Journals / Mikrobiyoloji Bülteni / 2019 / Cilt: 53 - Sayı: 4

A Rare Complication of Acute Diarrhae Caused by Cryptosporidium: Possible Hepatobiliary System Involvement in a Child without Immunodeficiency

Akut Cryptosporidium İshalinin Nadir Bir Komplikasyonu: İmmün Yetmezlik Bulunmayan Çocuk Olguda Olası Hepatobiliyer Tutulum

Pages
464–471
DOI
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AI Summary & Key Takeaways

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(Too Long; Didn't Read)

We would like to emphasize that Cryptosporodium spp. may be the cause of severe acute diarrhea in non-immunocompromised patients and may also involve hepatobiliary system involvement.

📌 3 Key Takeaways

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Objective & Hypothesis:Cryptosporidium spp. is one of the leading causes of parasitic diarrhea.
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Key Findings & Data:Cryptosporidium spp. may cause asymptomatic infection, mild diarrheal disease or severe diarrhea with high volume, which may be accompanied by nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain and fever, following a 1-7 day incubation period.
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Conclusion & Impact:We would like to emphasize that Cryptosporodium spp. may be the cause of severe acute diarrhea in non-immunocompromised patients and may also involve hepatobiliary system involvement.
🔬Design:Lab & Field Experiment
📍Scope:Comprehensive Sample
⚙️Variables:Domain Parameters

Abstract

Cryptosporidium spp. is one of the leading causes of parasitic diarrhea. It is the most common parasite in humans all over the world with Giardia. Cryptosporidium is an important cause of chronic diarrhea in Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)/Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) patients. Patients with normal immune system may have an asymptomatic course or clinical presentation such as acute watery diarrhea without blood and persistent diarrhea. The severity and duration of the disease may be a reflection of the immune deficiency. Children under two years of age and children with malnutrition may have a risk of prolonged Cryptosporidium spp. infection, even if immunodeficiency work-up is normal, as they may have defects in the natural immune system and lymphocyte functions. Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts contaminate water sources, swimming pools, vegetables and fruits because oocysts are partially resistant to chlorination. So it may be problem for public health. Pets, livestock and humans can be carriers of Cryptosporidium spp. Factors such as developmental level of the countries, immune system, nutritional status, living in crowded environments, contact with contaminated water, close contact with animals, working at a hospital and hot and humid climate affect the incidence of Cryptosporidiosis. Cryptosporidium spp. may cause asymptomatic infection, mild diarrheal disease or severe diarrhea with high volume, which may be accompanied by nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain and fever, following a 1-7 day incubation period. Diarrhea may be acute or chronic, transient, intermittent, or continuous; loss of fluid can be up to 25 L/day in severe diarrhea. Cryptosporidium spp. are mainly located in intestines, but non-intestinal (bile ducts, pancreas, stomach, respiratory system, kidney) involvement may occur in immunocompromised patients. Hepatobiliary system involvement occurs in 10-30% of patients with AIDS; stone-free cholecystitis can lead to sclerosing cholangitis and pancreatitis. Hepatobiliary involvement is not expected in patients without immunodeficiency. In this article, we present a case of Cryptosporodiosis with hepatobiliary system involvement who were admitted to the pediatric emergency clinic with the complaints of severe diarrhea and Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts were detected in parasitological examination of the stool specimen. Immunodeficiency was not considered with her resume and laboratuary examinations. We would like to emphasize that Cryptosporodium spp. may be the cause of severe acute diarrhea in non-immunocompromised patients and may also involve hepatobiliary system involvement.

Özet

Cryptosporidium spp., parazitik ishal nedenlerinin başında yer almaktadır. Giardia ile birlikte tüm dünyada insanlarda en sık görülen parazittir. İnsan immün yetmezlik virüsü (HIV)/kazanılmış immün yetmezlik sendromu (AIDS) tanısı olan hastalardaki kronik ishalin de önemli bir nedenidir. İmmün sistemi normal olan hastalarda asemptomatik seyir ya da akut kansız-sulu ishal ve persistan ishal gibi klinik tablolar görülebilir. Hastalığın şiddeti ve süresi bireyin immün yetersizliğinin bir yansıması olabilir. İki yaş altı çocuklar ve malnütrisyonu olan çocuklarda immün yetmezlik tetkikleri normal olsa bile doğal immün sistem ve lenfosit fonksiyonlarında defekt olabileceği için uzamış Cryptosporidium spp. enfeksiyonu için risk olabilmektedir. Cryptosporidium spp. ookistleri klorlamaya kısmi dirençli olması nedeniyle su kaynakları, yüzme havuzları, sebze ve meyveleri kontamine ederek toplum sağlığı açısından risk oluşturmaktadır. Evcil hayvanlar, çiftlik hayvanları ve insanlar Cryptosporidium spp. taşıyıcısı olabilmektedir. Ülkelerin gelişmişlik düzeyleri, immün sistem, beslenme durumu, kalabalık ortamlarda yaşam, kontamine su ile temas, hayvanlarla yakın temas, hastanede çalışma ve sıcak ve nemli iklim gibi faktörler Cryptosporidium spp. görülme sıklığını etkilemektedir. Cryptosporidium spp., 1-7 günlük inkübasyon periyodunu takiben asemptomatik bir enfeksiyona, hafif bir ishalli hastalığa veya bulantı, kusma, karın ağrısı ve bazen ateşin de eşlik edebileceği yüksek hacimli ciddi ishale neden olabilir. İshal, akut veya kronik, geçici, aralıklı veya sürekli olabilir; ciddi ishalde 25 L/gün’e kadar sıvı kaybı olabilmektedir. Cryptosporidium spp.’nin başlıca yerleştiği yer bağırsaklar olmasına karşın, immün sistemi baskılanmış hastalarda bağırsak dışı (safra kanalları, pankreas, mide, solunum sistemi, böbrek) tutulumu da görülebilir. Hepatobiliyer sistem tutulumu AIDS’li hastaların %10-30’unda görülür; taşsız kolesistit, sklerozan kolanjit ve pankreatite yol açabilir. İmmün yetmezliği olmayanlarda hepatobiliyer sistem tutulumu beklenmemektedir. Bu raporda, çocuk acil kliniğine ciddi ishal şikayeti ile başvuran ve dışkı örneğinin parazitolojik incelemesinde Cryptosporidium spp. ookistleri saptanan, özgeçmiş ve tetkikleri ile immün yetmezlik düşünülmeyen, izlemde hepatobiliyer sistem tutulumu görülen kriptosporidiyoz olgusu sunulmaktadır. Bu olgu ile Cryptosporidium spp. türlerinin, immün yetmezliği olmayan kişilerde de şiddetli akut ishal nedeni olabileceği ve ayrıca hepatobiliyer sistem tutulumu yapabileceği vurgulanmıştır.

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Cite This Article

ŞEN, Z. S., TAŞAR, M. A., KAYA, F. D., GÜNEŞ, A., VEZİR, E., GÜLŞEN, H. H. (2019). A Rare Complication of Acute Diarrhae Caused by Cryptosporidium: Possible Hepatobiliary System Involvement in a Child without Immunodeficiency. Mikrobiyoloji Bülteni, Cilt: 53 - Sayı: 4, 464–471. https://ajindex.com/articles/298312

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