Journals / Erciyes Tıp Dergisi / 2007 / Cilt: 29 - Sayı: 3

Pathogenesis of HIV-1 infection

HIV-1 infeksiyon patogenezi

Pages
228–234
Publication Date
2022-10-17
DOI
—
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AI Summary & Key Takeaways

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(Too Long; Didn't Read)

The spectrum of vaccine strategies against HIV includes HIV-derived peptides or proteins, the use of viral or bacterial vectors, naked DNA, the use of live attenuated HIV strains.

📌 3 Key Takeaways

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Objective & Hypothesis:HIV-1 is a retrovirus and belongs to the family of Lentiviruses.
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Key Findings & Data:The life cycle of HIV-1 is divided into early and late phases.
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Conclusion & Impact:The spectrum of vaccine strategies against HIV includes HIV-derived peptides or proteins, the use of viral or bacterial vectors, naked DNA, the use of live attenuated HIV strains.
🔬Design:Research Article
📍Scope:Comprehensive Sample
⚙️Variables:Domain Parameters

Abstract

HIV-1 is a retrovirus and belongs to the family of Lentiviruses. The life cycle of HIV-1 is divided into early and late phases. In the early phase; an HIV-1 virion binds to CD4 receptors and chemokine co-receptors on the human host cell surface, viral and host cell membranes fuse and the viral core is entered into host cell. Viral particle is uncoated. The viral genome is reverse transcribed and the viral preintegration complex (PIC) forms. The PIC is transported through the nuclear pore into the nucleoplasm, and the viral reverse transcript is integrated into a host cell DNA. In the late phase, viral RNAs are transcribed from the integrated viral genome and processed to generate viral mRNAs and full-length viral genomic RNAs. The viral RNAs are exported through the nuclear pore into the cytosol. Viral mRNAs are translated and the resulting viral proteins are post-translationally processed, core particles containing viral genomic RNA and envelope proteins assemble at the host cell membrane. Immature viral particles are released by budding. The released particles mature to become infectious. There are three main ways HIV-1 incites cell death in CD4+TH lymphocytes, namely through the budding process, infected cell-to-cell fusion and through tricking the immune system. The stimulation of CD8+T lymphocytes and the formation of antigen-specific cytotoxic CD8+T lymphocytes depend on the presentation of a peptide together with MHC-I. Cytotoxic CD8+T lymphocytes are able to recognize and eliminate HIV-1 infected cells. Nef induce downregulation of CD4 and MHC-I molecules from the HIV-1-infected cells, which represent an escape mechanism for the virus to evade an attack mediated by cytotoxic CD8+T lymphocytes and to avoid recognition by CD4+TH1 lymphocytes. The spectrum of vaccine strategies against HIV includes HIV-derived peptides or proteins, the use of viral or bacterial vectors, naked DNA, the use of live attenuated HIV strains.

Özet

HIV-1, Lentivirüs ailesine ait bir retrovirüsdür. HIV-1'in yaşam siklusu, erken ve geç dönem olarak iki evreye ayrılır. Erken evrede; bir HIV-1 virionu insan konak hücre yüzeyinde bulunan CD4 reseptör ve kemokin ko-reseptörlerine bağlanır, viral zarf ile konak hücre membranı arasında füzyon olur ve viral kor konak hücreye girer. Viral partikül soyulur. Viral genom revers transkribe olur ve viral preintegrasyon kompleksi (PIC) oluşur. PIC, nükleer gözeneklerden nükleusa taşınır ve viral revers transkript genom konak hücre DNA’ya integre olur. Geç evrede; integre viral genomdan viral RNA’lar kopyalanır ve tam uzunlukta viral mRNA ve genomik RNA’lar sentezlenir. Viral RNA’lar nükleusdan sitoplazmaya taşınır. Viral mRNA’ların translasyonu takiben viral proteinler sentezlenir. Viral genomik RNA’nın etrafını kaplayan kor partikülleri konak hücre membranında zarf proteinleri ile birleşir. Oluşan immatur viral partiküller tomurcuklanarak salınır. Salınan olgun partiküller infeksiyözdür. HIV-1 tarafından CD4+TH lenfositlerin ölümü üç temel yolla tomurcuklanma, infekte hücre-hücre füzyonu ve immün sistemi görev dışı bırakarak olmaktadır. CD8+T lenfositleri uyarılması ve antijene özgül sitotoksik CD8+T lenfositlerin oluşması bir peptidin MHC-I üzerinden sunulmasına bağlıdır. Sitotoksik CD8+T lenfositleri HIV-1 ile infekte hücreleri tanıyarak elimine edebilirler. Nef HIV-1 ile infekte hücrelerde CD4 ve MHC-1 moleküllerin regülasyonunu bozarak virüsü sitotoksik CD8+T lenfositlerin atağından kurtarmak ve CD4+TH1 lenfositleri tarafından tanınmaktan sakınmak için kaçış mekanizması geliştirir. HIV’e karşı aşı stratejilerin spektrumunda HIV’den hazırlanmış peptid veya proteinler, viral veya bakteriyel vektörlerin kullanılması, çıplak DNA, attenüe canlı HIV suşlarının kullanılması yer almaktadır.

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Cite This Article

ÖZBAL, Y. (2022). Pathogenesis of HIV-1 infection. Erciyes Tıp Dergisi, Cilt: 29 - Sayı: 3, 228–234. https://ajindex.com/articles/502750

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