Journals / Mikrobiyoloji Bülteni / 2019 / Cilt: 53 - Sayı: 1

Detection of HEV RNA Amounts and Genotypes in Raw Milks Obtained from Different Animals

Farklı Hayvanlardan Elde Edilen Çiğ Sütlerde HEV RNA Miktarının ve Genotiplerinin Tespiti

Pages
43–52
DOI
—
🏛️Bibliographic metadata and full text access for this article are provided via DergiPark.
DergiPark Record ↗
✨

AI Summary & Key Takeaways

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(Too Long; Didn't Read)

In conclusion, it has been determined that HEV, one of the major foodborne viral agents, may be encountered in raw milk, and the genotypes that can cause infections in human are found especially in raw milk from animal sources.

📌 3 Key Takeaways

🎯
Objective & Hypothesis:Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is one of the major foodborne viral pathogens transmitted through the fecal-oral route.
📊
Key Findings & Data:It is known that the HEV genotype 1 and HEV genotype 2 infections are generally acute and the HEV genotype 3 infections are chronic.
💡
Conclusion & Impact:In conclusion, it has been determined that HEV, one of the major foodborne viral agents, may be encountered in raw milk, and the genotypes that can cause infections in human are found especially in raw milk from animal sources.
🔬Design:Research Article
📍Scope:Comprehensive Sample
⚙️Variables:Domain Parameters

Abstract

Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is one of the major foodborne viral pathogens transmitted through the fecal-oral route. Four genotypes of HEV are known to infect humans and it is reported that different types of HEV are active in zoonotic transitions. It is known that the HEV genotype 1 and HEV genotype 2 infections are generally acute and the HEV genotype 3 infections are chronic. Therefore, in the studies related to HEV infections, it is important to determine the genotypes to monitortreatment regimens. Although raw milk is often used in communities due to its low cost, there are limited data on the rates and the genotypes of HEV in our country and in the world. In light of this information, we aimed to investigate epidemiologically the quantity and genotypes of HEV RNA in 231 raw milk (48 cow milk, 65 goat milk, 65 sheep milk, and 53 donkey milk) samples. Viral RNAs were isolated from raw milk samples and the ORF2 region of HEV was investigated by the qRt-PCR method to determine quantitatively the presence of HEV RNA. In addition, among HEV RNA positive samples, the ORF2 region of HEV was amplified by nested PCR and the amplicons were sequenced. HEV RNA was detected in 47 (20.34%) raw milk samples, Positivity was detected in 14 (29.16%) of cow milk, 12 (18.46%) of goat milk, 8 of sheep milk (12.3) and 13 of donkey milk (24.5%). The amount of HEV RNA in cow milk found as the highest in both proportion and quantity. When the distribution of the HEV genotypes in the 47 positive samples was examined, 27 (57.44%) HEV genotype 1a, 10 (21.27%) HEV genotype 1b, 4 (8.5%) HEV genotype 4c, 2 (4.2%) HEV genotype 3a, (2.13) HEV genotype 1c, 1 (2.13%) HEV genotype 3e, 1 (2.13%) HEV genotype 3f and 1 (2.13%) HEV genotype 3g were determined. Although genotype 1a is more frequent, it has been revealed that different genotypes encountered in our country. In conclusion, it has been determined that HEV, one of the major foodborne viral agents, may be encountered in raw milk, and the genotypes that can cause infections in human are found especially in raw milk from animal sources. For the prevention of foodborne outbreaks, the presence of HEV in raw milk should not be ignored.

Özet

Hepatit E virüsü (HEV), fekal oral yolla geçen, önemli gıda kaynaklı viral patojenlerinden birisidir. İnsanları enfekte eden dört HEV genotipi bilinmekte ve zoonotik geçişlerde farklı HEV tiplerinin etken olduğu bildirilmektedir. HEV enfeksiyonları ile ilgili olarak yapılan çalışmalarda, HEV genotip 1 ve HEV genotip 2 enfeksiyonlarının, genellikle akut, HEV genotip 3 enfeksiyonlarının ise kronik seyrettiği bilinmekte, bu nedenle genotiplerin tespitinin tedaviye yön verebilmesi açısından da önemini ortaya koymaktadır. Ekonomik oluşu sebebiyle çiğ sütler sıklıkla toplumlarda kullanılmasına karşın ülkemizde ve dünyada, bu tür örneklerde HEV varlığı ve genotipleri ile ilgili veriler sınırlıdır. Bu bilgiler ışığında, çalışmamızda, 231 çiğ süt örneğinde, (48 inek sütü, 65 keçi sütü, 65 koyun sütü ve 53 eşek sütü) HEV RNA miktarının ve genotiplerinin tespit edilerek epidemiyolojik olarak araştırılması amaçlanmıştır. Çiğ süt örneklerinden viral RNA izolasyonları yapılarak HEV RNA’nın varlığını kantitatif olarak saptamak için kantitatif gerçek zamanlı polimeraz zincir reaksiyonu (qRt-PCR) yöntemi ile HEV’in ORF2 bölgesi incelenmiştir. Ayrıca HEV RNA pozitif saptanan örneklerde, HEV’in ORF2 bölgesi nested PCR ile çoğaltılarak, elde edilen amplikondan dizi analizi yapılmıştır. Bu çalışmaya dahil edilen çiğ süt örneklerinin 47’sinde (%20.34) HEV RNA pozitif olarak saptanmıştır. Bunlar arasında inek sütlerinin 14’ünde (%29.16), keçi sütlerinin 12’sinde (%18.46), koyun sütlerinin 8’inde (%12.3) ve eşek sütlerinin 13’ünde (%24.5) RNA pozitifliği saptanmıştır. İnek sütlerinde oran ve miktar olarak en yüksek düzeyde HEV RNA olduğu bulunurken pozitif saptanarak genotiplendirilen 47 örnekteki, HEV genotiplerinin dağılımı incelendiğinde, bunların 27 (%57.44)’sinin HEV genotip 1a, 10 (%21.27)’unun HEV genotip 1b, 4 (%8.5)’ünün HEV genotip 4c, 2 (%4.2)’sinin HEV genotip 3a, birer (%2.13) tanesinin HEV genotip 1c, HEV genotip 3e, HEV genotip 3f ve HEV genotip 3g olduğu saptanmıştır. Genotipler incelendiğinde, ülkemizde 1a yoğunlukta olmak üzere farklı genotiplerin var olduğu saptanmıştır. Sonuç olarak, bu çalışmada gıda kaynaklı önemli viral etkenlerden birisi olan HEV’in çiğ sütlerde olabileceği, insanlarda enfeksiyona neden olan tiplerin özellikle hayvan kaynaklı çiğ sütlerde bulunabildiği saptanmıştır. Gıda kaynaklı salgınların engellenmesi açısından, çiğ sütlerde HEV varlığının göz ardı edilmemesi gerekmektedir.

🔖

Cite This Article

Demirci, M., AKIN, Y., ÜNLÜ, Ö., ALTUN, S. K. (2019). Detection of HEV RNA Amounts and Genotypes in Raw Milks Obtained from Different Animals. Mikrobiyoloji Bülteni, Cilt: 53 - Sayı: 1, 43–52. https://ajindex.com/articles/298314

References (14)

  1. Doceul V, Bagdassarian E, Demange A, Pavio N. Zoonotic hepatitis E virus: classification, animal reservoirs and transmission routes. Viruses 2016;8(10):270
  2. McElroy A, Hiraide R, Bexfield N, Jalal H, Brownlie J, Goodfellow I, et al. Detection of hepatitis E virus Antibodies in dogs in the United Kingdom. PLoS One 2015;10(6):e0128703
  3. Sekse C, Holst-Jensen A, Dobrindt U, Johannessen GS, Li W, Spilsberg B, et al. High throughput sequencing for detection of foodborne pathogens. Front Microbiol 2017;8:2029
  4. Mirazo S, Ramos N, Mainardi V, Gerona S, Arbiza J. Transmission, diagnosis, and management of hepatitis E: an update. Hepat Med 2014;6:45-59
  5. Sridhar S, Teng JLL, Chiu TH, Lau SKP, Woo PCY. Hepatitis E virus genotypes and evolution: emergence of camel hepatitis E variants. Int J Mol Sci 2017;18(4):E869
  6. Huang F, Li Y, Yu W, Jing S, Wang J, Long F, et al. Excretion of infectious hepatitis E virus in to milk in cows imposes high risks of zoonosis. Hepatology 2016;64(2):350-9
  7. Colson P, Borentain P, Queyriaux B, Kaba M, Moal V, Gallian P, et al. Pig liver sausage as a source of hepatitis E virus transmission to humans. J Infect Dis 2010;202(6):825-34
  8. Schlosser J, Eiden M, Vina-Rodriguez A, Fast C, Dremsek P, Lange E, et al. Natural and experimental hepatitis E virus genotype 3-infection in European wild boar is transmissible to domestic pigs. Vet Res 2014;45:121
  9. Takahashi M, Nishizawa T, Nagashima S, Jirintai S, Kawakami M, Sonoda Y, et al. Molecular characterization of a novel hepatitis E virus (HEV) strain obtained from a wild boar in Japan that is highly divergent from the previously recognized HEV strains. Virus Res 2014;180:59-69
  10. Meng XJ. From Barnyard to Food Table: the omnipresence of hepatitis E virus and risk for zoonotic infection and food safety. Virus Res 2011;161(1):23-30
  11. Raj V, Smits SL, Pas SD, Provacia LB, Moorman-Roest H, Osterhaus AD, et al. Novel hepatitis E virus in Ferrets, the Netherlands. Emerg Infect Dis 2012;18(8):1369-70
  12. Bodewes R, Ruiz-Gonzalez A, Schapendonk CM, van den Brand JM, Osterhaus AD, Smits SL. Viral metagenomic analysis of feces of wild small carnivores. Virol J 2014;11:89
  13. Lee GH, Tan BH, Teo EC, Lim SG, Dan YY, Wee A, et al. Chronic infection with Camelid hepatitis E virus in a liver transplant recipient who regularly consumes camel meat and milk. Gastroenterology 2016;150(2):355-7
  14. Nijskens CM, Pas SD, van der Eijk AA, de Man RA. Hepatitis E in Europe: Diagnosis and tr