Recent advances in membrane fouling control in wastewater treatment processes

Abstract

Membrane bioreactors (MBRs) are systems performing biological wastewater treatment with membranes utilized for solids separation. These systems have a wide range of applications since they offer some important advantages over conventional processes (e.g. high solids removal, low sludge production etc.). One of their main drawbacks, however, is the occurrence of membrane fouling – the occlusion of membrane pores by the various components found in the mixed liquor. Factors contributing to this phenomenon are various and stem from all the aspects of the treatment process, including membrane-, biomass- and wastewater characteristics as well as operating conditions. Efficient fouling control requires a thorough insight into reactor operation and the mechanisms leading to membrane fouling in the first place. While there are some universal remedies, proper tackling of this problem requires an individual approach tailored to the system of concern, since best results originate from the utilization of several methods together. This review outlines novel and emerging methods having a potential to contribute to sustainable and economical membrane fouling mitigation in the future.