISS) (2013) Stable URL: http://www.jstor.com/stable/resrep06823
  15. Casarini, Nicola, “Remaking Global Order: The Evolution of Europe-China Relations and its Implications for East Asia and the United States,” Oxford University Press, 2009.
  16. Chen, Zhimin, “Europe as a Global Player: A View from China,” Perspectives, 2012, Vol. 20, No. 2 (2012), pp. 7-29, Institute of International Relations, Stable URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/23616128
  17. Chen, X and Gao X. Analysing the EU's collective securitisation moves towards China. Asia Eur J. 2022;20(2):195-216. doi: 10.1007/s10308-021-00640-4. Epub 2021 Oct 7. PMID: 34642582; PMCID: PMC8496888.
  18. “China-EU business relations in 2023: Resumption and recovery,” date of access: January 2, 2024, https://www.epc.eu/content/PDF/2023/EU-China_TT_Compendium_2023_Final.pdf
  19. China's Economic Coercion Evolution, Characteristics and Countermeasures,”https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/BRIE/2022/738219/EPRS_BRI(2022)738219_EN.pdf
  20. “Commission reviews relations with China, proposes 10 actions,” date of access: February 17, 2024,https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/IP_19_1605
  21. “Communication from the Commission - a Long term Policy for China-Europe Relations”, date of access: February 15, 2024, https://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/0bcbc1c7-2c78-4bba-a027-f67035eeac4f
  22. Cook, Richard J, Maxmilian Ohle and Zhaoying Han, The Illusion of the China-US-Europe Strategic Triangle: Reactions from Germany and the UK. J Chin Polit Sci. 2022;27(3):493-518. doi: 10.1007/s11366-021-09771-2. Epub 2021 Oct 20. PMID: 34697527; PMCID: PMC8527975.
  23. Cui, Hongjian, “Zhōng-Ōu néngfǒu gòng kè shí jiān zēngjìn hézuò? — É wū chōngtū duì Zhōng-Ōu guānxì de yǐngxiǎng jí yìngduì” (Can China and Europe Overcome Difficulties Together and Deepen Cooperation?—The Impact of the Russia-Ukraine Conflict on China-Europe Relations and Responses), date of access: January 18, 2024, https://ciss.tsinghua.edu.cn/info/zlyaq/5006.
  24. Cui, Hongjian, Jin Ling and Wang Yi, “Ōuméng guójì dìwèi jíqí yǐngxiǎnglì biànhuà”(The International Status of the European Union and Changes in its Influence), No.4, June 2014, CIIS Yánjiū bàogào, Zhōngguó Guójì Wèntí Yánjiū Suǒ.
  25. “Defending National Interests, Preventing Conflict”, Speech delivered by High Representative Catherine Ashton at the Shangri-La Dialogue Singapore, 1 June 2013. date of access: February 15, 2024, www.consilium.europa.eu/uedocs/cms_Data/docs/pressdata/EN/foraff/137368.pdf.
  26. Del Ponte, A., Canofari, P. & De Dominicis, A. Financial and trade relationships between the Eurozone and China in the age of resilience. Asia Eur J 19, 489–506 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10308-021-00619-1
  27. Ding, Chun, “Dāngqián xíngshì xià Ōuzhōu jīngjì xiànzhuàng hé Zhōng-Ōu jīngmào hézuò”(The Current Situation of the European Economy and China-Europe Economic and Trade Cooperation), date of access: January 2, https://index1520.com/cn/news/tekushchee-sostoyanie-evropeyskoy-ekonomiki-i-torgovo-ekonomicheskogo-sotrudnichestva-mezhdu-kitaem-/
  28. Duchâtel, Mathieu, “Intangible technology transfers in EU-China relations” in Guns, Engines And Turbines: The Eu’s Hard Power In Asia, Edited by Eva Pejsova, European Union Institute for Security Studies (EUISS) (2018) pp.33-41, Stable URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep21141.7
  29. “EU-China Relations Factsheet,” date of access: January 2, 2024, https://www.eeas.europa.eu/eeas/eu-china-relations-factsheet_en.
  30. Esteban, Mario et.al. “Europe in the Face of US-China Rivalry,” date of access: January 2, https://www.egmontinstitute.be/app/uploads/2020/01/200122-Final-ETNC-report-Europe-in-the-Face-of-US-China-Rivalry.pdf?type=pdf
  31. “EU-China relations: A candid exchange on our differences”, date of access: February 22, 2024, https://www.eeas.europa.eu/eeas/eu-china-relations-candid-exchange-our-differences_en
  32. “EU launches ‘Global Gateway’ to counter China’s Belt and Road”, February 22, 2024, https://www.politico.eu/article/eu-launches-global-gateway-to-counter-chinas-belt-and-road/
  33. “EU proposes sanctions on Chinese firms for helping Russia”, date of access: February 22, 2024https://www.politico.eu/article/eu-proposes-sanctions-on-chinese-firms-for-helping-russia/
  34. European Comission, “Investment screening,” https://policy.trade.ec.europa.eu/enforcement-and-protection/investment-screening_en
  35. European Comission “an EU approach to enhance economic security”,https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/IP_23_3358
  36. European Comission, “Strategic Foresight Report 2023,” https://commission.europa.eu/system/files/2023-07/SFR-23-beautified-version_en_0.pdf
  37. EU-China Relations Factsheet, https://www.eeas.europa.eu/eeas/eu-china-relations-factsheet_en
  38. “EU-China Trade Relations,” European Parliament, 2011, p.7, date of access: January 20, 2024, https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/etudes/join/2011/ 433861/EXPO-INTA_ET(2011)433861_EN.pdf
  39. “European Foreign Policy and Its Challenges in the Current Context,” date of access: February 18, 2024, https://www.bbvaopenmind.com/en/articles/european-foreign-policy-and-its-challenges-in-the-current-context/
  40. “EU Foreign Policy Chief: Trust Between China, Europe Eroded”,https://www.voanews.com/a/eu-foreign-policy-chief-trust-between-china-europe-eroded-/7309699.html
  41. “EU imposes further sanctions over serious violations of human rights around the world,” date of access: February 17, 2024, https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2021/03/22/eu-imposes-further-sanctions-over-serious-violations-of-human-rights-around-the-world/
  42. “Evaluation of the European Commission’s Co-operation and Partnership with the People’s Republic of China Country Level Evaluation,” pp.10-13, date of access: February 15, 2024, https://www.oecd.org/derec/ec/37274405.pdf
  43. “Facts and figures speak volumes about China,” date of access: February 18, 2024, http://www.focac.org/eng/zfzs_1/201909/t20190906_7510992.htm
  44. Fang, Lexian and Guan Kongwen, Ōuméng duì Huá xīn zhànlüè yāosù: zhèngcè nèihán jí tàishì (Elements for a New EU Strategy on China: Policy Connotation and Posture), Hépíng yǔ Fāzhǎn, No. 4, 2017.
  45. Fang, Xiao, “The Belt and Road initiative,” International Issues & Slovak Foreign Policy Affairs, Vol. 24, No. 3, China’s Discovery of Central Europe (2015), pp. 3-14, Research Center of the Slovak Foreign Policy Association Stable URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/26591865
  46. Fardella, Enrico, Christian F. Ostermann, and Charles Kraus (Edited), Sino-European Relations During The Cold War And The Rise Of A Multipolar World, pp.174-184, February 14, 2024, https://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/media/ documents/publication/Sino_European_Relations_during_Cold_War_Rise_of_Multipolar_World_%282015%29.pdf
  47. Farnell, John Paul and Irwin Crookes (2016) The Politics of EU–China Economic Relations: An Uneasy Partnership, Palgrave Macmillan
  48. Feng, Zhong Ping, “Gèng zhòngyào, gèng fùzá, Zhōng-Ōu guānxì wèilái lù zài héfāng” (More Important, More Complex: Where Does the Future Path of China-Europe Relations Lead?), November 2022, date of access: January 2, 2024
  49. Feng, Zhongping, “Zhōng-Ōu hézuò jùyǒu zhòngdà zhànlüè yìyì”(China-Europe Cooperation Holds Significant Strategic Importance), date of access: January 2, 2024, https://www.cpifa.org/cms/book/247 Franco Algieri, “EU Economic Relations with China: An Institutionalist Perspective “, The China Quarterly, Mar., 2002, No. 169, Special Issue: China and Europe since 1978: A European Perspective (Mar., 2002), pp. 64-77, Cambridge University Press, Stable URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/4618706
  50. Fu, Congcong and Wang Qi, “Guójì guānxì yùcè: zhànlüè gōutōng xià Zhōng-Ōu guānxì jiāng yǒu suǒ huǎnhé,”(International Relations Forecast: Strategic Communication Suggests Easing of China-Europe Relations), Guójì zhèngzhì kēxué 2022, 7(1): 186-193 doi: date of access: February 17, 2024, http://qjip.tsinghuajournals.com/article/2022/2096-1545/101393D-2022-1-107.shtml#
  51. Garlick, Jeremy, “A Critical Analysis of EU-China Relations: owards improved mutual understanding.” Contemporary European Studies, 2013, Vol. 01.
  52. Geeraerts, Gustaaf, The EU and China: Modest signs of convergence? Egmont Institute (2018), p.3. Stable URL: http://www.jstor.com/stable/resrep21383
  53. Geeraerts, Gustaaf (2019) “The EU-China partnership: balancing between divergence and convergence”. Asia Eur J 17, 281–294. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10308-019-00554-2
  54. Geeraerts, Gustaaf (28 November 2019),” Europe and China’s Belt and Road Initiative: growing concerns, more strategy”,in Security Policy Briefs, www.egmontinstitute.be/app/uploads/2019/11/SPB118.pdf
  55. Gehrke, Tobias (2022) ‘EU Open Strategic Autonomy and the Trappings of Geoeconomics’. European Foreign Affairs Review 27, Special Issue. 61–78.
  56. Godement, François and Abigaël Vasselier, China at The Gates: A New Power Audit of Eu-China Relations, The European Council on Foreign Relations, 2017.
  57. Grant, Charles and Katinka Barysch, Can Europe and China Shape A New World Order? Centre For European Reform, 2008.
  58. Grare, Frederic and Lay Hwee Yeo, “Europe’s Security Posture in the Indo-Pacific and the View From Asia,” date of access: February 10, 2024, https://carnegieeurope.eu/2023/07/04/europe-s-security-posture-in-indo-pacific-and-view-from-asia-pub-90081
  59. Hu, Zongshan, “Ōuméng de duōyuán kùnjìng yǔ Zhōngguó de duì Ōu zhànlüè” (The Diverse Predicaments of the European Union and China's Strategy Toward Europe), date of access: January 2, 2024, http://www.rmlt.com.cn/2019/0731/548363.shtml 02/01/2024)
  60. “In the geopolitics of blocs, Europe as a power of balance - Speech by Commissioner Breton,” date of access: January 2, 2024, https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/speech_23_5684
  61. “Indo- Pacific Strategy of The United States”, February 2022, date of access: January 2, 2024, https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/U.S.-Indo-Pacific-Strategy.pdf
  62. Keohane, Robert O. and Joseph S. Nye, Power and Interdependence: World Politics in Transition, Boston: Little, Brown, 1977.
  63. Keohane, Robert O. and Joseph S. Nye, Power and Interdependence. New York: Longman, 2012.
  64. Kim, Soo Yeon “ The Politics of FTAs in Asia: The Role of China and Implications for EU Trade Policy,”in J. Adriaensen and E. Postnikov (eds.), A Geo-Economic Turn in Trade Policy?, The European Union in International Affairs (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-81281-2_2
  65. Langford, Hannah, Kyu Kyung Lee, Shimon Rosenblum, “Failed Highway Project in Poland & Croatia Bridge Construction Rosenblum,” date of access: February 2, 2024, https://is.muni.cz/el/cus/podzim2018/CZS56/um/presentation_covec_croatian_bridge.pdf?lang=en
  66. Liu, Zhijie, “Cóng Ōuméng duì Huá zhèngcè xīn dòngxiàng kàn Zhōng-Ōu guānxì”(Examining China-Europe Relations Through the EU's New Policy Trends Towards China), July 2023, date of access: January 2, 2024, https://www.cdi.org.cn/Article/Detail/19259 accessed on 02/01/2024
  67. Jakóbowski, Jakub and Marcin Kaczmarski, “The EU on granting China market economy status: a compromise or a dodge?” date of access: January 21, 2024, https://www.osw.waw.pl/en/publikacje/osw-commentary/2016-08-05/eu-granting-china-market-economy-status-a-compromise-or-a
  68. Macias, Amanda, “Pelosi Says Working With China’s Huawei Is Like ‘Choosing Autocracy Over Democracy,” CNBC, February 16, 2020, date of access: February 14, 2024, https://www.cnbc.com/2020/02/16/pelosi -working-with-chinas-huawei-is-choosing-autocracy-over-democracy.html
  69. Meunier, Sophie and Kalypso Nicolaidi (2019). Annual Review, JCMS, Volume 57, DOI: 10.1111/jcms.12932
  70. McBride, James, Noah Berman and Andrew Chatzky, China’s Massive Belt and Road Initiative, date of access: Feburary 22, 2024, https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/chinas-massive-belt-and-road-initiative
  71. Maher, Richard, “The elusive EU–China strategic partnership”, International Affairs (Royal Institute of International Affairs 1944-), Vol. 92, No.4, Chinese foreign policy on trial: contending perspectives? (July 2016), p. 961, Oxford University Press, Stable URL:https://www.jstor.org/stable/24757684
  72. Mariani, Bernardo, Sino-European relations amid the war in Ukraine, date of access: February 18, https://peacerep.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/Sino-European-Report-Digital-1.pdf
  73. Mastrolia, Nunziante, EU - China: moving toward a new approach? European Centre for International Affairs (2012) Stable URL: http://www.jstor.com/stable/resrep06714; Martin Wolf, “China’s rise need not bring conflict,” date of access: February 18, 2024, https://www.ft.com/content/7115ffc0-254e-11da-98dc-00000e2511c8
  74. NATO, “London Declaration,” December 4, 2019, date of access: February 15, 2024, https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq /official_texts_171584.htm.
  75. “2019 NATO Leaders’ Meeting: In Brief Updated December 12, 2019,” date of access: February 15, 2024, https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/R/R46066/4
  76. Kulkarni, Nihar, “Preserving Europe’s Interests Amid U.S.-China Strategic Rivalry”, date of access: February 17, 2024, https://isdp.eu/preserving-europes-interests-amid-u-s-china-strategic-rivalry/
  77. Olsen, K. B., Diplomatic Realisation of the EU's "Geoeconomic Pivot": Sanctions, Trade, and Development Policy Reform. Politics and Governance, (2022) 10(1), 5-15. https://doi.org/10.17645/pag.v10i1.4739; European Commision, “Protecting against coercionhttps”, //policy.trade.ec.europa.eu/enforcement-and-protection/protecting-against-coercion_en
  78. Petkova, Mirela and Frans-Paul van der Putten, “Building the ‘Belt and Road’ in Europe? Chinese construction companies and transport infrastructure in the European Union”, Clingendael Institute (2020) Stable URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep24642.
  79. Polyakova, Alina, Edward Lucas, Mathieu Boulègue, Catherine Sendak, Scott Kindsvater, Ivanna Kuz and Sasha Stone, A New Vision for the Transatlantic Alliance: The Future of European Security, the United States, and the World Order after Russia’s War in Ukraine, date of access: January 2, 2024, https://cepa.org/comprehensive-reports/a-new-vision-for-the-transatlantic-alliance-the-future-of-european-security-the-united-states-and-the-world-order-after-russias-war-in-ukraine/
  80. Politi, Alice, The Paradigm-Shift In EU-China Relations And The Limits of The EU’s Current Strategy Towards China: A Relational Perspective, Asian Affairs, (2023) 54:4, 670-693, Doı: 10.1080/03068374.2023.2281164
  81. Puccio, Laura, Granting of market economy status to China – An analysis of WTO law and of selected WTO Members' policy – In-depth analysis, European Parliament, 2015, https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2861/22416
  82. Rashish, Peter S., “The United States, Germany, and WTO Reform: An Answer to the Rise of China?” American Institute for Contemporary German Studies, March 28, 2019, date of access: February 10, 2024, https://www.aicgs.org/2019/03/the-united-states-germany-and-wto-reform-an-answer-to-the-rise-of-china/.
  83. Romano, Angela, “Waiting for de Gaulle: France’s Ten-Year Warm-up to Recognizing the People’s Republic of China.” Modern Asian Studies 51, no. 1 (2017): 44–77. www.jstor.org/stable/44158311.
  84. Shambaugh, David, “China Eyes Europe in the World: Real convergence or cognitive dissonance?”, in China-Europe Relations: Perceptions, Policies and Prospects, Edited by David Shambaugh, Eberhard Sandschneider and Zhou Hong, London and New York: Routledge, 2008.
  85. Sun, Xuefeng, The Efficiency of China’s Policy towards the United States, Chinese Journal of International Politics, Vol. 1, 2006, 57–81, doi:10.1093/cjip/pol004, https://www.jstor.org/stable/48615569
  86. Takashi, Tsuji, “EU weighs outbound investment curbs on AI and biotech, eyeing China”, date of access: February 22, 2024, https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/International-relations/EU-weighs-outbound-investment-curbs-on-AI-and-biotech-eyeing-China
  87. Toh, Michelle, “ Three key sources of tension between the US and China,” date of access: January 2, 2024, https://edition.cnn.com/2023/11/15/economy/us-china-key-issues-apec-summit-intl-hnk/index.html
  88. Tolstukhina, Anastasia, “US Technology Policy amid Rivalry with China”, date of access: February 14, 2024, https://russiancouncil.ru/en/analytics-and-comments/analytics/us-technology-policy-amid-rivalry-with-china/
  89. “Topical Digest: EU-China relations”, date of access: January 2, 2024, https://www.europarl.europa.eu/EPRS/TD_China-EU_relations.pdf
  90. “United States Strategic Approach to the People’s Republic of China”, May 26, 2020, date of access: February 14, 2024, https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/U.S.-Strategic-Approach-to -The-Peoples-Republic-of-China-Report-5.20.20.pdf
  91. “US urges Europe to exclude Huawei from 5G network builds,” date of access: February 17, 2024, https://www.ft.com/content/a4834900-39ce-11e9-b856-5404d3811663
  92. Vangeli, Anastas and Arne Schildberg, “THE ROLE OF CHINA IN SOUTHEAST EUROPE,” June 2022, date of access: January 2, https://library.fes.de/pdf-files/bueros/athen/19416.pdf
  93. Von der Leyen, Ursula, 2021 State of the Union Address by President von der Leyen, date of access: February 22, 2024, https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/SPEECH_21_4701.
  94. Wang, Shuo, Hùlì gòng yíng: Zhōng-Ōu guānxì bùrù xīn jiēduàn (Mutual Benefit and Win-Win: China-Europe Relations Enter a New Stage), date of access: January 2, 2024, http://www.rmlt.com.cn/2021/0323/610246.shtml
  95. Wacker, Gudrun, “Eu-China Relations” in Horizon 2025 Report, European Union Institute for Security Studies (EUISS) (2017) Stable URL: http://www.jstor.com/stable/resrep07065.15
  96. “Wàijiāobù fāyánrén xuānbù Zhōngfāng duì Ōuméng yǒuguān jīgòu hé rényuán shíshī zhìcái”(Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Announces China's Sanctions on Relevant Institutions and Individuals of the European Union), date of access: February 22, 2024, https://www.mfa.gov.cn/web/wjdt_674879/zcjd/202103/ t20210322_9180639.shtml
  97. Yan, Shaohua, “Ōuméng zhànlüè zìzhǔ yǔ Zhōngguó duì Ōu zhànlüè xīn sīwéi,” (European Union's Strategic Autonomy and China's New Thinking on Strategy Towards Europe), Fùdàn Xuébào (Shèhuì Kēxué Bǎn), No.6, 2021
  98. Yan, Shaohua, “Ōuzhōu duì Huá zhèngcè bàogào,” (Report on European Policies Towards China), Fùdàndàxué Zhōng-Ōu Guānxi Yánjiū Zhōngxīn Shànghǎi Ōuzhōu Xuéhuì, (2022), Issue 6.
  99. Ye, Jiang, Zhōng-Ōu quánmiàn zhànlüè huǒbàn měixì miànliǎn xīn tiǎozhàn,"(China-EU Comprehensive Strategic Partnership Faces New Challenges), Guójì Wèntí Yánjiū", no.3, 2011
  100. Yu, Zhenliang, “Ōuzhōu de kùnjìng jí qí duì Huá guānxì” (The predicament in Europe and its relationship with China), Shìjiè Jīngjì yǔ Zhèngzhì Lùntán, No.6. Nov.2016
  101. Zhang, Xuan and Yang Yudi, "Yīdài yīlù" chàngyì shí zhōunián huígù: Ōuméng guójiā rènzhī chāyì fēnxī (Review of the 10th Anniversary of the Belt and Road Initiative: Analysis of Differences in Perception among EU Countries), date of access: Feburary 2, 2024, https://zijing.com.cn/article/2023-06/28/content_1123585791247183872.html
  102. Zhao, Ke and Ding Yifan, “Shīhéng de Zhōng-Ōu guānxì: Jiěxī Ōuméng duì Huá zhèngcè tiáozhěn”(The Imbalanced" China-Europe Relations: Analyzing the European Union's Adjustment of its Policy Towards China), date of access: January 2, 2024, http://m.1she.com/b-360838.html
  103. Zhao, Minghao, “China’s New Silk Road Initiative,” Istituto Affari Internazionali (IAI) (2015) Stable URL: http://www.jstor.com/stable/resrep09680
  104. “Zhōngguó duì Ōuméng zhèngcè wénjiàn”(Chinese Policy Document on the European Union), date of access: February 15, 2024, https://www.gov.cn/gongbao/content/2003/content_62478.htm
  105. Zhu, Feng, “Zhōng-Měi jìngzhēng bèijǐng xià de Zhōng-Ōu guānxì: Tuòzhǎn hézuò, zhèngshì fēnqí, jiāqiáng duìhuà, guǎnkòng fēngxiǎn (China-Europe Relations in the Context of Sino-US Competition: Expanding Cooperation, Addressing Differences, Strengthening Dialogue, and Managing Risks), date of access: February 18, 2024, https://cn.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202306/09/WS6482d059a310dbde06d22aef.html
  106. Berkofsky, Axel, “EU-China Relations – Really Towards a Strategic Partnership?” Sicherheit und Frieden (S+F) / Security and Peace, 2006, Vol. 24, No. 4, Themenschwerpunkt: Asien (2006), pp. 188-189, Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH, Stable URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/24231626
  107. Bräuner, Oliver, Beyond the Arms Embargo: EU Transfers of Defense and Dual-Use Technologies to China, Journal of East Asian Studies, September–December 2013, Vol. 13, No. 3. Stable URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/26335259
  108. Chen, Zhimin, “Europe as a Global Player: A View from China,” Perspectives, 2012, Vol. 20, No. 2 (2012), pp. 7-29, Institute of International Relations, Stable URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/23616128
  109. Cui, Hongjian, “Zhōng-Ōu néngfǒu gòng kè shí jiān zēngjìn hézuò? — É wū chōngtū duì Zhōng-Ōu guānxì de yǐngxiǎng jí yìngduì” (Can China and Europe Overcome Difficulties Together and Deepen Cooperation?—The Impact of the Russia-Ukraine Conflict on China-Europe Relations and Responses), date of access: January 18, 2024, https://ciss.tsinghua.edu.cn/info/zlyaq/5006.
  110. Fang, Xiao, “The Belt and Road initiative,” International Issues & Slovak Foreign Policy Affairs, Vol. 24, No. 3, China’s Discovery of Central Europe (2015), pp. 3-14, Research Center of the Slovak Foreign Policy Association Stable URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/26591865
  111. Feng, Zhongping, “Zhōng-Ōu hézuò jùyǒu zhòngdà zhànlüè yìyì”(China-Europe Cooperation Holds Significant Strategic Importance), date of access: January 2, 2024, https://www.cpifa.org/cms/book/247 Franco Algieri, “EU Economic Relations with China: An Institutionalist Perspective “, The China Quarterly, Mar., 2002, No. 169, Special Issue: China and Europe since 1978: A European Perspective (Mar., 2002), pp. 64-77, Cambridge University Press, Stable URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/4618706
  112. Polyakova, Alina, Edward Lucas, Mathieu Boulègue, Catherine Sendak, Scott Kindsvater, Ivanna Kuz and Sasha Stone, A New Vision for the Transatlantic Alliance: The Future of European Security, the United States, and the World Order after Russia’s War in Ukraine, date of access: January 2, 2024, https://cepa.org/comprehensive-reports/a-new-vision-for-the-transatlantic-alliance-the-future-of-european-security-the-united-states-and-the-world-order-after-russias-war-in-ukraine/
  113. Tolstukhina, Anastasia, “US Technology Policy amid Rivalry with China”, date of access: February 14, 2024, https://russiancouncil.ru/en/analytics-and-comments/analytics/us-technology-policy-amid-rivalry-with-china/
  114. Ye, Jiang, Zhōng-Ōu quánmiàn zhànlüè huǒbàn měixì miànliǎn xīn tiǎozhàn,"(China-EU Comprehensive Strategic Partnership Faces New Challenges), Guójì Wèntí Yánjiū", no.3, 2011
  115. Yu, Zhenliang, “Ōuzhōu de kùnjìng jí qí duì Huá guānxì” (The predicament in Europe and its relationship with China), Shìjiè Jīngjì yǔ Zhèngzhì Lùntán, No.6. Nov.2016