Journals / Mikrobiyoloji Bülteni / 2007 / Cilt: 41 - Sayı: 4

Financisella tularensis and tularemia in Türkey

Financisella tularensis ve Türkiye'de tularemi

Pages
621–636
DOI
—
🏛️Bibliographic metadata and full text access for this article are provided via DergiPark.
DergiPark Record ↗
✨

AI Summary & Key Takeaways

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(Too Long; Didn't Read)

In this review, general characteristics of F.tularensis and its infections have been discussed emphasizing the data related with tularemia in Turkey.

📌 3 Key Takeaways

🎯
Objective & Hypothesis:Francisella tularensis is a small gram-negative aerobic bacillus which was named after Edward Francis and the location (Tulare County, California) where the organism was discovered.
📊
Key Findings & Data:The incubation period is about 3-5 days, but may vary between 1 to 21 days, and symptoms vary based on the mode of infection.
💡
Conclusion & Impact:In this review, general characteristics of F.tularensis and its infections have been discussed emphasizing the data related with tularemia in Turkey.
🔬Design:Review & Systematic Survey
📍Scope:2005 Verileri
⚙️Variables:Domain Parameters

Abstract

Francisella tularensis is a small gram-negative aerobic bacillus which was named after Edward Francis and the location (Tulare County, California) where the organism was discovered. F.tularensis includes three subspecies known as tularensis (type A biovar), holarctica (type B biovar) and mediasiatica. Tularemia (rabbit fever) is a rare and primarily rural disease which may be transmitted by ingestion, inhalation, or by direct skin contact with rabbits, other rodents and by blood-sucking arthropods. Infection occurs in different forms, such as typhoidal, pneumonic, oculoglandular, oropharyngeal, ulceroglandular, and glandular. The incubation period is about 3-5 days, but may vary between 1 to 21 days, and symptoms vary based on the mode of infection. Infections by F.tularensis subsp. tularensis are generally presented as ulceroglandular form and cause more severe diseases leading 5-60% mortality in untreated patients. F.tularensis subsp. holarctica which is a less virulent organism, mainly cause oropharyngeal form of infection especially in Europe countries as well as in Turkey. Since F.tularensis is extremely virulent organism and is difficult to culture on standard media, laboratory diagnosis is mainly based on the serological assays such as microagglutination or ELISA tests. Streptomycin or gentamycin (for 10-14 days) are the first choise antibiotics for the treatment. Tularemia becomes a reemerging zoonosis in Turkey. The first published tularemia epidemic in Turkey had been reported in 1936 from Thrace region (Luleburgaz town), and the second was in 1945 again in the same location. In recent years, tularemia outbreaks were reported from various regions of Turkey. The reliable data were obtained after 2005 because of the inclusion of this infection into Group C of notification system of communicable diseases by Turkish Ministry of Health. A total of 431 confirmed cases were reported from various provinces according to data of the year 2005. In this review, general characteristics of F.tularensis and its infections have been discussed emphasizing the data related with tularemia in Turkey.

Özet

Gram negatif küçük bir aerobik basil olan Francisella tularensis, ilk tanımlandığı yer (Tulare, Kaliforniya) ve ilk tanımlayan araştırıcının adına (Edward Francis) izafeten isimlendirilmiştir. F.tularensis; tularensis (tip A biovarı), holarctica (tip B biovarı) ve mediasiatica olarak bilinen üç alt tür içermektedir. Nadir görülen ve özellikle kırsal bölgelerde ortaya çıkan hastalık, bakterinin sindirim veya solunum yoluyla alınması ya da tavşan, diğer kemiriciler ve kan emen artropodlar ile direk teması sonucu bulaşır. Hastalığın inkübasyon süresi ortalama 3-5 gün olup 1-21 gün arasında değişebilir. Enfeksiyon, tifoidal, pnömonik, oküloglandüler, orofarengeal, ülseroglandüler ve glandüler formda ortaya çıkabilmektedir. Semptomlar hastalığın tipine göre değişiklik gösterir. F.tularensis subsp. tularensis daha ziyade ülseroglandüler formda hastalık oluşturur; bu enfeksiyonların seyri daha ağır olup tedavi edilmeyen olgularda mortalite %5-60 arasında değişebilir. Buna karşın daha ziyade orofarengeal formda klinik tablo oluşturan F.tularensis subsp. holarctica’nın ise virülansı düşüktür ve Avrupa’da tularemi hastalığının başlıca etkenidir. Ülkemizde de bu alt türün bulunduğunu düşündüren bulgular vardır. Bakterinin yüksek virülansa sahip olması ve kültürünün yapılmasındaki zorluklar nedeniyle laboratuvar tanısı serolojik yöntemlere (mikroaglütinasyon veya ELISA) dayanmaktadır. Streptomisin ve gentamisin (10-14 günlük doz) tedavide ilk seçenek antibiyotiklerdir. Türkiye’de tularemi yeniden önem kazanan bir zoonoz haline gelmiştir. Ülkemizde bildirilen ilk tularemi epidemisi 1936 yılında Trakya bölgesinde (Lüleburgaz), ikinci epidemi ise 1945 yılında yine aynı bölgede ortaya çıkmıştır. Son yıllarda ülkemizin değişik bölgelerinden tularemi salgınları bildirilmektedir. T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı, bu hastalığı 2005 yılında bulaşıcı hastalıkların bildirim sisteminde Grup C içine dahil ettiğinden tularemi ile ilgili güvenilir veriler alınmaya başlanmıştır. Bu verilere göre 2005 yılında çeşitli illerden toplam 431 kesin tularemi olgusu bildirilmiştir. Bu derleme yazıda F.tularensis ve oluşturduğu hastalığın genel özellikleri ile tulareminin Türkiye’deki durumu tartışılmaktadır.

🔖

Cite This Article

GÜRCAN, Ş. (2007). Financisella tularensis and tularemia in Türkey. Mikrobiyoloji Bülteni, Cilt: 41 - Sayı: 4, 621–636. https://ajindex.com/articles/299378

References (17)

  1. Nano FE. Francisella, pp: 1347-50. In: Collier L, Balows A, Sussman M (eds), Microbiology and Microbial Infections. 1998, 9th ed. Vol
  2. Oxford University Pres Inc, New York
  3. Ellis J, Oyston PC, Green M, et al. Tularemia. Clin Microbiol Rev 2002; 15: 631-46
  4. Tarnvik A, Berglund L. Tularaemia. Eur Respir J 2003; 21: 361-73
  5. Dennis DT, Inglesby TV, Henderson DA, et al. Tularemia as a biological weapon: medical and public health management. JAMA 2001; 285: 2763-73
  6. Shapiro DS, Schwartz DR. Exposure of laboratory workers to Francisella tularensis despite a bioterrorism procedure. J Clin Microbiol 2002; 40: 2278-81
  7. Gedikoğlu S. Pasteurella, Francisella, Bordetella, pp: 1658-67. In: Willke Topçu A, Söyletir G, Doğanay M (ed), İnfeksiyon Hastalıkları ve Mikrobiyolojisi. 2002, Nobel Tıp Kitabevleri, İstanbul
  8. U.S.Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories, 1999, 4th ed. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington
  9. Whipp MJ, Davis JM, Lum G, et al. Characterization of a novicida-like subspecies of Francisella tularensis isolated in Australia. J Med Microbiol 2003; 52: 839-42
  10. Johansson A, Forsman M, Sjostedt A. The development of tools for diagnosis of tularemia and typing of Francisella tularensis. APMIS 2004; 112: 898-907
  11. Feldman KA, Stiles-Enos D, Julian K, et al. Tularemia on Martha’s Vineyard: seroprevalence and occupational risk. Emerg Infect Dis 2003; 9: 350-4
  12. Levesque B, De SG, Higgins R, et al. Seroepidemiologic study of three zoonoses (leptospirosis, Q fever, and tularemia) among trappers in Quebec, Canada. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 1995; 2: 496-8
  13. CDC. Case Definitions for Infectious Conditions Under Public Health Surveillance. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep Recommendation and Reports 1997; 46:1-55
  14. Helvaci S, Gedikoglu S, Akalin H, et al. Tularemia in Bursa, Turkey: 205 cases in ten years. Eur J Epidemiol 2000; 16: 271-6
  15. Gürcan Ş, Otkun MT, Otkun M, et al. An outbreak of tularemia in Western Black Sea region of Turkey. Yonsei Med J 2004; 45: 17-22
  16. Gürcan Ş, Eskiocak M, Varol G, et al. Tularemia re-emerging in European Part of Turkey after 60 years. Jpn J Infect Dis 2006; 59: 391-3
  17. Johansson A, Ibrahim A, Goransson I, et al. Evaluation of PCR-based methods for discrimination of Francisella species and subspecies and development of a specific PCR that distinguishes the two major sub