SavedAdd your journal

Journals / Türk Coğrafya Dergisi / 2026 / Sayı: 80

In this study, the effect of changes in the climate on the hydrological cycle and water supply in the areas where drought continues for a long time during the year, spatial and temporal variations of evapotranspiration values were revealed by using the monthly minimum temperature, maximum temperature, total precipitation, average wind speed, the sunshine duration, average relative humidity, and radiation intensity data, 8 stations in the province of Şanlıurfa (Şanlıurfa, Akçakale, Birecik, Bozova, Ceylanpınar, Hilvan, Siverek, and Viranşehir) were examined by the period 1980-2020. CROPWAT software developed by FAO was used to calculate FAO56-Penman-Monteith reference evapotranspiration (ETo) values. ArcGIS software was used to create maps showing the spatial and temporal variation of the obtained ETo values. Statistically strong positive increases were observed in the trend of ETo values, especially in the southern stations where agricultural activity is intense. In addition, with the Aridity Index drought calculation method, it has been revealed that semi-arid conditions are dominant in the field. It is essential to know the ETo values in determining the water needed to be used in agricultural activities in Şanlıurfa, one of the GAP’s important pillars. For this reason, it would be beneficial to consider the Penman-Monteith method proposed by the FAO in planning studies. The fact that the water demand changes from crop to crop and depending on the vegetation period of each crop makes it necessary to calculate the ETo values specifically according to the crops.

Yarıkurak sahalarda referans evaporanstpirasyonun (Eto) alansal dağılımı ve zamansal değişimi: Şanlıurfa örneği

Gülşen Kum(GAZİANTEP ÜNİVERSİTESİ, FEN-EDEBİYAT FAKÜLTESİ)0000-0002-1617-1723
Pages
87–96
Publication Date
2022-06-30
🏛️Bibliographic metadata and full text access for this article are provided via DergiPark.
DergiPark Record ↗
✨

AI Summary & Key Takeaways

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(Too Long; Didn't Read)

The fact that the water demand changes from crop to crop and depending on the vegetation period of each crop makes it necessary to calculate the ETo values specifically according to the crops.

📌 3 Key Takeaways

🎯
Objective & Hypothesis:In this study, the effect of changes in the climate on the hydrological cycle and water supply in the areas where drought continues for a long time during the year, spatial and temporal variations of evapotranspiration values were revealed by using the monthly minimum temperature, maximum temperature, total precipitation, average wind speed, the sunshine duration, average relative humidity, and radiation intensity data, 8 stations in the province of Şanlıurfa (Şanlıurfa, Akçakale, Birecik, Bozova, Ceylanpınar, Hilvan, Siverek, and Viranşehir) were examined by the period 1980-2020.
📊
Key Findings & Data:CROPWAT software developed by FAO was used to calculate FAO56-Penman-Monteith reference evapotranspiration (ETo) values.
💡
Conclusion & Impact:The fact that the water demand changes from crop to crop and depending on the vegetation period of each crop makes it necessary to calculate the ETo values specifically according to the crops.
🔬Design:Research Article
📍Scope:2020 Verileri
⚙️Variables:ETo · kuraklık · su ihtiyacı

Abstract

In this study, the effect of changes in the climate on the hydrological cycle and water supply in the areas where drought continues for a long time during the year, spatial and temporal variations of evapotranspiration values were revealed by using the monthly minimum temperature, maximum temperature, total precipitation, average wind speed, the sunshine duration, average relative humidity, and radiation intensity data, 8 stations in the province of Şanlıurfa (Şanlıurfa, Akçakale, Birecik, Bozova, Ceylanpınar, Hilvan, Siverek, and Viranşehir) were examined by the period 1980-2020. CROPWAT software developed by FAO was used to calculate FAO56-Penman-Monteith reference evapotranspiration (ETo) values. ArcGIS software was used to create maps showing the spatial and temporal variation of the obtained ETo values. Statistically strong positive increases were observed in the trend of ETo values, especially in the southern stations where agricultural activity is intense. In addition, with the Aridity Index drought calculation method, it has been revealed that semi-arid conditions are dominant in the field. It is essential to know the ETo values in determining the water needed to be used in agricultural activities in Şanlıurfa, one of the GAP’s important pillars. For this reason, it would be beneficial to consider the Penman-Monteith method proposed by the FAO in planning studies. The fact that the water demand changes from crop to crop and depending on the vegetation period of each crop makes it necessary to calculate the ETo values specifically according to the crops.

Özet

İklimdeki değişimlerin, kuraklığın yıl içerisinde uzun süre devam ettiği sahalarda hidrolojik döngü ve su temini üzerine etkisinin araştırıldığı bu çalışmada Şanlıurfa ili sınırları içerisinde yer alan 8 istasyona ait (Şanlıurfa, Akçakale, Birecik, Bozova, Ceylanpınar, Hilvan, Siverek ve Viranşehir) 1980-2020 yılları arası aylık minimum sıcaklık, maksimum sıcaklık, toplam yağış, ortalama rüzgar hızı, güneşlenme süresi, ortalama nispi nem ve radyasyon şiddeti verileri kullanılarak ETo değerlerinin alansal ve zamansal değişimleri ortaya konulmuştur. FAO-Penmann-Monteith referans evapotranspirasyon (ETo) değerleri, FAO tarafından geliştirilen CROPWAT yazılımı kullanılarak hesaplanmıştır. Elde edilen ETo değerlerinin alansal ve zamansal olarak değişimini gösteren haritaların oluşturulmasında ise ArcGIS yazılımı kullanılmıştır. Özellikle tarımsal etkinliğin yoğun olduğu güney istasyonlarda ETo değerlerinin eğilimlerinde istatistiksel olarak oldukça kuvvetli pozitif artışlar gözlenmiştir. Ayrıca, Aridity Index kuraklık hesaplama yöntemi ile sahada yarıkurak şartların hakim olduğu ortaya konulmuştur. GAP’ın önemli ayaklarından biri olan Şanlıurfa’da tarımsal faaliyelerde kullanılacak su ihtiyacının belirlenmesinde ETo değerlerinin bilinmesi elzemdir. Bu sebeple FAO tarafından önerilen Penmann-Monteith yönteminin planlama çalışmalarında göz önünde bulundurulması faydalı olacaktır. Su isteğinin bitkiden bitkiye ve her bitkinin de vejetasyon devresinin dönemine bağlı olarak değişmesi ETo değerlerinin ürüne göre spesifik olarak hesaplanmasını gerekli kılmaktadır.

🔖

Cite This Article

Kum, G. (2022). In this study, the effect of changes in the climate on the hydrological cycle and water supply in the areas where drought continues for a long time during the year, spatial and temporal variations of evapotranspiration values were revealed by using the monthly minimum temperature, maximum temperature, total precipitation, average wind speed, the sunshine duration, average relative humidity, and radiation intensity data, 8 stations in the province of Şanlıurfa (Şanlıurfa, Akçakale, Birecik, Bozova, Ceylanpınar, Hilvan, Siverek, and Viranşehir) were examined by the period 1980-2020. CROPWAT software developed by FAO was used to calculate FAO56-Penman-Monteith reference evapotranspiration (ETo) values. ArcGIS software was used to create maps showing the spatial and temporal variation of the obtained ETo values. Statistically strong positive increases were observed in the trend of ETo values, especially in the southern stations where agricultural activity is intense. In addition, with the Aridity Index drought calculation method, it has been revealed that semi-arid conditions are dominant in the field. It is essential to know the ETo values in determining the water needed to be used in agricultural activities in Şanlıurfa, one of the GAP’s important pillars. For this reason, it would be beneficial to consider the Penman-Monteith method proposed by the FAO in planning studies. The fact that the water demand changes from crop to crop and depending on the vegetation period of each crop makes it necessary to calculate the ETo values specifically according to the crops.. Türk Coğrafya Dergisi, Sayı: 80, 87–96. https://doi.org/10.17211/tcd.1116059

📄 Full Text PDF Viewer

📄

PDF görüntüleyici hazırlanıyor...

References (21)

  1. Allen, R. G., Pereira, L. S., Raes, D., & Smith, M. (1998). Crop evapotranspiration- guidelines for computing crop water requirements- FAO Irrigation and drainage paper 56. Fao, Rome, 300(9), D05109.
  2. ASCE-EWRI (2005). The ASCE standardized reference evapotranspiration equation. ASCE-EWRI, p. 173: Technical Committee report to the Environmental and Water Resources Institute of the American Society of Civil Engineers from the Task Committee on Standardization of Reference Evapotranspiration. https://www. apogeeinstruments.com/content/EWRI-ASCE-Reference-ET-Appendices. pdf
  3. FAO (1990). Birleşmiş Milletler Gıda ve Tarım Örgütü (FAO). Chapter 2 - FAO Penman-Monteith equation: https://www.fao.org/3/ x0490e/x0490e06.htm
  4. İlhan, A.İ, & Utku, M. (1998). GAP sulama alanında bitki su tüketimi ve bitki su gereksinimi. Tarım Orman Meteorolojisi Sempozyumu. İstanbul. İTÜ.
  5. Ünlükara, A. Y. (2011). Konya ve Karaman illerinde bitki su tüketimi (ETo) değişiminin analizi. Tarım Bilimleri Araştırma Dergisi 4 (1):, 1-5. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/412848 İrcan, M. R., & Duman, N. (2021). Standartlaştırılmış yağış indisi (SYİ) yöntemi ile Şanlıurfa ili kuraklık analizi. Coğrafya Dergisi, 0(42). https://doi.org/10.26650/JGEOG2020-0070, 1-18.
  6. Karaca, C., & Büyüktaş, D. (2017). Kıyas bitki su tüketiminin (ETo) hesaplanması amacıyla kullanılan bilgisayar yazılımlarının kaşılaştırması. Gaziosmanpasa Journal of Scientific Research. 6., 118- 128. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/gbad/issue/33361/351632
  7. Kaya, S. E. (2012). Iğdır Ovası koşullarında panevaporasyonu kullanılarak referans evapotranspirasyon eşitliklerinin değerlendirilmesi,. Bingöl Üniv., Fen Biliml. Enst., Türk Doğa ve Fen Dergisi, 7-14 pp.
  8. Kendall, M. G. (1975). Rank Correlation Methods. Oxford Univ. Press, New York.
  9. Köppen, W. (1936). [The geographical system of climates]. In: Handbuch derKlimatologie [Handbook of Climatology], Vol. 1, Part C (W.Köppen & G. Geiger, eds). Das Geographische System der Klimate. içinde Brothers Bornträger, Berlin (DE).
  10. Mann, H. B. (1945.). Nonparametric tests against the trend, Econometrica, 13, 1, 245–259.
  11. Monteith, J. (1965). Evaporation and the environment. XIX th Symposium Society for experimental Biology (s. 205-234). Cambridge, England, Swansea, Cambridge University.
  12. Oruç, N. (2017). Güneydoğu Anadolu Bölgesinin kuraklık analizi. (Yayın no. 450624) [Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Pamukkale University] Yüksek Öğretim Kurumu Tez Merkezi.
  13. Peker. F., Hürrem. B., & Akkoyunlu, A. (2021). Global gerçek evapotranspirasyon (ETa) haritalarından arazi kullanım sınıflarına ait ETa kayıplarının tahmini. European Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences 4(1), 18-26. https://doi.org/10.55581/ejeas. 936950
  14. Sözer, A. N. (1984). Güneydoğu Anadolu’nun doğal çevre şartlarına coğrafi bir bakış. Ege Coğrafya Dergisi, 2, 8-30.
  15. Smith, M. A. (1996). Revised FAO methodology for crop water requirements. Proceeding of the International Conference. (Eds. C.R. Camp, E.J. Sadler, and R.E.Y oder)., (s. 116-123). 3-6 November, San Antonio,TX.
  16. Thornthwaite, C. W. (1948). An approach toward a rational classification of climate. Geographical Rev. 38 (1), 55–94.
  17. UNESCO. (1979). Map of the World Distribution of Arid Regions: Explanatory Note, MAP Technical Notes 7. Paris, France, 54 pp.: UNESCO.
  18. Ünlükara, A. Y. (2011). Konya ve Karaman illerinde bitki su tüketimi (ETo) değişiminin analizi. Tarım Bilimleri Araştırma Dergisi 4 (1):, 1-5. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/412848 İrcan, M. R., & Duman, N. (2021). Standartlaştırılmış yağış indisi (SYİ) yöntemi ile Şanlıurfa ili kuraklık analizi. Coğrafya Dergisi, 0(42). https://doi.org/10.26650/JGEOG2020-0070, 1-18.
  19. Karaca, C., & Büyüktaş, D. (2017). Kıyas bitki su tüketiminin (ETo) hesaplanması amacıyla kullanılan bilgisayar yazılımlarının kaşılaştırması. Gaziosmanpasa Journal of Scientific Research. 6., 118- 128. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/gbad/issue/33361/351632
  20. Smith, M. A. (1996). Revised FAO methodology for crop water requirements. Proceeding of the International Conference. (Eds. C.R. Camp, E.J. Sadler, and R.E.Y oder)., (s. 116-123). 3-6 November, San Antonio,TX.
  21. UNESCO. (1979). Map of the World Distribution of Arid Regions: Explanatory Note, MAP Technical Notes 7. Paris, France, 54 pp.: UNESCO.