BTEX, nitrogen oxides, ammonia and ozone concentrations at traffic influenced and background urban sites in an arid environment

Özet

Spatial distribution of key air pollutants were studied in Doha, Qatar, over the course of two monitoring campaigns in early spring, 2016. Time-weighted averages of BTEX components (benzene, toluene, ethyl-benzene, (m+p)-xylene and o-xylene), as well as NO, $NO_2$, ammonia and ozone were measured from February 29 to March31 in two periods at 15 locations of the city concerning different types of environments such as background ruraland suburban, as well as traffic emission influenced urban locations. Results show high variation of the concentration levels among the sampling locations. The average $NO_X$ concentration slightly exceeded the annuallimit value (108 μg $m^{-3}$ vs. 100 μg $m^{-3}$), the exceedances were significant at locations highly influenced bytraffic emission. Contrasting behavior was found for ozone concentration having the highest level at backgroundlocations (ranging from 36 to 71 μg $m^{-3}$) and the lowest at the most polluted sites (12–30 μg $m^{-3}$). BTEXconcentrations were found slightly to be above the American and European levels, but far below the valuesreported from the MENA region. The average BTEX concentration was 15.3 μg $m^{-3}$, peaking at 40.5 μg $m^{-3}$ atthe most polluted location. Average concentrations of benzene, toluene, ethyl-benzene, (m+p)-xylene and oxylene were 1.5, 4.7, 2.0, 5.0 and 2.3 μg $m^{-3}$ respectively. The average toluene to benzene ratio was 2.87, whichconfirms the traffic dominance of the emission. NO to $NO_2$ ratio was used for the characterization of the photochemical age of the pollution and thus, indirectly the distance of the sources. The ratios ranged from 0.19 to2.45. Despite the desert environment elevated average level of ammonia (17.6 μg $m^{-3}$) was found. $NH_3$ concentration was correlated with NOX that indicates same sources. Other hotspots like local animal market, as wellas organic compost type fertilizer in a big public park were identified. These results indicate the dominance ofvehicle emission in the formation of the city's air quality. Atmospheric modification of the components viaphotochemical reactions was found to be important.