Journals / Mikrobiyoloji Bülteni / 2013 / Cilt: 47 - Sayı: 2

Heterogeneous macrolide resistance in methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus: Investigation of resistance mechanisms and clonality

Metisiline dirençli staphylococcus aureus izolatlarında heterojen makrolid direnci: Direnç mekanizmasının ve klonalitenin araştırılması

Pages
211–222
DOI
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In addition it was suggested that longer incubation (at least 24 hours) of the antibiotic susceptibility test plates could help identification of hMLSB phenotype in disc diffusion tests.

📌 3 Key Takeaways

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Objective & Hypothesis:Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most important pathogens leading to hospital infections and has ability to gain multiple resistance to most of the antibiotics used as well as ability to spread clonally.
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Key Findings & Data:In this study we aimed to investigate the mechanism of heterogenous macrolide resistance and clonality of 41 methicillin-resistant S.aureus (MRSA) strains isolated from clinical samples of inpatients between 2006 and 2008 in a tertiary care training hospital.
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Conclusion & Impact:In addition it was suggested that longer incubation (at least 24 hours) of the antibiotic susceptibility test plates could help identification of hMLSB phenotype in disc diffusion tests.
🔬Design:Research Article
📍Scope:2006 Verileri
⚙️Variables:Domain Parameters

Abstract

Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most important pathogens leading to hospital infections and has ability to gain multiple resistance to most of the antibiotics used as well as ability to spread clonally. In this study we aimed to investigate the mechanism of heterogenous macrolide resistance and clonality of 41 methicillin-resistant S.aureus (MRSA) strains isolated from clinical samples of inpatients between 2006 and 2008 in a tertiary care training hospital. Heterogenous macrolide resistance is defined as the isolates with colonies in the inhibiton zone of erythromycin, azithromycin, claritromycin discs, and named as hMLSB (heterogeneous macrolides, lincosamides, streptogramin-B) phenotype. A total of 63 macrolideresistant MRSA strains isolated during the same period with non-hMLSB phenotype were included in the study as a control group. The susceptibilties of isolates to methicillin, erythromycin, azithromycin, claritromycin, clindamycin, quinupristin-dalfopristin, penicillin, vancomycin, teicoplanin, linezolide, gentamicin, amikacin, ciprofloxacin, trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole, chloramphenicol, rifampin, tetracycline and telithromycin were determined by disc diffusion method according to the CLSI criteria. hMLSB isolates were also tested for erythromycin, clindamycin and quinupristin-dalfopristin susceptibility by Vitek- 2 automated system (bioMerieux, France). Presence of erm(A), erm(B), erm(C), msr(A/B) resistance genes were investigated by PCR. The regulatory region of the erm(A) gene, which was found to be the only molecular mechanism of hMLSB, was sequenced. Sequence analysis of regulatory regions showed deletion of “guanine” base at position 149 in 34 strains and two point mutations namely “C368G” and “T377C” in 16 strains. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) analysis indicated presence of a common clone and its variants; however this clone was also common among control group strains. Interestingly all heterogeneous macrolide resistant isolates were reported as susceptible to erythromycin, clindamycin, quinupristin-dalfopristin by the automated system. As a result a clone specific to heterogenous macrolide resistant strains was not detected. Although all hMLSB strains had erm(A) gene, a specific and common genetic modification could not be found in regulatory region of the isolates. The most important finding of this study is the detection of inability of the automated system to properly reflect the hMLSB phenotype. In addition it was suggested that longer incubation (at least 24 hours) of the antibiotic susceptibility test plates could help identification of hMLSB phenotype in disc diffusion tests.

Özet

Staphylococcus aureus, hastane enfeksiyonlarına neden olan önemli patojenlerden biridir ve kullanılan antibiyotiklere çoklu direnç kazanmanın yanı sıra klonal olarak yayılma özelliğine sahiptir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, bir üçüncü basamak eğitim hastanesinde 2006-2008 yılları arasında yatan hastalara ait klinik örneklerden izole edilen 41 metisiline dirençli S.aureus (MRSA) suşunda gözlenen heterojen makrolid direncinin mekanizmasının ve izolatlar arasındaki klonal ilişkinin araştırılmasıdır. Eritromisin, klaritromisin ve azitromisin antibiyotik disklerine ait inhibisyon zonu içerisinde üreme gözlenen izolatlar heterojen makrolid, linkozamid ve streptogramin-B (hMLSB) direnç fenotipine sahip izolatlar olarak tanımlanmıştır. Aynı yıllarda izole edilmiş hMLSB direnç fenotipi sergilemeyen makrolidlere dirençli 63 MRSA izolatı da kontrol grubu olarak çalışmaya dahil edilmiştir. İzolatlarda metisilin, eritromisin, azitromisin, klaritromisin, klindamisin, kinupristin-dalfopristin, penisilin, vankomisin, teikoplanin, linezolid, gentamisin, amikasin, siprofloksasin, trimetoprim-sülfametoksazol, kloramfenikol, rifampin, tetrasiklin ve telitromisin direnci CLSI kriterlerine uygun olarak disk difüzyon yöntemiyle araştırılmıştır. hMLSB fenotipine sahip izolatlarda eritromisin, klindamisin ve kinupristin-dalfopristin duyarlılıkları ayrıca Vitek-2 otomatize sistemi (bioMerieux, Fransa) ile belirlenmiştir. İzolatlarda ermA, ermB, ermC, msrA/B direnç genlerinin varlığı PCR ile araştırılmıştır. Çalışmamızda erm(A), hMLSB direncinden sorumlu tek direnç geni olarak saptanmış ve izolatlarda erm(A) geninin regülatör bölgesi DNA dizi analiziyle incelenmiştir. Regülatör bölgelerinin dizi analizleri sonucunda 34 izolatta 149. pozisyondaki “guanin” baz delesyonu, 16 izolatta ise “C368G” ve “T377C” olmak üzere iki nokta mutasyonu belirlenmiştir. Değişken alanlı jel elektroforezi (PFGE) analizi sonucunda makrolidlere heterojen dirençli izolatlarda yaygın bir klon ve varyantları saptanmıştır. Ancak bu klon kontrol grubu izolatları arasında da yaygın klon olarak bulunmuştur. İlginç olarak tüm heterojen makrolid dirençli izolatlar otomatize sistem tarafından eritromisin, klindamisin ve kinupristin-dalfopristine duyarlı olarak rapor edilmiştir. Sonuçta, heterojen makrolid dirençli izolatlara özgül bir klon saptanmamıştır. Her ne kadar hMLSB fenotipi gözlenen tüm izolatlarda erm(A) direnç geni saptansa da, bu izolatların regülatör bölgelerinde özgül ve yaygın bir genetik değişiklik belirlenmemiştir. Çalışmanın en önemli bulgusu, otomatize sistemin hMLSB fenotipini uygun olarak saptayamadığının gösterilmiş olmasıdır. Bunun yanı sıra disk difüzyon yönteminde inkübasyon süresinin uzatılmasının (en az 24 saat) hMLSB fenotipinin saptanmasına katkı sağlayabileceği düşünülmüştür.

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Cite This Article

HOŞBUL, T., BOZDOĞAN, B., HAZNEDAROĞLU, T., ÖZYURT, M. (2013). Heterogeneous macrolide resistance in methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus: Investigation of resistance mechanisms and clonality. Mikrobiyoloji Bülteni, Cilt: 47 - Sayı: 2, 211–222. https://ajindex.com/articles/298585

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