Lead extraction and contrast venography (To the Editor)

References (2)

1. Calkins H, Ramza BM, Brinker J, Atiga W, Donahue K, Nsah E, et al. Prospective randomized comparison of the safety and effectiveness of placement of endocardial pacemaker and defibrillator leads using the extrathoracic subclavian vein guided by contrast venography versus the cephalic approach. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2001; 24: 456-64. [CrossRef] Sticherling C, Chough SP, Baker RL, Wasmer K, Oral H, Tada H, et al. Prevalence of central venous occlusion in patients with chronic defibrillator leads. Am Heart J 2001; 141: 813-6. [CrossRef] Lickfett L, Bitzen A, Arepally A, Nasir K, Wolpert C, Jeong KM, et al. Incidence of venous obstruction following insertion of an implantable cardioverter defibrillator. A study of systematic contrast venography on patients presenting for their first elective ICD generator replacement. Europace 2004; 6: 25-31. [CrossRef] Goldberger Z, Lampert R. Implantable cardioverter-defibrillators: expanding indications and technologies. Jama 2006; 295: 809-18.
2. Manolis AS, Georgiopoulos G, Metaxa S, Koulouris S, Tsiachris D. Cardiac implantable electronic device lead extraction using the lead-locking device system: keeping it simple, safe, and inexpensive with mechanical tools and local anesthesia. Anatol J Cardiol 2017; 18: 289-95. [CrossRef]