Journals / Turkish Journal of Hematology / 2018 / Cilt: 35 - Sayı: 1

Hematolojik Kanserleri Olan İnvaziv Mantar Enfeksiyonlu Hastalar: Dirençli Patojenlerin Ortaya Çıkışı ve Yeni Antifungal Tedaviler

Invasive Fungal Infections in Patients with Hematological Malignancies: Emergence of Resistant Pathogens and New Antifungal Therapies

Pages
1–11
DOI
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AI Summary & Key Takeaways

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(Too Long; Didn't Read)

Prevention of resistance through antifungal stewardship programs is of paramount importance

📌 3 Key Takeaways

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Objective & Hypothesis:Invasive fungal infections caused by drug-resistant organisms are an emerging threat to heavily immunosuppressed patients with hematological malignancies.
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Key Findings & Data:Modern early antifungal treatment strategies, such as prophylaxis and empirical and preemptive therapy, result in long-term exposure to antifungal agents, which is a major driving force for the development of resistance.
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Conclusion & Impact:Prevention of resistance through antifungal stewardship programs is of paramount importance
🔬Design:Research Article
📍Scope:Comprehensive Sample
⚙️Variables:Domain Parameters

Abstract

Invasive fungal infections caused by drug-resistant organisms are an emerging threat to heavily immunosuppressed patients with hematological malignancies. Modern early antifungal treatment strategies, such as prophylaxis and empirical and preemptive therapy, result in long-term exposure to antifungal agents, which is a major driving force for the development of resistance. The extended use of central venous catheters, the nonlinear pharmacokinetics of certain antifungal agents, neutropenia, other forms of intense immunosuppression, and drug toxicities are other contributing factors. The widespread use of agricultural and industrial fungicides with similar chemical structures and mechanisms of action has resulted in the development of environmental reservoirs for some drug-resistant fungi, especially azole-resistant Aspergillus species, which have been reported from four continents. The majority of resistant strains have the mutation TR34/L98H, a finding suggesting that the source of resistance is the environment. The global emergence of new fungal pathogens with inherent resistance, such as Candida auris, is a new public health threat. The most common mechanism of antifungal drug resistance is the induction of efflux pumps, which decrease intracellular drug concentrations. Overexpression, depletion, and alteration of the drug target are other mechanisms of resistance. Mutations in the ERG11 gene alter the protein structure of C-demethylase, reducing the efficacy of antifungal triazoles. Candida species become echinocandin-resistant by mutations in FKS genes. A shift in the epidemiology of Candida towards resistant non-albicans Candida spp. has emerged among patients with hematological malignancies. There is no definite association between antifungal resistance, as defined by elevated minimum inhibitory concentrations, and clinical outcomes in this population. Detection of genes or mutations conferring resistance with the use of molecular methods may offer better predictive values in certain cases. Treatment options for resistant fungal infections are limited and new drugs with novel mechanisms of actions are needed. Prevention of resistance through antifungal stewardship programs is of paramount importance

Özet

İlaca dirençli organizmaların neden olduğu invaziv mantar enfeksiyonları, ağır immün baskılanma altındaki hematolojik kanserli hastalar için bir tehdittir. Profilaktik, ampirik ve önleyici tedaviler gibi güncel anti-fungal tedavi yaklaşımları, direnç gelişiminde büyük bir itici güç olan anti-fungal ajanlara uzun süreli maruz kalma ile sonuçlanmaktadır. Santral venöz kateterlerin uzun süreli kullanımı, bazı anti-fungal ajanların doğrusal olmayan farmakokinetiği, nötropeni, yoğun immün baskılamanın farklı formları ve ilaç toksisitesi direnç gelişimine katkıda bulunan diğer faktörlerdir. Benzer kimyasal yapılara ve etki mekanizmalarına sahip, tarımsal ve endüstriyel fungisitlerin yaygın kullanımı, dört kıtadan bildirilen bazı ilaca dirençli mantarlar, özellikle azole dayanıklı Aspergillus türleri için çevresel kaynakların gelişmesine neden olmaktadır. Dirençli suşların çoğunda bulunan TR34 / L98H mutasyonu, direncin çevresel kaynaklı olduğunu düşündürmektedir. Candida auris gibi doğal dirençli yeni fungal patojenlerin ortaya çıkması, yeni bir halk sağlığı tehdididir. Anti-fungal ilaç direncinin en yaygın mekanizması, hücre içi ilaç konsantrasyonlarını azaltan hücre dışına atım pompalarının uyarılmasıdır. Diğer direnç mekanizmaları arasında ilaç hedefinin aşırı ekspresyonu, tükenmesi ya da değişmesi bulunmaktadır. ERG11 genindeki mutasyonlar, antif-fungal triazollerin etkinliğini azaltarak C-demetilazın protein yapısını değiştirir. Candida türleri, FKS genlerindeki mutasyonlarla ekinokandine dirençli hale gelir. Candida epidemiyolojisinde dirençli olmayan albicans Candida spp. hematolojik kanseri olan hastalar arasında ön plana çıkmaktadır. Bu popülasyondaki hasta grubunda artmış minimum inhibitör konsantrasyonlarla tanımlanan antifungal direnç ile klinik sonuçlar arasında kesin bir ilişki yoktur. Moleküler yöntemlerin kullanımı ile dirence neden olan genlerin veya mutasyonların saptanması, bazı olgularda daha iyi klinik ön görü sağlayabilir. Dirençli fungal enfeksiyonlara yönelik tedavi seçenekleri sınırlıdır ve yeni mekanizmalara sahip ilaçlara ihtiyaç duyulmaktadır. Anti-fungal idame programlarıyla direncin önlenmesi büyük önem taşır.

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Cite This Article

SİPSAS, N. V., WALSH, T. J., GAMALETSOU, M. N. (2018). Hematolojik Kanserleri Olan İnvaziv Mantar Enfeksiyonlu Hastalar: Dirençli Patojenlerin Ortaya Çıkışı ve Yeni Antifungal Tedaviler. Turkish Journal of Hematology, Cilt: 35 - Sayı: 1, 1–11. https://ajindex.com/articles/412396

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