AI Summary & Key Takeaways
AI InsightThus, Sultan Abdülhamid II, who had a very important share in the last years of the Ottoman Empire, has been the goal to reveal how Abdülhamid II was introduced or presented to the reader through the caricature.
📌 3 Key Takeaways
Abstract
Caricature can be considered as a type of painting that manifests itself with the historical sense of revealing the individual skills of the human being. It is perceived that the caricature, which has been held in human life since cave paintings until today, has also a unique place in our modern life with different ways and various fields through the course of history. Caricature continues to exist as an important representative of the combination of painting and criticism. In this context, political caricatures are one of the most practical and efficient methods used to criticize notables of states. The dose of these caricatures causes many controversies even today, as they increase their violence and cruelty in case of conflicts between states. There are many publications in Europe in the 19th century and dealing with the developments in the world. It is reasonable to confer following newspapers and magazines as examples in this field: La Silhouette (1829), La Caricature (1830), Penny Magazine (1832), Punch (1841), L’Illustration Journal Universel (1843), Harpers’s Magazine (1850), Le Monde Illustré (1857), The Illustrated London News (1842), Frank Leslie’s Illustrated News (1855) and Puck (1871). These newspapers and magazines have a unique place in the world press history in terms of showing all varieties of criticism, apart from being pioneers in many fields. Since these publications systematically followed the political and social events happening all over the world and included many illustrations, caricatures and columns on various topics according to the agenda. These descriptions are noteworthy documents for many disciplines today. In recent years, access to works has increased with the convenience provided by digitalization. Therefore, the descriptions in various printed publications have emerged in a way that supports the studies in many types of research, even with the potential to be the main topic directly. The journal, which addresses many people and issues critically, mainly in France and Europe, has established many studies on the Ottoman Empire and its leaders. Abdülhamid II (1876-1909), was the subject of a notable amount of critical caricature during his long reign. Within the scope of this research, 18 caricatures that themed Abdülhamid II, which were selected from 641 numbers of Le Rire, published between 1894 and 1909, were determined and examined. The following subjects are processed in these caricatures: Some difficulties experienced by the Ottoman Empire in the Balkans and Eastern Anatolia, the rapprochement with the Germans, the endless negotiations in foreign policy, the turmoil in terms of the Ottoman sultanate and the joint studies with Europe. It is aimed to bring these caricatures, some of which are anonymous and some signed, as a consequence of various technical skills, to several fields of study and especially to the literature of art history by analyzing them in artistic and historical terms. Thus, Sultan Abdülhamid II, who had a very important share in the last years of the Ottoman Empire, has been the goal to reveal how Abdülhamid II was introduced or presented to the reader through the caricature.
Özet
Karikatür, tarihsel anlamda insanın bireysel becerisini ortaya koymasıyla kendini göstermeye başlayan bir resim türü olarak değerlendirilebilir. Tarihi oldukça gerilere uzanan karikatür, resim ve eleştiri birleşiminin önemli bir temsilcisi olarak varlığını sürdürmeye devam etmektedir. Bu karikatürler, devletlerarası anlaşmazlık durumunda şiddetini ve acımasızlığını arttırmasıyla günümüzde de çok sayıda tartışmaya neden olmaktadır. 19. yüzyıl Avrupası’nda yayımlanmış ve dünyada yaşanan gelişmeleri konu alan çok sayıda yayın organı bulunmaktadır. La Silhouette (1829), La Caricature (1830), Penny Magazine (1832), Punch (1841), L’Illustration Journal Universel (1843), Harpers’s Magazine (1850), Le Monde Illustré (1857), The Illustrated London News (1842), Frank Leslie’s Illustrated News (1855), Puck (1871), vb. gazete ve dergileri, bu alanda örnek olarak göstermek mümkündür. Yayın hayatına 1894 yılında Paris’te başlayan ve çeşitli değişikliklerle uzun yıllar okuyucuya hizmet eden Le Rire, son sayısını 1971’de yayınlamıştır. Bu araştırma kapsamında, 1894-1909 yılları arasında basılmış Le Rire’in 641 sayısı içerisinden tespit edilen 18 adet II. Abdülhamid karikatürü incelenmiştir. Konu itibariyle Osmanlı Devleti’nin Balkanlarda ve Doğu Anadolu’da yaşadığı birtakım sorunlar, Almanlarla olan yakınlaşmalar, dış politikada sonu gelmez müzakereler, Osmanlı saltanatı açısından yaşanan çalkantılar ve Avrupa ile yürütülen ortak çalışmalar ön plana çıkmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, bazıları anonim, bazıları sanatçı imzası barındıran, çeşitli teknik becerinin sonucu olan karikatürlerin sanatsal ve tarihsel anlamda analizi yapılarak sanat tarihi literatürüne kazandırılması amaçlanmıştır. Ayrıca karikatür vasıtasıyla Osmanlı Devleti’nin son yıllarında önemli bir paya sahip olan Sultan II. Abdülhamid’in okuyucuya ne şekilde tanıtıldığı veya sunulduğu ortaya konmaya çalışılmıştır.