Journals / Journal of Immunology and Clinical Microbiology / 2025 / Cilt: 10 Sayı: 4

Investigation of the Combinatorial Effects of Metformin and Selected Antibiotics on Klebsiella pneumoniae

Metformin ve Seçilmiş Antibiyotiklerin Klebsiella pneumoniae Üzerindeki Kombinasyonel Etkilerinin İncelenmesi

İbrahim Serkan Avşar(TOKAT GAZIOSMANPASA UNIVERSITY, FACULTY OF PHARMACY)0000-0002-0343-8994
Derya Doğanay(UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH SCIENCES, FACULTY OF PHARMACY)0000-0001-9147-4110
Esra Mertoğlu(UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH SCIENCES, FACULTY OF PHARMACY)0009-0005-5759-0958
Pages
85–93
Publication Date
2025-12-31
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AI Summary & Key Takeaways

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(Too Long; Didn't Read)

Conclusion: The findings indicate that metformin is ineffective as a standalone antibacterial agent against K. pneumoniae.

📌 3 Key Takeaways

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Objective & Hypothesis:Background: The escalation of multidrug-resistant (MDR) Klebsiella pneumoniae infections poses a severe global health threat, necessitating the exploration of alternative therapeutic strategies such as drug repurposing.
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Key Findings & Data:Materials and Methods: The antimicrobial effects of metformin were evaluated against the reference strain K. pneumoniae ATCC 700603 and an MDR clinical isolate obtained from an intensive care unit.
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Conclusion & Impact:Conclusion: The findings indicate that metformin is ineffective as a standalone antibacterial agent against K. pneumoniae.
🔬Design:Araştırma Makalesi
📍Scope:Comprehensive Sample
⚙️Variables:Metformin · K.pneumoniae · çoklu ilaç direnci (MDR)

Abstract

Background: The escalation of multidrug-resistant (MDR) Klebsiella pneumoniae infections poses a severe global health threat, necessitating the exploration of alternative therapeutic strategies such as drug repurposing. This study aims to investigate the intrinsic antibacterial activity of the antidiabetic drug metformin and its adjuvant potential when combined with conventional antibiotics against K. pneumoniae. Materials and Methods: The antimicrobial effects of metformin were evaluated against the reference strain K. pneumoniae ATCC 700603 and an MDR clinical isolate obtained from an intensive care unit. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) values were determined using the microdilution method. Interaction studies between metformin and three antibiotics (Levofloxacin, Amikacin, and Ceftazidime) were conducted using the checkerboard assay. The results were interpreted based on the Fractional Inhibitory Concentration Index (FICI). Results: Metformin monotherapy exhibited weak intrinsic antibacterial activity (MIC ≥ 500 µg/mL) against both the reference strain and the clinical isolate. In combination assays, metformin demonstrated an antagonistic effect with Levofloxacin, while its interactions with Amikacin and Ceftazidime were classified as indifferent. The observed antagonism with Levofloxacin is attributed to metformin’s antioxidant properties, which likely mitigate the oxidative stress required for the bactericidal action of fluoroquinolones. Furthermore, the lack of synergy with Amikacin suggests that metformin-induced disruption of the Proton Motive Force (PMF) may hinder the intracellular uptake of aminoglycosides. Conclusion: The findings indicate that metformin is ineffective as a standalone antibacterial agent against K. pneumoniae. Moreover, its adjuvant potential is highly dependent on the antibiotic class and strain-specific resistance mechanisms. Contrary to some reports of synergy, this study highlights the risk of antagonism, particularly with fluoroquinolones. Further standardized mechanistic studies are required to define the specific therapeutic windows for metformin as an antimicrobial adjuvant.

Özet

Amaç: Çoklu ilaca dirençli (MDR) Klebsiella pneumoniae enfeksiyonlarındaki artış ciddi bir küresel halk sağlığı tehdidi oluşturmakta ve ilaç yeniden konumlandırma gibi alternatif tedavi stratejilerinin araştırılmasını zorunlu kılmaktadır. Bu çalışma, antidiyabetik bir ilaç olan metforminin K. pneumoniae'ye karşı intrinsik antibakteriyel aktivitesini ve konvansiyonel antibiyotiklerle kombinasyon halindeki adjuvan potansiyelini araştırmayı amaçlamaktadır. Materyal ve Metod: Metforminin antimikrobiyal etkileri, referans suş K. pneumoniae ATCC 700603 ve bir yoğun bakım ünitesinden elde edilen MDR klinik izolatına karşı değerlendirilmiştir. Minimum İnhibisyon Konsantrasyonu (MİK) değerleri mikrodilüsyon yöntemi kullanılarak belirlenmiştir. Metformin ile üç farklı antibiyotik (Levofloksasin, Amikasin ve Seftazidim) arasındaki etkileşim çalışmaları checkerboard (dama tahtası) yöntemi kullanılarak yürütülmüştür. Sonuçlar, Fraksiyonel İnhibitör Konsantrasyon İndeksi (FİKİ) temel alınarak yorumlanmıştır. Bulgular: Metformin monoterapisi, hem referans suş hem de klinik izolat karşısında zayıf intrinsik antibakteriyel aktivite (MİK ≥ 500 µg/mL) sergilemiştir. Kombinasyon deneylerinde metformin, Levofloksasin ile antagonist bir etki gösterirken, Amikasin ve Seftazidim ile olan etkileşimleri bağımsız (indifferent) etki olarak sınıflandırılmıştır. Levofloksasin ile gözlenen antagonizm, metforminin, florokinolonların bakterisidal etkisi için gerekli olan oksidatif stresi muhtemelen hafifleten antioksidan özelliklerine atfedilmektedir. Ayrıca, Amikasin ile sinerji görülmemesi, metformin kaynaklı Proton Hareket Gücü (PMF) bozulmasının, aminoglikozidlerin hücre içi alımını engelleyebileceğini düşündürmektedir. Sonuç: Bulgular, metforminin K. pneumoniae'ye karşı tek başına bir antibakteriyel ajan olarak etkisiz olduğunu göstermektedir. Dahası, ilacın adjuvan potansiyeli büyük ölçüde antibiyotik sınıfına ve suşa özgü direnç mekanizmalarına bağlıdır. Literatürdeki bazı sinerji raporlarının aksine, bu çalışma özellikle florokinolonlarla gelişebilecek antagonizm riskini vurgulamaktadır. Metforminin bir antimikrobiyal adjuvan olarak spesifik terapötik pencerelerini tanımlamak için daha ileri standartlaştırılmış mekanistik çalışmalara ihtiyaç duyulmaktadır.

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Cite This Article

Avşar, İ. S., Doğanay, D., Mertoğlu, E. (2025). Investigation of the Combinatorial Effects of Metformin and Selected Antibiotics on Klebsiella pneumoniae. Journal of Immunology and Clinical Microbiology, Cilt: 10 Sayı: 4, 85–93. https://doi.org/10.58854/jicm.1833035

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