Journals / Eurasian Journal of Toxicology / 2026 / Volume: 8 Issue: 1

Wearable Biomedical Sensors in Clinical Toxicology Continuous Monitoring and Early Warning Systems

Klinik Toksikolojide Giyilebilir Biyomedikal Sensörler Sürekli İzlem ve Erken Uyarı Sistemleri

Hayrunnisa Kaya(BURSA TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY)0000-0002-8195-0942
Esranur Tan(BURSA TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY)0000-0001-5854-0622
Pınar Terzioğlu(BURSA TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY)0000-0003-4114-7044
Rasim Alper Oral(BURSA TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY)0000-0001-7530-7478
Pages
—
Publication Date
2026-05-15
🏛️Bibliographic metadata and full text access for this article are provided via DergiPark.
DergiPark Record ↗
✨

AI Summary & Key Takeaways

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(Too Long; Didn't Read)

This study presents a comprehensive review of the continuous monitoring of wearable biomedical sensors and early warning systems in clinical toxicology.

📌 3 Key Takeaways

🎯
Objective & Hypothesis:Wearable biomedical sensors are innovative technologies that allow the real time monitoring of the effects of toxins on the human body.
📊
Key Findings & Data:These systems offer significant contributions to the early diagnosis, clinical monitoring and treatment management of toxin exposures.
💡
Conclusion & Impact:This study presents a comprehensive review of the continuous monitoring of wearable biomedical sensors and early warning systems in clinical toxicology.
🔬Design:Review & Systematic Survey
📍Scope:Comprehensive Sample
⚙️Variables:Wearable Biomedical Sensors · Clinical Toxicology · Diagnosis

Abstract

Wearable biomedical sensors are innovative technologies that allow the real time monitoring of the effects of toxins on the human body. These systems offer significant contributions to the early diagnosis, clinical monitoring and treatment management of toxin exposures. Optical, electrochemical and bioelectric sensors, along with patch type chest sensors, smart textiles, fiber optic data gloves, biomedical smart lenses and augmented reality based smart glasses, are among the main wearable technologies used in clinical toxicology. By continuously monitoring biochemical markers in addition to vital signs, these sensors make it possible to detect physiological and metabolic changes developing due to toxin exposure in the early period. Particularly, clinically critical symptoms such as lactate elevation, disruptions in acid base balance and alterations in respiratory parameters can be detected by analyzing sensor data before distinct symptoms even appear. In this way, approaching toxidrome presentations are noticed in the early period, providing the opportunity for timely intervention. By increasing the continuity of patient monitoring, wearable sensor technologies offer the possibility of safe observation not only in hospital environments but also in out of hospital settings. Furthermore, when integrated with artificial intelligence supported analysis systems, they contribute to reducing the risk of medical errors by strengthening clinical decision support processes. Consequently, wearable biomedical sensors are important tools that support early diagnosis, continuous monitoring and individualized treatment approaches in clinical toxicology and it is expected that they will become an integral part of intensive care and emergency medicine applications in the future. This study presents a comprehensive review of the continuous monitoring of wearable biomedical sensors and early warning systems in clinical toxicology.

Özet

Giyilebilir biyomedikal sensörler, toksinlerin insan vücudu üzerindeki etkilerinin gerçek zamanlı olarak izlenmesine olanak sağlayan yenilikçi teknolojilerdir. Bu sistemler, toksik maruziyetlerin erken tanısı, klinik takibi ve tedavi yönetiminde önemli katkılar sunmaktadır. Optik, elektrokimyasal ve biyoelektrik sensörler ile yama tipi göğüs sensörleri, akıllı tekstiller, fiber optik veri eldivenleri, biyomedikal akıllı lensler ve artırılmış gerçeklik tabanlı akıllı gözlükler, klinik toksikolojide kullanılan başlıca giyilebilir teknolojiler arasında yer almaktadır. Bu sensörler, vital bulguların yanı sıra biyokimyasal belirteçleri de sürekli izleyerek, toksin maruziyetine bağlı gelişen fizyolojik ve metabolik değişikliklerin erken dönemde saptanmasını mümkün kılmaktadır. Özellikle laktat artışı, asit-baz dengesindeki bozulmalar ve solunum parametrelerindeki değişiklikler gibi klinik olarak kritik bulgular, sensör verilerinin analiz edilmesiyle henüz belirgin semptomlar ortaya çıkmadan tespit edilebilmektedir. Bu sayede yaklaşan toksidrom tabloları erken dönemde fark edilerek zamanında müdahale imkânı sağlanmaktadır. Giyilebilir sensör teknolojileri, hasta takibinin sürekliliğini artırarak yalnızca hastane ortamında değil, hastane dışı ortamlarda da güvenli izlem olanağı sunmaktadır. Ayrıca yapay zekâ destekli analiz sistemleri ile entegre edildiğinde, klinik karar destek süreçlerini güçlendirerek medikal hata riskinin azaltılmasına katkı sağlamaktadır. Sonuç olarak, giyilebilir biyomedikal sensörler klinik toksikolojide erken tanı, sürekli izlem ve bireyselleştirilmiş tedavi yaklaşımlarını destekleyen önemli araçlar olup, gelecekte yoğun bakım ve acil tıp uygulamalarının ayrılmaz bir parçası haline gelmesi beklenmektedir. Bu çalışma; klinik toksikolojide giyilebilir biyomedikal sensörlerin sürekli izlenmesi ve erken uyarı sistemleri üzerine kapsamlı bir derleme sunmaktadır.

🔖

Cite This Article

Kaya, H., Tan, E., Terzioğlu, P., Oral, R. A. (2026). Wearable Biomedical Sensors in Clinical Toxicology Continuous Monitoring and Early Warning Systems. Eurasian Journal of Toxicology, Volume: 8 Issue: 1. https://doi.org/10.51262/ejtox.1933913

📄 Full Text PDF Viewer

📄

PDF görüntüleyici hazırlanıyor...

References (38)

  1. Gossel, T. A. (2018). Principles of clinical toxicology. CRC Press.
  2. Klaassen, C. D. (2018). Casarett & Doull’s Toxicology: The Basic Science of Poisons (9th ed.). McGraw-Hill Education.
  3. Kaswa, R. (2024). An approach to the management of acute poisoning in emergency settings. South African Family Practice, 66(1). https://doi.org/10.4102/SAFP.v66i1.5841
  4. Van Hoving, D. J., Veale, D. J. H., & Müller, G. F. (2011). Clinical Review: Emergency management of acute poisoning. African Journal of Emergency Medicine, 1(2), 69–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.afjem.2011.07.006
  5. T. S.Vo, T.Hoang, T. T. B. C.Vo, B.Jeon, V. H.Nguyen, K.Kim, Recent Trends of Bioanalytical Sensors with Smart Health Monitoring Systems: From Materials to Applications. Adv. Healthcare Mater.2024, 13, 2303923. https://doi. org/10.1002/adhm.202303923
  6. Bostancı, E. (2015), “Medikal Alanda Kullanılan Giyilebilir Teknolojiler:Uygulamalar, Karşılaşılan Sorunlar ve Çözüm önerileri”, Tıp Teknolojileri Ulusal Kongresi, Muğla, 549-552.
  7. Long, F., Zhu, A., & Shi, H. (2013). Recent advances in optical biosensors for environmental monitoring and early warning. Sensors (Switzerland), 13(10), 13928–13948. https://doi.org/10.3390/s131013928
  8. Fan, X.; White, I.M.; Shopova, S.I.; Zhu, H.; Suter, J.D.; Sun, Y. Sensitive optical biosensors for unlabeled targets: A review. Anal. Chim. Acta 2008, 620, 8–26.
  9. Castaneda, D., Esparza, A., Ghamari, M., Soltanpur, C., & Nazeran, H. (2018). A review on wearable photoplethysmography sensors and their potential future applications in health care. International Journal of Biosensors & Bioelectronics, 4(4), 195.
  10. Koh, A., Kang, D., Xue, Y., Lee, S., Pielak, R. M., Kim, J.,. & Rogers, J. A. (2016). A soft, wearable microfluidic device for the capture, storage, and colorimetric sensing of sweat. Science Translational Medicine, 8(366), 366ra165.
  11. Yetisen, A. K., Jiang, N., Fall, A. I., Montelongo, Y., Ruiz-Esparza, G. U., Tamayol, A.,. & Ali, A. (2019). Dermal tattoo biosensors for colorimetric metabolite detection. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 58(31), 10506-10513.
  12. Teymourian, H., Barfidokht, A., & Wang, J. (2020). Electrochemical biosensors for continuous monitoring of drugs and metabolites. Chemical Society Reviews, 49(21), 7671-7709.
  13. Kim, J., Campbell, A. S., de Ávila, B. E. F., & Wang, J.(2019). Wearable biosensors for healthcare monitoring. Nature Biotechnology, 37(4), 389-406.
  14. Li, Y., Zhang, D., Zeng, X., Liu, C., Wu, Y., & Fu, C. (2024). Advances in Aptamer-Based Biosensors for the Detection of Foodborne Mycotoxins. Molecules, 29(16), 3974. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29163974
  15. Zhu, C., Yang, G., Li, H., Du, D., & Lin, Y. (2015). Electrochemical sensors and biosensors based on nanomaterials and nanostructures. Analytical Chemistry, 87(1), 230-249.
  16. Downey, C., Randell, R., Brown, J., & Jayne, D. G. (2018). Continuous versus intermittent vital signs monitoring using a wearable, wireless patch in patients admitted to surgical wards: pilot cluster randomized controlled trial. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 20(8), e10802.
  17. Haveman ME, van Rossum MC, Vaseur RME, van der Riet C, Schuurmann RCL, Hermens HJ, de Vries JPM, Tabak M. Continuous Monitoring of Vital Signs With Wearable Sensors During Daily Life Activities: Validation Study. JMIR Form Res. 2022 Jan 7;6(1):e30863. doi: 10.2196/30863.
  18. Carreiro, S., Wittbold, K., Indic, P., Fang, H., Zhang, J., & Boyer, E. W. (2016). Wearable biosensors to detect physiologic change during opioid use. Journal of Medical Toxicology, 12(3), 255-262
  19. Liechti, M. E. (2014). Effects of MDMA on body temperature in humans. Temperature, 1(3), 192-200.
  20. Massaroni, C., Nicolò, A., Presti, D. L., Sacchetti, M., Silvestri, S., & Schena, E. (2019). Contact-based methods for measuring respiratory rate. Sensors, 19(4), 908
  21. Fujiwara, E., Santos, M. F. M., & Suzuki, C. K. (2014). Flexible optical fiber bending transducer for application in glovebased sensors. IEEE Sensors Journal, 14(10), 3431-3435
  22. Heo, J. S., Eom, J., Kim, Y. H., & Park, S. K. (2018). Recent progress of textile-based wearable electronics: A comprehensive review of materials, devices, and applications.Small, 14(3), 1703034
  23. Ma, X., Ahadian, S., Liu, S., Zhang, J., Liu, S., Cao, T.,.& Khademhosseini, A. (2021). Smart contact lenses for biosensing applications. Advanced Intelligent Systems, 3(4),2000263
  24. Munzer, B. W., Khan, M. M., Shipman, B., & Mahajan, P.(2019). Augmented reality in emergency medicine: A scoping review. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 21(4),e12368).
  25. Sendak, M. P., Gao, M., Brajer, N., & Balu, S. (2020). Presenting machine learning model information to clinical end users with model facts labels. Npj Digital Medicine, 3(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-020-0253-3
  26. Michard, F. (2016). Hemodynamic monitoring in the era of digital health. Annals of Intensive Care, 6(1), 1–7. https:// doi.org/10.1186/s13613-016-0119-7
  27. Khanna, A. K., Hoppe, P., & Saugel, B. (2019). Automated continuous noninvasive ward monitoring: future directions and challenges. Critical Care, 23(1), 1-10.
  28. Zhang, X., Hu, Y., Li, H., Chen, J., Lv, C., Yang, X.,.& Dong, H. (2025). Artificial intelligence-assisted wearable porous eutectogel with high-performance NH3 enrichment and visual sensing enables noninvasive monitoring of chronic kidney disease. Chemical Engineering Journal, 507,160678.
  29. Mishra, R. K., Hubble, L. J., Martín, A., Kumar, R., Barfidokht, A., Kim, J.,. & Wang, J. (2017). Wearable flexible and stretchable glove biosensor for on-site detection of organophosphorus chemical threats. ACS sensors, 2(4), 553-561.
  30. Zhao, F., He, J., Li, X., Bai, Y., Ying, Y., & Ping, J. (2020). Smart plant-wearable biosensor for in-situ pesticide analysis. Biosensors and Bioelectronics, 170, 112636.
  31. Teixeira, S. C., Gomes, N. O., Calegaro, M. L., Machado, S. A., de Oliveira, T. V., Soares, N. D. F. F., & Raymundo-Pereira, P. A. (2023). Sustainable plant-wearable sensors for on-site, rapid decentralized detection of pesticides toward precision agriculture and food safety. Biomaterials Advances, 155, 213676.
  32. Sanko, V., & Tekin, H. C. (2025). Electrochemical Sensors for Rapid Cardiovascular Disease Diagnostics. ACS sensors, 10(9), 6316-6346.
  33. Peng, X., Xu, R., Yu, F., Xu, J., Wang, Y., & Wang, S. (2025). A magnetic dual-aptamer electrochemical sensor with MOF-on-MOF-derived electrocatalyst as a signal amplifier for sensitive detection of cardiac troponin I. Talanta, 283, 127177.
  34. Koh, A., Kang, D., Xue, Y., Lee, S., Pielak, R. M., Kim, J.,. & Rogers, J. A. (2016). A soft, wearable microfluidic device for the capture, storage, and colorimetric sensing of sweat. Science Translational Medicine, 8(366), 366ra165.
  35. Yetisen, A. K., Jiang, N., Fall, A. I., Montelongo, Y., Ruiz-Esparza, G. U., Tamayol, A.,. & Ali, A. (2019). Dermal tattoo biosensors for colorimetric metabolite detection. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 58(31), 10506-10513.
  36. Ma, X., Ahadian, S., Liu, S., Zhang, J., Liu, S., Cao, T.,.& Khademhosseini, A. (2021). Smart contact lenses for biosensing applications. Advanced Intelligent Systems, 3(4),2000263
  37. Zhang, X., Hu, Y., Li, H., Chen, J., Lv, C., Yang, X.,.& Dong, H. (2025). Artificial intelligence-assisted wearable porous eutectogel with high-performance NH3 enrichment and visual sensing enables noninvasive monitoring of chronic kidney disease. Chemical Engineering Journal, 507,160678.
  38. Mishra, R. K., Hubble, L. J., Martín, A., Kumar, R., Barfidokht, A., Kim, J.,. & Wang, J. (2017). Wearable flexible and stretchable glove biosensor for on-site detection of organophosphorus chemical threats. ACS sensors, 2(4), 553-561.