Journals / Türk Hijyen ve Deneysel Biyoloji Dergisi / 2010 / Cilt: 67 - Sayı: 2

Organophosphate pesticide poisonings and the role of serum paraoxonase 1 (PON1) enzyme in organophosphate metabolism

Organofosfatlı pestisit zehirlenmeleri ve serum paraoksonaz 1 (PON1) enziminin organofosfat metabolizmasındaki rolü

Pages
97–112
Publication Date
2022-11-05
DOI
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AI Summary & Key Takeaways

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(Too Long; Didn't Read)

In this review, frst, general aspects of organophosphates, action mechanism andpoisonings are addressed; then, the role of PON1 in organophosphate metabolism and recent advances in the researchintended for improving PON1 so that it can be used as an antidote in organophosphate poisonings are empasized.

📌 3 Key Takeaways

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Objective & Hypothesis:According to data from the World Health Organization, nearly 3 million pesticide poisonings occur per year worldwide;220,000 of these poisonings result in death.
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Key Findings & Data:Paraoxonase 1 (PON 1; EC 3.1.8.1) is a calcium dependent glycoprotein enzyme that is found onthe high density lipoprotein (HDL) in serum.
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Conclusion & Impact:In this review, frst, general aspects of organophosphates, action mechanism andpoisonings are addressed; then, the role of PON1 in organophosphate metabolism and recent advances in the researchintended for improving PON1 so that it can be used as an antidote in organophosphate poisonings are empasized.
🔬Design:Review & Systematic Survey
📍Scope:Comprehensive Sample
⚙️Variables:Domain Parameters

Abstract

According to data from the World Health Organization, nearly 3 million pesticide poisonings occur per year worldwide;220,000 of these poisonings result in death. Organophosphates, one of the most frequently used pesticides in recentyears, are chemicals that effect the nervous system. Organophosphates lead to neurotoxicity by suppressing the enzymeacetylcholinesterase. Paraoxonase 1 (PON 1; EC 3.1.8.1) is a calcium dependent glycoprotein enzyme that is found onthe high density lipoprotein (HDL) in serum. Although PON1 activity has been detected in several organs of mammals,paraoxonase activity is close to zero in birds, fsh and insects. Among the chemicals that are hydrolized by PON1; thetoxic oxon metabolites of organophosphate inseciticides, which are the active forms, such as parathion, diazinon andchlorpyrifos; nerve gases such as sarin and soman; aromatic esters such as phenyl acetate; several aromatic and aliphaticlactones such as homogentisic acid lactone, dihydrocoumarin and homocysteine thiolactone and cyclic carbonates areincluded. Earlier studies on the toxicology of organophosphate pesticides revealed that having low serum PON1 activityincreases the senstivity to the acute effects of organophosphate compounds. Following determination of the sequence ofthe gene encoding PON1, identifcation of polymorphisms that lead to differences among people in the activity and level ofexpression of the enzyme, led to the idea that people with low PON1 activity may be more sensitive to organophosphatepoisoning. In studies carried out in recent years, it was shown that injection of purifed PON1 to animals that are exposedto organophosphate pesticides, and thus increasing serum PON1 levels artifcially, it was possible to reduce the toxiceffects of certain organophosphates like chlorpyrifos and diazinon; but this application was observed to be ineffectiveagainst parathion exposure. Even though recognized as the enzyme that hydrolyzes paraoxon, paraoxonase activity ofPON1 is a bit weak. In studies carried out in recent years, it was observed that injection of purifed PON1 protects againstchlorpyrifos and diazinon but was not effective against parathion exposure. In order to be used as a prophylactic agentagainst organophosphate exposure, PON1’s catalytic effciency has to be increased and the enzyme has to be obtainedin adequate amounts.In recent years, using protein engineering methods, changes were made to some amino acids ofPON1, these PON1 variants were expressed in bacterial systems at suffcient levels and increase in enzyme activity againstsome organophosphates were obtained. In this review, frst, general aspects of organophosphates, action mechanism andpoisonings are addressed; then, the role of PON1 in organophosphate metabolism and recent advances in the researchintended for improving PON1 so that it can be used as an antidote in organophosphate poisonings are empasized.

Özet

Dünya Sağlık Örgütü’nün verilerine göre tüm dünyada yılda 3 milyona yakın pestisitzehirlenmesi meydana gelmekte, bunların 220.000’i ölümle sonuçlanmaktadır. Son yıllardasıklıkla kullanılan pestisitlerden olan organofosfatlar, sinir sistemi üzerinde etki gösterenkimyasallardır. Organofosfatlar asetilkolinesteraz enzimini baskılayarak nörotoksisiteyeyol açarlar. Paraoksonaz 1 (PON 1; EC 3.1.8.1) serumda yüksek dansiteli lipoprotein (HDL)üzerinde yer alan, kalsiyuma bağımlı glikoprotein yapısında bir enzimdir. Memelilerin birçokorganında PON1 aktivitesi tespit edilmesine karşın, kuşlar, balıklar ve böceklerde paraoksonazaktivitesi sıfıra yakındır. PON1’in hidrolize ettiği substratlar arasında paration, diazinonve klorprifos gibi organofosfatlı insektisitlerin aktif formu olan toksik okson metabolitleri;sarin, ve soman gibi sinir gazları; fenil asetat gibi aromatik esterler; homogentisik asitlakton, dihidrokumarin ve homosistein tiolakton gibi birçok aromatik ve alifatik lakton ilesiklik karbonatlar yer almaktadır. Organofosfatlı pestisitlerin toksikolojisi ile ilgili yapılanilk çalışmalar düşük serum PON1 aktivitesine sahip olmanın organofosfatlı bileşiklerin akutetkilerine karşı duyarlılığı arttırdığını ortaya koymuştur. PON1’i kodlayan genin sekansınınbelirlenmesinin ardından, kişiler arasında enzimin aktivitesinde ve ifade edilme seviyesindefarklılıklara yol açan polimorfzmler tespit edilmesi, PON1 aktiviteleri düşük olan insanlarınorganofosfat zehirlenmelerine karşı daha hassas olabileceğini düşündürmüştür. Son yıllardayapılan çalışmalarda safaştırılmış PON1’in organofosfatlı pestisitlere maruz kalan hayvanlaraenjekte edilmesi, dolayısı ile serum PON1 seviyesinin yapay olarak arttırılması ile klorprifos vediazinon gibi bazı organofosfatların toksik etkilerini azaltmanın mümkün olduğu gösterilmiş,ancak bu uygulamanın paration maruziyetine karşı etkili olmadığı görülmüştür. Her ne kadarparaoksonu hidrolizleyen enzim olarak tanınsa da, PON1’in paraoksonaz aktivitesi nispetenzayıftır. Organofosfat maruziyetine karşı koruyucu olarak kullanılabilmesi için PON1’in katalitikverimi arttırılmalı ve yeterli miktarda elde edilebilmelidir. Son yıllarda protein mühendisliğiyöntemleri kullanılarak PON1’in bazı amino asitlerinde değişiklikler yapılmış, bu PON1varyantları bakteriyel sistemlerde yeterli seviyelerde ifade edilmiş ve bazı organofosfatlarakarşı enzim aktivitesinde artışlar sağlanmıştır. Bu derlemede, öncelikle organofosfatlarıngenel özelliklerine, etki mekanizmalarına ve zehirlenmelere değinilmiş, ardından PON1’inorganofosfat metabolizmasındaki rolüne ve organofosfat zehirlenmelerinde antidot olarakkullanılabilmesine yönelik araştırmalardaki son gelişmeler üzerinde durulmuştur

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Cite This Article

DEMİRDÖĞEN, C. B. (2022). Organophosphate pesticide poisonings and the role of serum paraoxonase 1 (PON1) enzyme in organophosphate metabolism. Türk Hijyen ve Deneysel Biyoloji Dergisi, Cilt: 67 - Sayı: 2, 97–112. https://ajindex.com/articles/625200

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