Journals / Mikrobiyoloji Bülteni / 2019 / Cilt: 53 - Sayı: 4

Meningitis Due to Streptococcus pneumoniae Serotype 24B in a Patient with Cochlear Implant Previously Vaccinated with the Pneumococcal Vaccine

Pnömokok Aşılı Koklear İmplantlı Hastada Streptococcus pneumoniae Serotip 24B’ye Bağlı Menenjit

Pages
451–456
DOI
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AI Summary & Key Takeaways

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(Too Long; Didn't Read)

This is relevant not only to patients with more risk factors, such as a cochlear implant, but also those who are at lower risk for pneumococcal infection.

📌 3 Key Takeaways

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Objective & Hypothesis:Streptococcus pneumoniae is a major cause of bacterial meningitis in children.
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Key Findings & Data:Moreover, patients with cochlear implants are at increased risk of contracting pneumococcal meningitis compared to the general population.
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Conclusion & Impact:This is relevant not only to patients with more risk factors, such as a cochlear implant, but also those who are at lower risk for pneumococcal infection.
🔬Design:Research Article
📍Scope:Comprehensive Sample
⚙️Variables:Domain Parameters

Abstract

Streptococcus pneumoniae is a major cause of bacterial meningitis in children. It can progress and carries a serious risk of mortality and morbidity despite effective treatment. Cochlear implantation is a fairly successful procedure for restoring hearing in cases of sensorineural hearing loss. Moreover, patients with cochlear implants are at increased risk of contracting pneumococcal meningitis compared to the general population. The development of meningitis is associated with pathogens in the middle ear that contaminate the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), as a result of congenital anomalies in the cochlea, and the cochlear implant. A 4-year-old girl presented to our clinic with fever, vomiting, and weakness. A physical examination showed an axillary temperature of 38.3°C, heart rate of 134/min, respiration rate of 50 breaths/minute, and arterial blood pressure of 120/88 mmHg. The patient also had a neck stiffness and her Kernig and Brudzinski signs were positive. It was discovered that the patient had undergone cochlear implantation approximately five months prior due to bilateral congenital sensorineural hearing loss. She had also received the Haemophilus influenzae type b and PCV-13 vaccines in line with the national immunization calendar. Her laboratory findings showed a leukocyte count of 21.900/mm3 (neutrophils 90% and lymphocytes 10%) and her procalcitonin level was 1.22 ng/ml. An uncountable number of neutrophils was identified in her cerebrospinal fluid, which led to the initial diagnosis of meningitis. There was also 1 mg/dl of glucose (blood glucose, 102 mg/dl) and 706 mg/dl of protein in her cerebrospinal fluid. Empirically, vancomycin (60 mg/kg/day) and ceftriaxone (100 mg/kg/day) were started. Following 5 days of antibiotic treatment, penicillin-susceptible S.pneumoniae was yielded in her CSF culture and identified as serotype 24B. S.pneumoniae with the same antibiotic sensitivity was also identified in her blood culture. Since rhinorrhea was observed on day 16 of hospitalization, she underwent an operation to repair the fistula tract. A computerized tomography cranial scan was performed after the development of acute mental fog at postoperative day 3 and showed brain edema and a thrombus in the right middle cerebral artery. The patient died on day 42 of hospitalization due to multiple organ failure. To our knowledge, this is the first case of meningitis reported in our country associated with S.pneumoniae serotype 24B in a patient with a cochlear implant. While there has been a decrease in the prevalence of invasive pneumococcal disease with routine administration of the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine, a relative increase has been observed in its non-vaccine serotypes. This is relevant not only to patients with more risk factors, such as a cochlear implant, but also those who are at lower risk for pneumococcal infection.

Özet

Streptococcus pneumoniae, çocuklarda görülen bakteriyel menenjit olgularının başlıca etkenlerinden biridir. Etkin tedaviye rağmen ciddi mortalite ve morbiditeyle seyredebilmektedir. Sensörinöral işitme kaybında işitme fonksiyonunun sağlanmasında koklear implant oldukça başarılı bir uygulamadır. Ancak koklear implantlı hastalar genel popülasyona göre pnömokok menenjiti açısından artmış riske sahiptir. Menenjit gelişimi kokleadaki konjenital anomaliler ve koklear implant aracılığıyla, orta kulaktaki patojenlerin beyin omurilik sıvısı (BOS) ile kontaminasyonuyla ilişkilidir. Dört yaşında kız hasta ateş, kusma ve halsizlik şikayeti ile kliniğimize başvurmuştur. Fizik muayenede aksiller vücut sıcaklığı 38.3°C, kalp atım hızı 134/dakika, solunum hızı 50/dakika ve arteriyel kan basıncı 120/88 mmHg bulunmuştur. Hastanın ense sertliği mevcut olup Kernig ve Brudzinski bulguları pozitif saptanmıştır. Bilateral konjenital sensörinöral işitme kaybı nedeniyle yaklaşık beş ay önce koklear implant yapıldığı öğrenilen hastanın ulusal bağışıklama takvimine göre Haemophilus influenzae tip b ve 13 bileşenli konjuge pnömokok aşılarının tamamlandığı öğrenilmiştir. Laboratuvar bulgularında lökosit sayısı 21.900/mm3 (%90 nötrofil, %10 lenfosit), prokalsitonin düzeyi 1.22 ng/ml saptanmıştır. BOS’da sayılamayacak kadar çok nötrofil görüldüğü için ön tanıda menenjit düşünülmüştür. Ayrıca BOS’da glukoz 1 mg/dl (kan glukozu 102 mg/dl) ve protein 706 mg/dl bulunmuştur. Ampirik olarak vankomisin (60 mg/kg/gün) ve seftriakson (100 mg/kg/gün) başlanan hastanın antibiyotik tedavisinin beşinci gününde, BOS kültüründe penisiline duyarlı S.pneumoniae üremiş ve serotip 24B olarak tanımlamıştır. Kan kültüründe de benzer antibiyotik duyarlılığına sahip S.pneumoniae üreyen hastanın yatışının 16. gününde rinore gözlenmesi üzerine opere edilerek fistül traktı onarılmıştır. Ameliyat sonrası üçüncü günde akut bilinç bulanıklığı gelişmesi üzerine çekilen beyin bilgisayarlı tomografide beyin ödemi ve sağ orta serebral arterde trombüs saptanmıştır. Çoklu organ yetmezliği gelişmesi nedeniyle yatışının 42. günü kaybedilmiştir. Mevcut bilgilerimize göre ülkemizde S.pneumoniae serotip 24B’ye bağlı bildirilen, koklear implantlı bir hastada izlenen ilk menenjit olgusudur. Konjuge pnömokok aşısının rutin uygulamaya girmesi ile invaziv pnömokokal hastalık sıklığında azalma görülürken aşı dışı serotiplerde göreceli bir artış söz konusudur. Bu durum pnömokok enfeksiyonu açısından risk faktörüne sahip olmayan hastaların yanı sıra koklear implant gibi risk faktörü bulunan hastaları da yakından ilgilendirmektedir.

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Cite This Article

NEPESOV, M. İ., DİNLEYİCİ, M., KILIÇ, Ö., CEYHAN, M., GÜRLER, N., DİNLEYİCİ, E. Ç. (2019). Meningitis Due to Streptococcus pneumoniae Serotype 24B in a Patient with Cochlear Implant Previously Vaccinated with the Pneumococcal Vaccine. Mikrobiyoloji Bülteni, Cilt: 53 - Sayı: 4, 451–456. https://ajindex.com/articles/298292

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