Journals / Arkeoloji ve Sanat / 2018 / Cilt: 0 - Sayı: 159

AN OBJECT OF PERSONAL PIETY AND DEVOTIONAL INVOCATIONS IN EARLY BYZANTIUM: THE ENKOLPION OF NYSA

Erken Bizans’ta Bir KişiselDindarlık Nesnesi ve YakarışDuaları: Nysa Enkolpion’u*

Pages
131–140
Publication Date
2022-10-11
DOI
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AI Summary & Key Takeaways

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⚡ TL;DR(Too Long; Didn't Read)

Considering the limited number of surviving early Byzantine gold crossenkolpia, the gold pendant of Nysa is a new substantial evidence in our understanding of the EarlyByzantine Nysa’s social structure as well as the personal and intimate devotional artistic productionwithin the broader picture of Early Byzantine world.

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Objective & Hypothesis:Nysa, one of the major cities of the middle Maeander valley in Western Asia Minor, occupied animportant position within the ancient transportation hub between Central Anatolia and the urbancenters of Caria and Ionia, as well as within the pilgrim route connecting Asia Minor to the HolyLand in the Late Antiquity.
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Key Findings & Data:In spite of the extensive research on the settlement’s Roman period,studies on the Early Byzantine art and architecture of the ancient city are quite limited before 2015.Although a small number of studies on Byzantine monuments at the beginning of the 20th centuryhave mentioned the location of some Byzantine buildings, Byzantine remains have never been investigated nor excavated.
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Conclusion & Impact:Considering the limited number of surviving early Byzantine gold crossenkolpia, the gold pendant of Nysa is a new substantial evidence in our understanding of the EarlyByzantine Nysa’s social structure as well as the personal and intimate devotional artistic productionwithin the broader picture of Early Byzantine world.
🔬Design:Research Article
📍Scope:2015 Verileri
⚙️Variables:Domain Parameters

Abstract

Nysa, one of the major cities of the middle Maeander valley in Western Asia Minor, occupied animportant position within the ancient transportation hub between Central Anatolia and the urbancenters of Caria and Ionia, as well as within the pilgrim route connecting Asia Minor to the HolyLand in the Late Antiquity. In spite of the extensive research on the settlement’s Roman period,studies on the Early Byzantine art and architecture of the ancient city are quite limited before 2015.Although a small number of studies on Byzantine monuments at the beginning of the 20th centuryhave mentioned the location of some Byzantine buildings, Byzantine remains have never been investigated nor excavated. Over the past four excavation seasons, several critical issues have been raisedregarding early Byzantine architecture and artistic production, and many important new discoveriescame to light. Among these new findings, this paper focuses on a gold enkolpion discovered in the2017 archaeological excavation season in Nysa. The cross shaped enkolpion composed of two buttsoldered sheets. On the embossed obverse, each of the arms of the cross is decorated with a droppattern and a cross in the center. On the reverse, at the end of each arm, is a cruciform monogramwhich may be read as Κύριε βοήθη το/βοήθει τω σω δούλω/δούλω σου Τρύφωη[νος] ? “The Lord, helpyour servant Tryphon (?)”. In terms of style and technique, the enkolpion present some notablesimilarities with the well studied early Byzantine gold cross pendants; similarly the archaeologicalcontext of the building with doric columns in which the enkolpion has been discovered confirmsthe same chronological range, therefore we propose to date the object to the 6th and 7th centuries.Byzantine enkolpia mirrors the significance of the apotropaic beliefs in the individual religiouspractices in pious Byzantine society such as the protection from the evil spirits, diseases and all kindof disasters for their wearers. The inscribed words of the Nysa enkolpion expresses certainly theowner’s individual invocation. Considering the limited number of surviving early Byzantine gold crossenkolpia, the gold pendant of Nysa is a new substantial evidence in our understanding of the EarlyByzantine Nysa’s social structure as well as the personal and intimate devotional artistic productionwithin the broader picture of Early Byzantine world.

Özet

Batı Anadolu’da Aşağı Menderes vadisinin önemli kentlerinden biri olan Nysa, hem İç Anadolu ile Karia ve Ionia’nın kent merkezleri arasındaki antik ulaşım ağında hem de Geç Antik Dönem'de Anadolu’yu "Kutsal Topraklar"a bağlayan hacı yolu üzerinde önemli bir konumdadır. Nysa’nın Roma Dönemi yerleşimine ilişkin kapsamlı araştırmalara karşın, antik kentin Erken Bizans sanatı ve mimarisine dair çalışmalar 2015 öncesinde oldukça sınırlı kalmıştır. 20. yüzyılın başında, Bizans eserleri üzerine birkaç sınırlı çalışma, bazı Bizans yapılarının yerlerinden söz etmesine karşın kentin Bizans kalıntıları hiç araştırılmamış ve kazılmamıştır. Geçen dört kazı sezonu üzerine, Erken Bizans mimarisi ve sanatsal üretimine ilişkin birkaç önemli veri ortaya çıkarılmış ve pek çok dikkate değer yeni keşif gün ışığına kavuşmuştur. Bu makale, bu yeni buluntular arasında Nysa’da 2017 arkeolojik kazı sezonunda keşfedilen altın bir enkolpion'a odaklanır. Haç biçimli enkolpion iki uç uca lehimlenmiş parçadan oluşur. Kabartma tekniğindeki ön yüzde, haçın her bir kolu damla motifiyle ve merkezi ise bir haçla dekore edilmiştir. Arka yüzde, her bir haç kolunun ucunda, Κύριε βοήθη το/βοήθει τω σω δούλω/δούλω σου Τρύφωη[νος] (?) “Tanrım, hizmetkarın Tryphonos’a yardım et” biçiminde okunabilecek birer haç monogram vardır. Enkolpion üslup ve teknik bakımdan, bilinen Erken Bizans altın haç pendantlarıyla bazı dikkate değer benzerlikler gösterir; nesnenin bulunduğu dorik sütunlu yapının arkeolojik konteksti de aynı kronolojik aralığı verdiğinden enkolpion için 6. ve 7. yüzyılları önerebiliriz.Bizans enkolpion'ları, onları takanlar için, dindar Bizans toplumunun bireysel ibadet biçimleri arasında bulunan ve kötü ruhlardan, türlü türlü felaketlerden ve hastalıklardan koruma işlevi olan olan muskalara ve nazara olan inancın önemini yansıtır. Nysa enkolpion’unun üzerindeki yazı da kuşkusuz sahibinin bireysel yakarışını ifade eder. Günümüze ulaşan Erken Bizans altın haç enkolpion'ların azlığı düşünüldüğünde, Nysa’nın altın pendantı, hem Erken Bizans Nysa'sının sosyal yapısını, hem de daha geniş çerçevede Erken Bizans dünyasının bireysel ve mahrem olan ibadete ilişkin sanatsal üretimini anlamamız için önemli yeni bir kanıttır.

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Cite This Article

Peker, N. (2022). AN OBJECT OF PERSONAL PIETY AND DEVOTIONAL INVOCATIONS IN EARLY BYZANTIUM: THE ENKOLPION OF NYSA. Arkeoloji ve Sanat, Cilt: 0 - Sayı: 159, 131–140. https://ajindex.com/articles/448462

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