SavedAdd your journal

Journals / Bozok Tarım ve Doğa Bilimleri Dergisi / 2025 / Cilt: 4 Sayı: 2

Future Urban Gardens: Sustainable Design with Abiotic Stress-Tolerant Vegetable Species

Geleceğin Kent Bahçeleri: Abiyotik Strese Toleranslı Sebze Türleri ile Sürdürülebilir Tasarım

Şebnem Köklü Ardıç(KAHRAMANMARAŞ SÜTÇÜ İMAM ÜNİVERSİTESİ, ZİRAAT FAKÜLTESİ, BAHÇE BİTKİLERİ BÖLÜMÜ)0000-0002-5769-2963
Pages
136–158
Publication Date
2025-12-30
🏛️Bibliographic metadata and full text access for this article are provided via DergiPark.
DergiPark Record ↗
✨

AI Summary & Key Takeaways

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(Too Long; Didn't Read)

This review examines abiotic stress tolerance mechanisms and discusses how such species can be used as strategic tools in designing sustainable and productive urban landscapes that mitigate the effects of climate change.

📌 3 Key Takeaways

🎯
Objective & Hypothesis:Abiotic stress factors (drought, salinity, temperature extremes, heavy metal accumulation) are the most significant environmental constraints limiting the growth, development, and productivity of vegetables.
📊
Key Findings & Data:When stress-resistant vegetables are integrated into landscape architecture, they provide multidimensional ecological and socio-economic benefits, such as aesthetic diversity, food production, improved soil health, supported biodiversity, stormwater management, microclimate regulation, and even phytoremediation, alongside their aesthetic value.
💡
Conclusion & Impact:This review examines abiotic stress tolerance mechanisms and discusses how such species can be used as strategic tools in designing sustainable and productive urban landscapes that mitigate the effects of climate change.
🔬Design:Review & Systematic Survey
📍Scope:Comprehensive Sample
⚙️Variables:Abiyotik stres · Fitoremediasyon · Kentsel tarım

Abstract

Abiotic stress factors (drought, salinity, temperature extremes, heavy metal accumulation) are the most significant environmental constraints limiting the growth, development, and productivity of vegetables. These stresses adversely affect plant physiology by reducing photosynthetic capacity, causing ion toxicity, disrupting membrane integrity, and leading to oxidative stress. However, vegetable species are not passive against these pressures; they have developed complex tolerance mechanisms such as osmotic adjustment, activation of antioxidant defense systems, ion homeostasis, morphological adaptations, and hormonal signaling networks. Recent studies reveal that genetic regulations, transcriptomic adaptations, and rhizosphere microbiota play critical roles in these mechanisms. Understanding these tolerance mechanisms is of great importance not only for agricultural productivity but also for sustainable urban landscape practices. When stress-resistant vegetables are integrated into landscape architecture, they provide multidimensional ecological and socio-economic benefits, such as aesthetic diversity, food production, improved soil health, supported biodiversity, stormwater management, microclimate regulation, and even phytoremediation, alongside their aesthetic value. This review examines abiotic stress tolerance mechanisms and discusses how such species can be used as strategic tools in designing sustainable and productive urban landscapes that mitigate the effects of climate change.

Özet

Abiyotik stres faktörleri (kuraklık, tuzluluk, sıcaklık ekstremleri, ağır metal birikimi) sebzelerin büyüme, gelişme ve verimliliğini sınırlayan en önemli çevresel kısıtlardır. Bu stresler, fotosentez kapasitesinin azalması, iyon toksisitesi, membran bütünlüğünün bozulması ve oksidatif strese yol açarak bitki fizyolojisini olumsuz etkiler. Bununla birlikte, sebze türleri bu baskılar karşısında pasif kalmayıp, osmotik düzenleme, antioksidan savunma sistemlerinin aktivasyonu, iyon homeostazı, morfolojik adaptasyonlar ve hormonal sinyal ağları gibi karmaşık tolerans mekanizmaları geliştirmişlerdir. Son yıllardaki çalışmalar, bu mekanizmalarda genetik düzenlemelerin, transkriptomik adaptasyonların ve rizosfer mikrobiyotasının kritik roller oynadığını ortaya koymaktadır. Bu tolerans mekanizmalarının anlaşılması, yalnızca tarımsal verimlilik için değil, aynı zamanda sürdürülebilir kentsel peyzaj uygulamaları için de büyük önem taşımaktadır. Strese dayanıklı sebzeler, peyzaj mimarisine entegre edildiklerinde estetik çeşitlilik sunmalarının yanı sıra gıda üretimi, toprak sağlığının iyileştirilmesi, biyoçeşitliliğin desteklenmesi, yağmur suyu yönetimi, mikro iklim regülasyonu ve hatta fitoremediasyon gibi çok boyutlu ekolojik ve sosyo-ekonomik faydalar sağlarlar. Bu derleme, abiyotik stres tolerans mekanizmalarını inceleyerek, bu türlerin iklim değişikliği etkilerini hafifletici, sürdürülebilir ve üretken kentsel peyzajların tasarımında nasıl stratejik bir araç olarak kullanılabileceğini tartışmaktadır.

🔖

Cite This Article

Ardıç, Ş. K. (2025). Future Urban Gardens: Sustainable Design with Abiotic Stress-Tolerant Vegetable Species. Bozok Tarım ve Doğa Bilimleri Dergisi, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 2, 136–158. https://doi.org/10.59128/bojans.1786667

📄 Full Text PDF Viewer

📄

PDF görüntüleyici hazırlanıyor...

References (130)

  1. Afridi, M. S., ve Upadhyay, S. (2024). Harnessing root exudates for plant microbiome: Current knowledge and future perspectives. Symbiosis, 92, 15–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micres.2023.127564
  2. Ahmad, P., Ahanger, M. A., Alyemeni, M. N., Wijaya, L., ve Alam, P. (2020). Plant abiotic stress tolerance: Agronomic, molecular and biotechnological approaches. Springer International Publishing.
  3. Alam, M. A., Juraimi, A. S., Rafii, M. Y., ve Abdul Hamid, A. (2015). Effect of salinity on biomass yield and physiological and stem-root anatomical characteristics of purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.) accessions. BioMed Research International, 2015, 105695. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/105695
  4. Alamar, M. C., Rouphael, Y., Colla, G., ve Terry, L. A. (2022). Root system architecture for abiotic stress tolerance in potato: Present knowledge and future perspectives. Frontiers in Plant Science, 13, 953975. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2022.926214
  5. Almeida, D. M., Oliveira, M. M., ve Saibo, N. J. (2021). Regulation of Na⁺ and K⁺ homeostasis in plants: Towards improved salt stress tolerance in crop plants. Genetics and Molecular Biology, 44(3), e20200319. https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-4685-GMB-2016-0106
  6. Aloisio, J. M., Tuininga, A. R., ve Lewis, J. D. (2016). Crop species selection effects on stormwater runoff and edible biomass in an agricultural green roof microcosm. Urban Ecosystems, 19(4), 1865–1877. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2015.12.022
  7. Armson, D., Stringer, P., & Ennos, A. R. (2012). The effect of tree shade and grass on surface and globe temperatures in an urban area. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 11(3), 245–255. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2012.05.002
  8. Ashraf, M., ve Foolad, M. R. (2007). Roles of glycine betaine and proline in improving plant abiotic stress resistance. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 59(2), 206–216. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envexpbot.2005.12.006
  9. Baturaygil, A., Stetter, M. G., ve Schmid, K. (2021). Breeding amaranth for biomass: Evaluating dry matter content and biomass potential in early and late maturing genotypes. Agronomy, 11(5), 970. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11050970
  10. Begg, G. S., Cook, S. M., Dye, R., Ferrante, M., Franck, P., Lavigne, C., Lovei, G. L., Mansion-Vaquie, A., Pell, J. K., Petit, S., Quesada, N., Ricci, B., Skellern, M. P., Vasco Silveira, P. M., ve Birch, A. N. E. (2017). A functional overview of conservation biological control. Crop Protection, 97, 145–158. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2016.11.008
  11. Berndtsson, J. C. (2010). Green roof performance towards management of runoff water quantity and quality: A review. Ecological Engineering, 36(4), 351–360. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2009.12.014
  12. Borsai, O., Igaz, D., Csikós, N., Cseresnyés, I., Tóth, J., ve Füzy, A. (2020). Salinity tolerance of purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.) is achieved by enhanced antioxidative system, lower level of lipid peroxidation and proline accumulation. Plants, 9(12), 1764. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9121764
  13. Bowler, D. E., Buyung-Ali, L., Knight, T. M., ve Pullin, A. S. (2010). Urban greening to cool towns and cities: A systematic review. Landscape and Urban Planning, 97(3), 147–155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2010.05.006
  14. Brooklyn Grange. (2023). Sustainable urban agriculture and stormwater management. https://www.brooklyngrangefarm.com/sustainability
  15. Brune, M. (2016). Urban trees under climate change: Potential impacts of dry spells and heat waves in three German regions in the 2050s (Report 24).
  16. Carvalho, M., Lino-Neto, T., Rosa, E., ve Carnide, V. (2017). Cowpea: A legume crop for a challenging environment. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 97(13), 4273–4282. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.8250
  17. Cechin, I., da Silva, L. P., Ferreira, E. T., Barrochelo, S. C., de Melo, F. P. S. R., Dokkedal, A. L., ve Gratao, P. L. (2022). Physiological responses of Amaranthus cruentus L. to drought stress under sufficient- and deficient-nitrogen conditions. PLOS ONE, 17(7), e0270849. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0270849
  18. Chaparro, J. M., Badri, D. V., ve Vivanco, J. M. (2014). Rhizosphere microbiome assemblage is affected by plant development. ISME Journal, 8(4), 790–803.
  19. Chaves, M. M., Maroco, J. P., ve Pereira, J. S. (2003). Understanding plant responses to drought—from genes to the whole plant. Functional Plant Biology, 30(3), 239–264. https://doi.org/10.1071/FP02076
  20. Chen, T. H. H., ve Murata, N. (2011). Glycinebetaine protects plants against abiotic stress: Mechanisms and biotechnological applications. Plant, Cell ve Environment, 34(1), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3040.2010.02232.x
  21. Clemens, S. (2001). Molecular mechanisms of plant metal tolerance and homeostasis. Planta, 212(4), 475–486. https://doi.org/10.1007/s004250000458
  22. Clemens, S., ve Ma, J. F. (2016). Toxic heavy metal and metalloid accumulation in crop plants and foods. Annual Review of Plant Biology, 67, 489–512. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-arplant-043015-112301
  23. Contreras, R. N., Ranney, T. G., Wilson, S. B., Lambrinos, J., Lynch, N. P., VanWallendael, A., Trueblood, B. A., Vining, K. J., Wada, S., ve Ruter, J. M. (2025). Development and evaluation of landscape plant cultivars with reduced fertility to minimize potential invasiveness. Journal of Environmental Horticulture, 43(3), 152–166. https://doi.org/10.24266/0738-2898-43.3.152
  24. Çolakkadıoğlu, D. (2023). The effects of urbanization and vegetation cover on urban heat island: A case study in Osmaniye Province. International Journal of Environment and Geoinformatics, 10(1), 120–131. https://doi.org/10.30897/ijegeo.1144167
  25. Çorbacı, Ö. L., Ekren, E., ve Atasoy, M. (2022). Rize kentsel açık yeşil alanlarındaki istilacı bitki türleri üzerine bir araştırma. Journal of Anatolian Environmental and Animal Sciences, 7, 156–162. https://doi.org/10.35229/jaes.1085042
  26. D’Andrea, R. M., Kutschera, M., Brunetti, C., Bitonti, M. B., Tattini, M., ve Tognetti, R. (2014). Deciphering the mechanisms involved in Portulaca oleracea drought-induced C₄–CAM transition. Conicet Digital Repository. https://ri.conicet.gov.ar/handle/11336/7837
  27. Danquah, A., de Zelicourt, A., Boudsocq, M., Neubauer, J., Frei Dit Frey, N., Leonhardt, N., Pateyron, S., Gwinner, F., Tamby, J. P., Ortiz-Masia, D., Marcote, M. J., Hirt, H., ve Colcombet, J. (2014). Identification and characterization of an ABA-activated MAP kinase cascade in Arabidopsis thaliana. The Plant Journal, 78(2), 201–215. https://doi.org/10.1111/tpj.12468
  28. Datta, A., Kumschick, S., Geerts, S., ve Wilson, J. R. U. (2020). Identifying safe cultivars of invasive plants: Six questions for risk assessment, management, and communication. In J. R. Wilson et al. (Eds.), NeoBiota, 62, 81–97. https://doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.62.51635
  29. Díaz-Pérez, J. C., ve Eaton, T. E. (2015). Eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) plant growth and fruit yield as affected by drip irrigation rate. HortScience, 50(11), 1709–1714. https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTSCI.50.11.1709
  30. Dönmez, Ş., Çakır, M., ve Kef, Ş. (2016). Bartın’da yetişen bazı tıbbi ve aromatik bitkilerin peyzaj mimarlığında kullanımı. Journal of Architectural Sciences and Applications, 1(2), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.30785/mbud.295486
  31. Egerer, M., Cecala, J. M., ve Cohen, H. (2018). Wild bee conservation within urban gardens and nurseries: Effects of local and landscape management. Sustainability, 12(1), 293. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12010293
  32. Eltigani, A., Müller, A., Ngwene, B., ve George, E. (2021). Physiological and morphological responses of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) to Rhizoglomus irregulare inoculation under ample water and drought stress conditions are cultivar dependent. Plants, 11(1), 89. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11010089
  33. European Commission. (2014). European guidelines on protected areas and invasive alien species. Publications Office of the European Union.
  34. Evelin, H., Devi, T. S., Gupta, S., ve Kapoor, R. (2019). Mitigation of salinity stress in plants by arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis: Current understanding and new challenges. Frontiers in Plant Science, 10, 470. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2019.00470
  35. Evert, R. F., ve Eichhorn, S. E. (2013). Raven biology of plants (8th ed.). W. H. Freeman.
  36. Fahad, S., Sonmez, O., Saud, S., Wang, D., Wu, C., Adnan, M., ve Turan, V. (Eds.). (2021). Engineering tolerance in crop plants against abiotic stress. CRC Press.
  37. FAO, Rikolto, ve RUAF. (2022). Urban and peri-urban agriculture sourcebook – From production to food systems. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. https://doi.org/10.4060/cb9722en
  38. Farrell, C., Mitchell, R. E., Szota, C., Rayner, J. P., ve Williams, N. S. (2013). Green roofs for hot and dry climates: Interacting effects of plant water use, succulence and substrate. Ecological Engineering, 49, 270–276. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2012.08.036
  39. Felker-Quinn, E., Schweitzer, J. A., ve Bailey, J. K. (2013). Meta-analysis reveals evolution in invasive plant species but little support for Evolution of Increased Competitive Ability (EICA). Ecology and Evolution, 3(5), 1235–1248. https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.488
  40. Flowers, T. J., ve Colmer, T. D. (2015). Plant salt tolerance: Adaptations in halophytes. Annals of Botany, 115(3), 327–331. https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcu267
  41. Gedeon, S., Ioannou, A., Balestrini, R., Fotopoulos, V., ve Antoniou, C. (2022). Application of biostimulants in tomato plants (Solanum lycopersicum) to enhance plant growth and salt stress tolerance. Plants, 11(22), 3082. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11223082
  42. Giyarsih, S. R., Armansyah, Zaelany, A. A., Latifa, A., Setiawan, B., ve Saputra, D. (2024). The contribution of urban farming to urban food security: The case of “Buruan SAE”. Journal of Urbanism: International Research on Placemaking and Urban Sustainability, 17(3), 262–281. https://doi.org/10.1080/19463138.2024.2384876
  43. Gohre, V., ve Paszkowski, U. (2006). Contribution of the arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis to heavy metal phytoremediation. Planta, 223(6), 1115–1122. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00425-006-0225-0
  44. González Moreno, P., Anđelković, A. A., Adriaens, T., Botella, C., Demetriou, J., Bastos, R., Martinou, A. F., Pergl, J., Schindler, S., Vanderhoeven, S., Verbrugge, L. N. H., ve Pocock, M. J. O. (2025). Citizen science platforms can effectively support early detection of invasive alien species according to species traits. People and Nature, 7(1), 278–294. https://doi.org/10.1002/pan3.10767
  45. Gould, I. J., Quinton, J. N., Weigelt, A., De Deyn, G. B., ve Bardgett, R. D. (2016). Plant diversity and root traits benefit physical properties key to soil function in grasslands. Ecology Letters, 19(9), 1140–1149. https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.12652
  46. Grevsen, K., ve Sørensen, J. N. (2021). Root vegetables: Physiology, cultivation and harvesting. CABI.
  47. Griffith, M., ve Yaish, M. W. (2004). Antifreeze proteins in overwintering plants: A tale of two activities. Trends in Plant Science, 9(8), 399–405. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tplants.2004.06.007
  48. Guo, M., Li, W., ve Li, S. (2022). Tomato salt tolerance mechanisms and their potential under salinity stress: A review. Frontiers in Plant Science, 13, 949541. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2022.949541
  49. Hagage, M., Abdulaziz, A. M., Elbeih, S. F., ve Hewaidy, A. G. A. (2024). Monitoring soil salinization and waterlogging in the northeastern Nile Delta. Scientific Reports, 14(1), 27838. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-77954-x
  50. Hasanuzzaman, M., Bhuyan, M. H. M. B., Zulfiqar, F., Raza, A., Mohsin, S. M., Mahmud, J. A., Fujita, M., ve Fotopoulos, V. (2020). Reactive oxygen species and antioxidant defense in plants under abiotic stress. Antioxidants, 9(8), 681. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9080681
  51. Hasanuzzaman, M., Nahar, K., Alam, M. M., Roychowdhury, R., ve Fujita, M. (2013). Physiological, biochemical and molecular mechanisms of heat stress tolerance in plants. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 14(5), 9643–9684. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms14059643
  52. Hernández-Álvarez, C., García-Oliva, F., Cruz-Ortega, R., Romero, J., Barajas, J. M., Piñero, D., ve Alcaraz, L. D. (2022). Squash root microbiome transplants and metagenomic inspection for in situ arid adaptations. Science of the Total Environment, 805, 150136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150136
  53. Jiang, Z., Zhang, H, Zhao, C., ve Zhu, J. K. (2025). Mechanisms of plant acclimation to multiple abiotic stresses. Communications Biology, 8, Article 1077. https://doi.org/10.1038/s42003-025-08077-w
  54. Johansen, T. J., Hagen, S. F., Bengtsson, G. B., ve Mølmann, J. A. B. (2016). Growth temperature affects sensory quality and contents of glucosinolates, vitamin C and sugars in swede roots (Brassica napus L. ssp. rapifera Metzg.). Food Chemistry, 196, 228–236. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.09.049
  55. Kazmierczak, A., Bittner, S., Breil, M., Coninx, I., Johnson, K., Kleinenkuhnen, L., Kochova, T., Lauwaet, D., Orsted Nielsen, H., Smith, H., ve Zandersen, M. (2020). Urban adaptation in Europe: How cities and towns respond to climate change (EEA Report No. 12/2020). European Environment Agency. https://doi.org/10.2800/324620
  56. Keane, R. M., ve Crawley, M. J. (2002). Exotic plant invasions and the enemy release hypothesis. Trends in Ecology ve Evolution, 17(4), 164–170.
  57. Kemeç, A. (2024). Kent bahçeciliği: Sürdürülebilir kent perspektifinden değerlendirme. Memleket Siyaset Yönetim Dergisi, 19(42), 279–298. https://doi.org/10.56524/msydergi.1453615
  58. Khan, M. A., Gemenet, D. C., ve Villordon, A. (2016). Root system architecture and abiotic stress tolerance. Frontiers in Plant Science, 7, 1584. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2016.01584
  59. Khan, M. I. R., Reddy, P. S., Ferrante, A., ve Khan, N. A. (Eds.). (2022). Plant signaling molecules: Role and regulation under stressful environments. Woodhead Publishing.
  60. Kosma, D. K., Bourdenx, B., Bernard, A., Parsons, E. P., Lü, S., Joubès, J., ve Jenks, M. A. (2009). The impact of water deficiency on leaf cuticle lipids of Arabidopsis. Plant Physiology, 151(4), 1918–1929. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.109.141911
  61. Kueffer, C., ve Kull, C. A. (2017). Non-native species and the aesthetics of nature. In M. Vilà ve P. E. Hulme (Eds.), Impact of biological invasions on ecosystem services (pp. 311–324). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-45121-3_19
  62. Lamaoui, M., Jemo, M., Datla, R., ve Bekkaoui, F. (2018). Heat and drought stresses in crops and approaches for their mitigation. Frontiers in Chemistry, 6, 26. https://doi.org/10.3389/fchem.2018.00026
  63. Landi, M., Tattini, M., ve Gould, K. S. (2015). Multiple functional roles of anthocyanins in plant–environment interactions. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 119, 4–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envexpbot.2015.05.012
  64. Lara, M. V., Drincovich, M. F., ve Andreo, C. S. (2004). Induction of a Crassulacean acid-like metabolism in the C4 succulent plant Portulaca oleracea L.: Study of enzymes involved in carbon fixation and carbohydrate metabolism. Plant and Cell Physiology, 45(5), 618–626. https://doi.org/10.1093/pcp/pch073
  65. Li, Y., Wang, Q., Gao, S., Han, Y., ve Li, H. (2024). Vulnerability of xylem embolism in maize cultivars. Agronomy, 14(3), 438. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14030438
  66. Liu, F., ve Stützel, H. (2002). Leaf expansion, stomatal conductance, and transpiration of vegetable amaranth (Amaranthus sp.) in response to soil drying. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science, 127(5), 878–883. https://doi.org/10.21273/jashs.127.5.878
  67. Liu, L., Li, W., Song, W., ve Guo, M. (2018). Remediation techniques for heavy metal-contaminated soils: Principles and applicability. Science of the Total Environment, 633, 206–219. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.03.161
  68. Longstreth, D. J. (2010). Desert wisdom/Agaves and cacti: CO₂, water, climate change. Madroño, 57(1), 73. https://doi.org/10.3120/0024-9637-57.1.73
  69. Marchiol, L., Assolari, S., Sacco, P., ve Zerbi, G. (2004). Phytoextraction of heavy metals by canola and radish. Environmental Pollution, 132(1), 21–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2004.04.001
  70. McClintock, N., ve Simpson, M. (2018). Stacking functions: Identifying motivational frames guiding urban agriculture organizations and businesses in the United States and Canada. Agriculture and Human Values, 35, 19–39. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10460-017-9780-5
  71. McGuire, K. L., Payne, S. G., Palmer, M. I., Gillikin, C. M., Keefe, D., Kim, S. J., Koshner, J. A., ve Fierer, N. (2013). Digging the New York City skyline: Soil fungal communities in green roofs and city parks. PLOS ONE, 8(3), e58020. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0058020
  72. Mishra, A. (2021). Phytoremediation of heavy metal-contaminated soils: Recent advances, challenges, and future prospects. In M. N. V. Prasad ve P. K. Pathak (Eds.), Bioremediation for environmental sustainability (pp. 29–51). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-820524-2.00002-4
  73. Mishra, U. N., Saha, D., Chauhan, J., Kumar, V., Jatav, H. S., Lal, D., Asha, K., Singhal, R. K., ve Chandra, K. (2022). Emerging roles of osmoprotectants in response to multiple abiotic stress tolerance in plants. In Omics analysis of plants under abiotic stress (pp. 179–206). Apple Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781003282761-7
  74. Mkhabela, S. S., Shimelis, H., Gerrano, A. S., ve Mashilo, J. (2023). Drought tolerance assessment of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus [L.] Moench) accessions based on leaf gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence. Life, 13(3), 682. https://doi.org/10.3390/life13030682
  75. Mok, H.‐F., Williamson, V. G., Grove, J. R., Burry, K., Barker, S. F., & Hamilton, A. J. (2014). Strawberry fields forever? Urban agriculture in developed countries: A review. Agronomy for Sustainable Development, 34(1), 21–43. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13593-013-0156-7
  76. Mondal, S., Nagella, P., Mahawar, L., Raj, S., Jha, A., Parameswaran, C., ve Nagaraju, M. (2024). Understanding abiotic stress tolerance mechanisms in non-model plants promotes efficient utilization of germplasm for the development of stress-tolerant crops. Current Opinion in Plant Biology, 80, 102455. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pbi.2024.102455
  77. Muchero, W., Ehlers, J. D., ve Roberts, P. A. (2008). Seedling stage drought-induced phenotypes and drought-responsive genes in diverse cowpea genotypes. Crop Science, 48(4), 1250–1265. https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2007.07.0397
  78. Munns, R., ve Gilliham, M. (2015). Salinity tolerance of crops – What is the cost? New Phytologist, 208(3), 668–673. https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.13519
  79. Munns, R., ve Tester, M. (2008). Mechanisms of salinity tolerance. Annual Review of Plant Biology, 59, 651–681. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.arplant.59.032607.092911
  80. Oberndorfer, E., Lundholm, J., Bass, B., Coffman, R. R., Doshi, H., Dunnett, N., Gaffin, S., Köhler, M., Liu, K. K. Y., ve Rowe, B. (2007). Green roofs as urban ecosystems: Ecological structures, functions, and services. BioScience, 57(10), 823–833. https://doi.org/10.1641/B571005
  81. Oke, T. R., Mills, G., Christen, A., ve Voogt, J. A. (2017). Urban climates (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press.
  82. Orsini, F., Kahane, R., Nono-Womdim, R., ve Gianquinto, G. (2013). Urban agriculture in the developing world: A review. Agronomy for Sustainable Development, 33, 695–720. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13593-013-0143-z
  83. Ossola, A., Locke, D., Lin, B., ve Minor, E. (2019). Greening in style: Urban form, architecture and the structure of front and backyard vegetation. Landscape and Urban Planning, 185, 141–157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2019.02.014
  84. Oyoshi, K., Katano, K., Yunose, M., ve Suzuki, N. (2020). Memory of 5-min heat stress in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant Signaling ve Behavior, 15(8), 1778919. https://doi.org/10.1080/15592324.2020.1778919
  85. Palla, A., ve Gnecco, I. (2015). Hydrologic modeling of Low Impact Development systems at the urban catchment scale. Journal of Hydrology, 528, 361–368. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2015.06.050
  86. Peleg, Z., ve Blumwald, E. (2011). Hormone balance and abiotic stress tolerance in crop plants. Current Opinion in Plant Biology, 14(3), 290–295. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pbi.2011.02.001
  87. Plant Chicago. (2023). Circular economy and urban food systems: Annual report 2023. https://www.plantchicago.org/post/our-2023-annual-report-is-here
  88. Polturak, G., ve Aharoni, A. (2018). “La vie en rose”: Biosynthesis, sources, and applications of betalain pigments. Molecular Plant, 11(1), 7–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molp.2017.10.008
  89. Pouyat, R. V., Yesilonis, I. D., ve Nowak, D. J. (2006). Carbon storage by urban soils in the United States. Journal of Environmental Quality, 35(4), 1566–1575. https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2005.0215
  90. Pratx, L., Wendering, P., Kappel, C., Nikoloski, Z., ve Bäurle, I. (2023). Histone retention preserves epigenetic marks during heat stress memory. EMBO Journal. https://doi.org/10.15252/embj.2023113595
  91. Prevéy, J. S., Parker, L. E., Harrington, C. A., Lamb, C. T., ve Proctor, M. F. (2020). Climate change shifts in habitat suitability and phenology of huckleberry (Vaccinium membranaceum). Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 280, 107803. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2019.107803
  92. Pyšek, P., Hulme, P. E., Simberloff, D., Bacher, S., Blackburn, T. M., Carlton, J. T., Dawson, W., Essl, F., Foxcroft, L. C., Genovesi, P., Jeschke, J. M., Kühn, I., Liebhold, A. M., Mandrak, N. E., Meyerson, L. A., Pauchard, A., Pergl, J., Roy, H. E., Seebens, H., van Kleunen, M., Vilà, M., Wingfield, M. J., ve Richardson, D. M. (2020). Scientists’ warning on invasive alien species. Biological Reviews, 95(6), 1511–1534. https://doi.org/10.1111/brv.12627
  93. Qiao, M., Hong, C., Jiao, Y., Hou, S., ve Gao, H. (2024). Impacts of drought on photosynthesis in major food crops and the related mechanisms of plant responses to drought. Plants, 13(13), 1808. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13131808
  94. Reddy, K. R., Hodges, H. F., ve Read, J. J. (2012). Temperature effects on vegetable crops. In K. R. Reddy ve H. F. Hodges (Eds.), Climate change and global crop productivity (pp. 213–255). CABI.
  95. Reid, W. V., Mooney, H. A., Cropper, A., Capistrano, D., Carpenter, S. R., Chopra, K., Dasgupta, P., Dietz, T., Duraiappah, A. K., Hassan, R., Kasperson, R., Leemans, R., May, R. M., McMichael, A. J., Pingali, P., Samper, C., Scholes, R., Watson, R. T., Zakri, A. H., Shidong, Z., Ash, N. J., Bennett, E., Kumar, P., Lee, M. J., Raudsepp Hearne, C., Simons, H., Thonell, J., ve Zurek, M. B. (2005). Ecosystems and human well being – Synthesis: A report of the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment. Island Press.
  96. Relf, D. (2016). The value of landscaping (Publication No. 426 721/SPES 404). Virginia Cooperative Extension, Virginia Tech. https://vtechworks.lib.vt.edu/bitstreams/2c20adeb-4eff-4730-aa94-05b3f96774d7/download
  97. Rezayian, M., Ebrahimzadeh, H., ve Niknam, V. (2020). Nitric oxide stimulates antioxidant system and osmotic adjustment in soybean under drought stress. Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 20, 1122–1132. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42729-020-00198-x
  98. Ribeiro, A. J., da Silva Alves, A., Betancur Gonzalez, J. A., Galina, J., Machado, J. S., Machado, M. L., ve Zeist, A. R. (2025). Selection of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas Lam.) genotypes with ornamental and dual-purpose potential. South African Journal of Botany, 186, 224–237. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2025.09.018
  99. Roșca, M., Mihalache, G., ve Stoleru, V. (2023). Tomato responses to salinity stress: From morphological traits to genetic changes. Frontiers in Plant Science, 14, 1118383. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2023.1118383
  100. Rossini, F., Provenzano, M. E., Kuzmanović, L., ve Ruggeri, R. (2019). Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus L.): A versatile and sustainable crop for renewable energy production in Europe. Agronomy, 9(9), 528. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9090528
  101. Ruiz, K. B., Biondi, S., Oses, R., Acuña Rodríguez, I. S., Antognoni, F., Martinez Mosqueira, E. A., Coulibaly, A., Canahua Murillo, A., Pinto, M., Zurita Silva, A., Bazile, D., Jacobsen, S.-E., ve Molina Montenegro, M. A. (2014). Quinoa biodiversity and sustainability for food security under climate change: A review. Agronomy for Sustainable Development, 34(2), 349–359. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13593-013-0195-0
  102. Saleh, M., Salehi, M., Khanaki, S., Ebrahimian, H., Liaghat, A., Mousavi, S. M., Pashapour, S., ve Ashrafi, A. (2025). Effects of treated wastewater irrigation on soil properties, nutrient uptakes, and crop yields of agronomic crops under different crop rotations. Agricultural Water Management, 289, 109585. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2025.109585
  103. Salt, D. E., Blaylock, M., Kumar, N. P. B. A., Dushenkov, V., Ensley, B. D., Chet, I., ve Raskin, I. (1995). Phytoremediation: A novel strategy for the removal of toxic metals from the environment using plants. Biotechnology, 13(5), 468–474. https://doi.org/10.1038/nbt0595-468
  104. Sánchez-Bermúdez, M., del Pozo, J. C., ve Pernas, M. (2022). Effects of combined abiotic stresses related to climate change on root growth in crops. Frontiers in Plant Science, 13, 918537. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2022.918537
  105. Sardans, J., Lambers, H., Preece, C., Alrefaei, A. F., ve Peñuelas, J. (2023). Role of mycorrhizas and root exudates in plant uptake of soil nutrients (calcium, iron, magnesium, and potassium): Has the puzzle been completely solved? The Plant Journal, 115(6), 1237–1255. https://doi.org/10.1111/tpj.16184
  106. Säumel, I., Weber, F., ve Kowarik, I. (2016). Toward livable and healthy urban streets: Roadside vegetation provides ecosystem services where people live and move. Environmental Science ve Policy, 62, 24–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2015.11.012
  107. Smanov, Z., Duisenbayev, S., Zulpykharov, K., Laiskhanov, S., Turymtayev, Z., Kozhayev, Z., Atasoy, E., ve Taukebayev, O. (2025). Soil salinization and its impact on the degradation of agricultural landscapes of the Talas district, Kazakhstan. Journal of the Geographical Institute “Jovan Cvijić” SASA, 75(2), 233–250. https://doi.org/10.2298/IJGI2502233S
  108. Snyder, R. L., ve de Melo-Abreu, J. P. (2005). Frost protection: Fundamentals, practice and economics. FAO.
  109. Soma, F., Mogami, J., Yoshida, T., ve Nakashima, K. (2020). ABA-unresponsive SnRK2 kinases. Nature Plants, 6(4), 408–420.
  110. Stommel, J. R., ve Bosland, P. W. (2006). Ornamental pepper. In N. O. Anderson (Ed.), Flower breeding and genetics (pp. 561–599). Springer. Tan, J. K. N., Lee, L. Y., Tan, P. Y., ve Jim, C. Y. (2021). Urban heat island mitigation by vegetation. Urban Forestry ve Urban Greening, 64, 127260.
  111. Theodorou, P., Radzevičiūtė, R., Lentendu, G., Kahnt, B., Husemann, M., Bleidorn, C., Settele, J., Schweiger, O., Grosse, I., Wubet, T., Murray, T. E., ve Paxton, R. J. (2020). Urban areas as hotspots for bees and pollination but not a panacea for all insects. Nature Communications, 11(1), 576. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-14496-6
  112. Thilakarathna, M. S., McElroy, M. S., Chapagain, T., Papadopoulos, Y. A., ve Raizada, M. N. (2016). Belowground nitrogen transfer. Agronomy for Sustainable Development, 36, 58.
  113. Tojić, T., Đorđević, T., Đurović Pejčev, R., Aćimović, M., Božić, D., Radivojević, L., Sarić Krsmanović, M., ve Vrbničanin, S. (2025). Allelopathic potential of Artemisia absinthium and Artemisia vulgaris from Serbia: Chemical composition and bioactivity on weeds. Plants, 14(11), 1663. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14111663
  114. Upchurch, R. G. (2008). Fatty acid unsaturation, mobilization, and regulation in the response of plants to stress. Biotechnology Letters, 30, 967–977. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10529-008-9639-z
  115. Üstündağ, Ç., Karataş, Ş. İ., Parıldar, N. N., ve Artar, M. (2023). Kentsel ısı adalarının azaltılmasında yeşil altyapı sistemlerinin önemi. Peyzaj ve Ekoloji Dergisi, 5(2), 124–134. https://doi.org/10.53784/peyzaj.1406139
  116. VanWoert, N. D., Rowe, D. B., Andresen, J. A., Rugh, C. L., Fernandez, R. T., ve Xiao, L. (2005). Green roof stormwater retention: Effects of roof surface, slope, and media depth. Journal of Environmental Quality, 34(3), 1036–1044. https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2004.0364
  117. Ventura, Y., ve Sagi, M. (2013). Halophyte crop cultivation: The case for Salicornia and Sarcocornia. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 92, 144–153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envexpbot.2012.07.010
  118. Wahyuni, Y., Ballester, A.-R., Sudarmonowati, E., Bino, R. J., ve Bovy, A. G. (2013). Secondary metabolites of Capsicum species and their importance in the human diet. Journal of Natural Products, 76(4), 783–793. https://doi.org/10.1021/np300898z
  119. Wang, W., Vinocur, B., Shoseyov, O., ve Altman, A. (2004). Role of plant heat-shock proteins and molecular chaperones in the abiotic stress response. Trends in Plant Science, 9(5), 244–252. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tplants.2004.03.006
  120. Werkenthin, M., Kluge, B., ve Wessolek, G. (2014). Metals in European roadside soils and soil solution – A review. Environmental Pollution, 189, 98–110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2014.02.025
  121. Whittinghill, L. J., ve Rowe, D. B. (2012). The role of green roof technology in urban agriculture. Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems, 27(4), 314–322. https://doi.org/10.1017/S174217051100038X
  122. Wu, Y., Li, X., Yu, L., Wang, T., Wang, J., ve Liu, T. (2022). Review of soil heavy metal pollution in China: Spatial distribution, primary sources, and remediation alternatives. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 181, 106261. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2022.106261
  123. Xiong, Z. (1998). Heavy metal contamination of urban soils and plants in relation to traffic in Wuhan City, China. Toxicological and Environmental Chemistry, 65(1), 31–39. https://doi.org/10.1080/02772249809358555
  124. Xu, Q., Wang, J., ve Shi, W. (2023). Source apportionment and potential ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in soils on a large scale in China. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 45(5), 1413–1427. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-022-01266-0
  125. Yan, A., Wang, Y., Tan, S. N., Mohd Yusof, M. L., Ghosh, S., ve Chen, Z. (2020). Phytoremediation: A promising approach for revegetation of heavy metal-polluted land. Frontiers in Plant Science, 11, 359. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2020.00359
  126. Yoshida, T., Mogami, J., ve Yamaguchi-Shinozaki, K. (2014). ABA-dependent and ABA-independent signaling in response to osmotic stress in plants. Current Opinion in Plant Biology, 21, 133–139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pbi.2014.07.009
  127. Zarzyńska, K., Boguszewska-Mańkowska, D., ve Nosalewicz, A. (2017). Differences in size and architecture of the potato cultivars root system and their tolerance to drought stress. Plant, Soil and Environment, 63(3), 159–164. https://doi.org/10.17221/4/2017-PSE
  128. Zheng, S., Zhao, W., Liu, Z., Geng, Z., Li, Q., Liu, B., Li, B., ve Bai, J. (2024). Establishment and maintenance of heat-stress memory in plants. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 25(16), 8976. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25168976
  129. Zhou, J., Zhang, Z., Zhang, Y., Wei, Y., ve Jiang, Z. (2018). Effects of lead stress on the growth, physiology, and cellular structure of privet seedlings. PLOS ONE, 13(3), e0191139. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0191139
  130. Zhou, R., Yu, X., Ottosen, C.-O., Rosenqvist, E., Zhao, L., Wang, Y., Yu, W., Zhao, T., ve Wu, Z. (2017). Drought stress had a predominant effect over heat stress on three tomato cultivars subjected to combined stress. BMC Plant Biology, 17, Article 24. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12870-017-0974-2