Journals / Erciyes Tıp Dergisi / 2006 / Cilt: 28 - Sayı: 1

Immunity of tuberculosis

Tüberküloz immünolojisi

Pages
25–34
Publication Date
2022-10-17
DOI
—
🏛️Bibliographic metadata and full text access for this article are provided via DergiPark.
DergiPark Record ↗
✨

AI Summary & Key Takeaways

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(Too Long; Didn't Read)

This reaction is identical to protective responses by its mechanism, different only in the source and nature of the antigen.

📌 3 Key Takeaways

🎯
Objective & Hypothesis:M.tuberculosis has several structural components that play a role in directing these host-pathogen interactions.
📊
Key Findings & Data:The host immune response in M.tuberculosis infection, with emphasis on the roles of macrophages, T lymphocytes and cytokines network in effective protective immunity, as well as acquired immunity with presentation of mycobacterial antigens by MHC I, MHC II and CD1 molecules to T cells are summarized in this review.Humans resist infection with mycobacteria in several ways.
💡
Conclusion & Impact:This reaction is identical to protective responses by its mechanism, different only in the source and nature of the antigen.
🔬Design:Review & Systematic Survey
📍Scope:Comprehensive Sample
⚙️Variables:Domain Parameters

Abstract

M.tuberculosis has several structural components that play a role in directing these host-pathogen interactions. The host immune response in M.tuberculosis infection, with emphasis on the roles of macrophages, T lymphocytes and cytokines network in effective protective immunity, as well as acquired immunity with presentation of mycobacterial antigens by MHC I, MHC II and CD1 molecules to T cells are summarized in this review.Humans resist infection with mycobacteria in several ways. First, innate defenses against infection exclude infectious agents or kills them on first contact. Non-adaptive responses are crucial to control infection and hold them in check until acquired immunity can be generated. Adaptive immunity takes several weeks to develop, as T lymphocytes must encounter their specific antigen, proliferate and differentiate into effector cells. Once an adaptive immune response has occurred, the infection usually will have been controlled or pathogen eliminated. When mycobacteria resist the effects of macrophage activation, a characteristic localized inflammatory response called a granuloma develops. Mycobacteria can persist in the cells of the granuloma and persistent bacilli can reactivate to form disease many years to decades after initial infection.Soon after infection, the bacilli are phagocytosed by alveolar macrophages and survive within early phagosomes. Subsequent recruitment of dendritic cells leads to cell-mediated responses involving CD4+ and CD8+TH cells. Macrophage activation is mediated by membrane-bound signals delivered by the inflammatory CD4+TH lymphocytes, as well as by the potent-macrophage activating cytokine INF-g, which is secreted by these cells. Activated macrophages can kill intracellular bacteria, also causing local tissue damage. Inflammatory CD4+ TH lymphocytes produce a range of cytokins and chemokines that not only activate infected macrophages but can also kill senescent macrophages to release engulfed bacteria, recruit fresh macrophages to sites of infection. Delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction is mediated by Inflammatory CD4+TH lymphocytes that either activate local inflammatory responses in the site of antigen depositon or kill tissue cells directly. The delayed-type hypersensitivity is directed by cytokins released by Inflammatory CD4+TH lymphocytes stimulated by antigen. This reaction is identical to protective responses by its mechanism, different only in the source and nature of the antigen.

Özet

Mycobacterium tuberculosis, konak-patojen ilişikilerinin yönlendirilmesinde rol oynayan birçok yapısal komponentler içeren bir basildir. Bu makalede, M. tuberculosis infeksiyonunda konağın immün yanıtı, etkin koruyucu immünitede makrofajlar, T lenfositler ve sitokinlerin rolü vurgulanmış, mikobakteriyel antijenlerin MHC-I, MHC-II ve CD1 molekülleri üzerinden T hücrelerine sunulması ile kazanılan immünite özetlenmiştir.İnsanlar mikobakteriyel infeksiyona birçok yolla dirençlidirler. Birincisi, infeksiyöz etkenle ilk karşılaşmada infeksiyona karşı doğal savunma yoluyla ya dışarı atılır veya öldürülür. Özgül olmayan doğal savunmalar, kazanılan immünite gelişinceye kadar infeksiyonu kontrol altında tutmada önemlidir. Kazanılan immünite gelişmesi haftalar alır, çünkü T lenfositlerin özgül antijenleri tanıması, prolifere olması ve effektör hücre şeklinde farklılaşması gerekmektedir. Kazanılan immünite bir kez oluştuğu zaman infeksiyon genellikle kontrol altına alınır ve patojen elimine edilir. Mikobakteriler, aktive olan makrofajların etkilerine direnç kazanırsa, granülom denilen karakteristik lokalize inflamatuar bir yanıt çıkmaktadır. Mikobakteriler granulom hücreleri içinde persistan olarak kalabilmekte ve persistan basiller infeksiyonun başlangıcından yıllar sonra reaktive olarak hastalık formunu oluşturabilmektedir.İnfeksiyondan hemen sonra basiller alveoler makrofajlar tarafından fagosite edilir ve ilk fagosomların içinde canlıdırlar. Takiben dentritik hücrelerin toplanması ve CD4+ ile CD8+TH lenfositlerin devreye girmesiyle hücre aracılı yanıt gelişmektedir. Makrofajların aktivasyonu, inflamatuar CD4+TH lenfositler ve uyarılan makrofajlar tarafından salınan makrofaj aktivatörü INF-g nın hücre membranına bağlanmasıyla sağlanmaktadır. Aktive olan makrofajlar intraselüler bakteriyi öldürebilir, aynı zamanda lokal doku hasarına neden olabilirler. İnflamatuar CD4+ TH lenfositleri, sadece infekte makrofajların aktivasyonu değil, infeksiyon alanına taze makrofajların gelmesini ve fagosite edilen fakat sindirilmeyen bakteri içeren immün yetersiz makrofajların öldürülmesini sağlayan çeşitli sitokin ve kemokin salarlar. İnflamatuar CD4+TH lenfositleri tarafından oluşturulan gecikmiş tip aşırıduyarlılık reaksiyonu, hem antijen birikimi olan bölgede lokal inflamatuar yanıtı aktive eder, hemde doku hücrelerini öldürür. Gecikmiş tip aşırıduyarlılık, antijen uyarımına bağlı olarak inflamuar CD4+TH lenfositleri tarafından salınan sitokinlerle yönlendirilir. Bu reaksiyon, koruyucu savunma mekanizmalarına benzer, farkı sadece antijenin yapısı ve kaynağıdır.

🔖

Cite This Article

ÖZBAL, Y. (2022). Immunity of tuberculosis. Erciyes Tıp Dergisi, Cilt: 28 - Sayı: 1, 25–34. https://ajindex.com/articles/502761

📄 Full Text PDF Viewer

📄

PDF görüntüleyici hazırlanıyor...

References (14)

  1. Raviglione MC. The TB epidemic form 1992 to 2002. Tuberculosis (Edinb.) 2003; 83:4-14
  2. Kocabaş A. Akciğer tüberkülozu, In: Topçu AW, Söyletir G, Doğanay M (Eds), Infeksiyon Hastalıklari ve Mikrobiyoloji, Nobel Tıp Kitapevleri, Istanbul, 2002; ss 538-591. 3-Secko D. A gene for susceptibility to tuberculosis. Canadian Medical J (CMAJ) 2005, 172: 1436-1438
  3. Manabe Y, Bishai W. Latent Mycobacterium tuberculosispersistence, patience and winning by waiting. Nature Med, 2000; 6:1327-1329
  4. Raja A. Immunology of tuberculosis, Indian J Med Res, 2004; 120: 213-232
  5. Schluger NW, Rom WN. The host response to tuberculosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1998; 157: 679-691
  6. Kiyan M: Mycobacteriaceae, In: Ustaçelebi S (Ed),Temel ve Klinik Mikrobiyoloji, Güneş Kitabevi, Ankara, 1999; ss 419-455
  7. Dannenberg AM. Immunopathogenesis of pulmonary tuberculosis. Hosp Prac.Hospital Practice. 1993; 15: 51-58
  8. Nardell EA. Pathogenesis of tuberculosis. In: Reichaman LB, Hershfield ES (Eds), Tuberculosis. A comprehensive international approach. Marcel-Dekker. Inc. New York, 1993; pp.103-122
  9. Cox JS, Chen B, McNeil M, Jacobs WR, Jr. Complex lipid determines tissue-specific replication of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in mice. Nature, 1999; 402: 79-83
  10. Ludwiczak P, Gilleron M, Bordat Y, et al. Mycobacterium tuberculosis phoP mutant: lipoarabinomannan molecular structure. Microbiol ogy, 2002; 148: 3029-3037
  11. Pai RK, Pennini ME, Tobian AAR, et al. Prolonged Toll-Like Receptor Signaling by Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Its 19-Kilodalton Lipoprotein Inhibits Gamma Interferon-Induced Regulation of Selected Genes in Macrophages Infection and Immunity, 2004, 72: 6603-6614 13. Stewart GR, Wilkinson KA, Newton SM, et al. Effect of Deletion or Overexpression of the 19-Kilodalton Lipoprotein Rv3763 on the Innate Response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Infect. Immun., 2005; 73: 6831-6837
  12. Janeway CA Jr, Travers P. Host defence against infection. In: Immuno Biology-The immune system in health and disease, Current Biology Ltd, London, 1994; pp 1-52 (section9)
  13. Ferguson JS, Gaynor CD, Schlesinger LS. Mononuclear phagocytes in tuberculosis patogenesis. Cur. Op. Inf. Dis. 1997;10:190-195. 16.Noss EH, Pai RK, Sellati TJ, et al. Toll-like receptor 2-dependent inhibition of macrophage class II MHC expression and antigen proces sing by 19-kDa lipoprotein of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J Immunol, 2001; 167: 910-918
  14. Toossi Z, Eliner J. Host response to Mycobacterium t