1878–1912 YILLARI ARASINDA MANASTIR VİLAYETİ'NDE OKULLAŞMA VE OKULLAŞMANIN MİLLİYETÇİLİK ÜZERİNDEKİ ETKİSİ

Abstract

Schooling in Manastir (Bitola) Vilayet between 1878 – 1912 and Influence of Schooling on NationalismManastır (Bitola) is among the places where schooling was practiced the most intensively at the end of XIXth century, and in the beginning of the XXth Century. Thanks to this feature, the province contributed to the structuring of the Balkan states, and to the upbringing of their founding elites. Not only the schools in which Ottomanism and Turkism flourished, but also the schools from various nations, were opened in Bitola during the aforesaid period. These institutions, having acted quite influential on the increase in the level of education and the rate of literacy, caused the upbringing of a circle of intellectuals in Bitola. In consequence of such schooling initiatives, having been allowed in good faith in parallel with the intent of modernization, the way for rooting of the national consciousness was unexpectedly paved. These schools, having been made use of as the instruments and symbols of the environment of conflict, became one of the prominent arguments being put forth by the European States against the Ottoman State during the process of “nation-building” in the Balkans. It will be intended herein to manifest the schooling occurred in Bitola in the last quarter of the XIX h Century, and in the beginning of the XXth Century, the effects of the Ottomanism, Turkism, Slavism, Bulgarism, and Hellenism movements flourishing in these schools on the formation of the mentalities in the region by way of resorting to the related archival documents and statistical data.

Özet

ÖzetSon dönem Osmanlı Devleti'nde, sahip olduğu zengin sosyo-kültürel dokusuyla ön plana çıkan Manastır Vilayeti, XIX yüzyıl sonları ve XX. yüzyıl başlarında okullaşmanın en yoğun şekilde görüldüğü yerler arasındadır. Vilayet bu özelliğiyle Balkan devletlerinin şekillenmesine ve kurucu kadrolarının yetişmesine katkı sağlamıştır. Manastır'da o dönemde açılan okullar arasında Osmanlıcılık ve Türkçülük fikrinin belirgin hale geldiği okullar olduğu gibi, Rum, Bulgar, Sırp, Ulah, Arnavut mektepleri gibi farklı milletlerin okulları da vardı. Eğitim seviyesinin yükselmesinde ve okuryazar oranının artmasında son derece etkili olan bu kurumlar, Manastır'da aydın bir zümrenin yetişmesini sağlamıştı. Binaenaleyh modernleşme yolunda iyi niyetle izin verilen bu okullaşma girişimleri beklenmedik şekilde milli bilincin kökleşmesinin önünü açmıştır. Çatışma ortamının bir aracı ve sembolü olarak kullanılan okullar, Balkanlarda “millet inşası” sürecinde Avrupalı Devletlerin Osmanlı Devleti aleyhine kullandığı önemli bir argüman haline gelmiştir. Bu çalışmada Manastır'da XIX. yüzyılın son çeyreğinde ve XX. yüzyıl başında meydana gelen okullaşmayı ve bu okullardaki Osmanlıcılık, Türkçülük, Slavcılık, Bulgarcılık ve Helencilik akımlarının bölgedeki zihniyet şekillenmesindeki etkileri, arşiv belgeleri ve istatiksel verilerle ortaya konmaya çalışılacaktır.Anahtar Kelimeler: Makedonya, Manastır Vilayeti, Osmanlı Devleti, II.Abdülhamid, Eğitim, Okullaşma. AbstractSchooling in Manastir (Bitola) Vilayet between 1878 – 1912 and Influence ofSchooling on NationalismManastır (Bitola) is among the places where schooling was practiced the mostintensively at the end of XIXth century, and in the beginning of the XXth Century. Thanksto this feature, the province contributed to the structuring of the Balkan states, and tothe upbringing of their founding elites. Not only the schools in which Ottomanism andTurkism flourished, but also the schools from various nations, were opened in Bitoladuring the aforesaid period. These institutions, having acted quite influential on theincrease in the level of education and the rate of literacy, caused the upbringing of acircle of intellectuals in Bitola. In consequence of such schooling initiatives, havingbeen allowed in good faith in parallel with the intent of modernization, the way forrooting of the national consciousness was unexpectedly paved. These schools, havingbeen made use of as the instruments and symbols of the environment of conflict,became one of the prominent arguments being put forth by the European States againstthe Ottoman State during the process of “nation-building” in the Balkans. It will beintended herein to manifest the schooling occurred in Bitola in the last quarter of theXIXh Century, and in the beginning of the XXth Century, the effects of the Ottomanism,Turkism, Slavism, Bulgarism, and Hellenism movements flourishing in these schoolson the formation of the mentalities in the region by way of resorting to the relatedarchival documents and statistical data.Keywords: Macedonia, Manastir (Bitola) Vilayet, Ottoman State, Abdül Hamid II,Education, Nationalism, Schooling.