Genetics of Osteosarcomas

Abstract

Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most common bone cancer in children and young adults. Most cases are highgrade and aggressive. Studies on the OS genetics have become important in recent years. The reasonfor the small number of studies on OSs is because the tumor is rarely detected. OSs mostly develop inthe femur, tibia, and humerus. Overt metastasis may be detected in 20%–25% of cases. The first geneticstudies of OSs were the studies conducted at the cytogenetic level. They showed that OSs had aneuploidic characteristics. Because studies for identifying the gene expression levels used the cytogeneticand molecular analyses, substantial data were available on OSs. In addition, OSs have been found tohave a wide miRNA spectrum. The results obtained particularly from the circRNA and miRNA studiessuggested that these molecules might be used as biomarkers in the identification of the drug resistance,which reveals the importance of genetic changes in the follow-up of diagnosis and treatment. The aimof the present review was to collect the cytogenetic and molecular studies of OSs and to summarize thegenetic data of OSs.