Yield, Weed Infestation and Seed Quality of Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) under Different Tillage Systems

Özet

Soya fasulyesi önemli bir bitkidir ve dünyada ve Polonya'da ekiliş alanı artmaktadır. Soya fasulyesi yetiştiriciliğinin etkinliği toprak ve iklim faktörlerinin yanında uygun toprak işlemesine de bağlıdır. Soya fasulyesi yetiştiriciliğinde pullukla devirerek toprak işlemeye alternative bir yöntem de güncelliği giderek artan toprak işlemesiz soya fasulyesi yetiştiricilğidir. Bu çalışmanın amacı geleneksel toprak işleme (CT) ile toprak işlemesiz (NT) soya fasulyesi1. IntroductionSoybean is a species that enjoys a growing popularity in the world. In the last ten years, soybean production has increased by 45%. The cultivation of this crop is concentrated mainly in North and South America. In 2013, these two regions accounted for as much as 87.1% of the production of this crop. The United States, Brazil, Argentina as well as China and India are the largest soybean producers. Over the last decades, Europe's soybean production has increased more than three times and in 2013, it made up 2.2% of the total global production. In Poland, the area of this crop has doubled since 2003, standing at 855 ha in 2012, while the soybean production increased more than five times in the same period (FAOSTAT 2015).In soybean cropping, climatic conditions, primarily temperature and rainfall, are the factors that limit the yield potential of this crop plant. In areas with low levels of rainfall, it is very important to prepare the soil in a way that will ensure retention of the highest possible amount of rainwater. Agronomic practices involving the replacement of the plough with implements that do not turn the soil over or the complete abandonment of mechanical tillage (no-tillage) offer this possibility to agricultural producers. As a result of the use of no-tillage, there are changes in soil density and compactness, while the moisture and nutrient content in the soil upper layers increase (Majchrzak et al 2004; Martinez et al 2008; Çelik 2011). The effectiveness of no-tillage is dependent on the type of soil and its moisture conditions and using of appropriate seeder type (Altikat & Çelik yetiştiriciliğinin Lublin, Polonya koşullarında verim, kalitatif tohum kalitesi ve yabancı ot oranına etkisini karşılaştırmaktır. Bu amaçla 2009-2012 yıllarında Czeslawice Araştırma Çiftliğinde (51° 18? 23? N, 22° 16? 2? E) bir tarla denemesi yürütülmüştür. Deneme, lös oluşumlu grikahverengi podzol toprak üzerinde 4 tekerrürlü olarak bölünmüş parseller deneme deseninde yürütülmüştür. Araştırmada; geleneksel toprak işleme (CT) ve toprak işlemesiz (NT) toprak işleme faktörleri olarak ele alınmıştır. Soya fasulyesinin Nawiko çeşidi kullanılmıştır. Çalışmadan elde edilen sonuçlar; soya fasulyesi tohum veriminin toprak işlemesiz (NT) yetiştiriciliğe göre geleneksel toprak işlemeli (CT) yöntemde % 24.3 daha fazla olduğunu göstermiştir. Toprak işlemesiz yöntemde bitki sıklığının az olması tohum veriminin az olmasında temel etken olmuştur. Geleneksel toprak işlemeye (CT) oranla, toprak işlemesiz (NT) yöntemde ağırlık ve sayı olarak yabancı ot önemli derecede yüksek olmuştur. Toprak işlemesiz yöntemde (CT) hasat edilen tohumların yağ içeriği % 0.3 daha yüksek olmuştur

Abstract

Soybean is a very valuable crop plant and the soybean crop area is continually increasing in the world and in Poland. The effectiveness of soybean cultivation depends on soil and climatic conditions as well as on appropriate tillage. An alternative for plough tillage in the cultivation of soybean is to grow this crop using no-tillage, the popularity of which is constantly growing. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of conventional tillage (CT) and no-tillage (NT) on yield, weed infestation and qualitative seed composition of soybean grown under the conditions of the Lublin Upland. A field study was carried out over the period 2009-2012 at the Czesławice Experimental Farm (51° 18′ 23″ N, 22° 16′ 2″ E). The experiment was set up on loess-derived grey-brown podzolic soil as a split-block design in four replicates. The experimental factors were the following tillage systems: conventional tillage (CT) and no-tillage (NT). The soybean cultivar Nawiko was grown in the experiment. The present study showed that the soybean seed yield obtained under CT was higher by 24.3% than under NT. The main reason of the seeds yield decrease in the NT was less soybean plant density. The significant higher number and weight of weeds were recorded in NT, relative to CT. The oil content in seed harvested from the NT plots was found to be higher by 0.3%