Split-bolus MR urography: synchronous visualization of obstructing vessels and collecting system in children

Abstract

Several vascular abnormalities related with urinary system such as crossing accessory renal ves-sels, retroiliac ureters, retrocaval ureters, posterior nutcracker syndrome, and ovarian vein syn-drome may be responsible for urinary collecting system obstruction. Split-bolus magnetic reso-nance urography (MRU) using contrast material as two separate bolus injections provides superior demonstration of the collecting system and obstructing vascular anomalies simultaneously and enables accurate preoperative radiologic diagnosis. In this pictorial review we aimed to outline the split-bolus MRU technique in children, list the coexisting congenital collecting system and vascular abnormalities, and exhibit the split-bolus MRU appearances of concurrent urinary collecting sys-tem and vascular abnormalities.