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Journals / The Eurasia Proceedings of Science Technology Engineering and Mathematics / 2026 / Volume: 6

Comparison of Conventional and Encapsulated Urea on Growth and Yield of Wheat (triticum aestivum l.)

Saima Kalsoom Babar
Nazeer Ahmed Hassanı
İnayatullah Rajpar
Shakeel Ahmed Babar
Zia-ul-hassan Shah
İmran Khan
Pages
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Publication Date
2019-07-25
DOI
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AI Summary & Key Takeaways

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(Too Long; Didn't Read)

However, the difference between the rates of N was non-significant (p > 0.05). 

📌 3 Key Takeaways

🎯
Objective & Hypothesis:Nitrogen (N) is necessary sustenance for healthy plant growth and its yield.
📊
Key Findings & Data:The hydrolysis rate of urea accelerates as it stays in surface application.
💡
Conclusion & Impact:However, the difference between the rates of N was non-significant (p > 0.05). 
🔬Design:Research Article
📍Scope:Comprehensive Sample
⚙️Variables:Wheat · Encapsulated urea · Nitrogen

Abstract

Nitrogen (N) is necessary sustenance for healthy plant growth and its yield. Urea is a primary source of N in solid fertilizers. The hydrolysis rate of urea accelerates as it stays in surface application. However, Controlled-Release Fertilizers (CRF) has proven to reduce N losses, thereby increasing fertilizer efficiency. Wheat is the leading food grain of Pakistan occupying the largest area under single crop. It accounts for 9.6 percent of the value added in agriculture and 1.9 percent GDP. However, the production is recorded less as compared to previous years due to imbalance fertilizer application practices. The recommended doses of fertilizers may vary time to time for wheat. This study is therefore, planned to evaluate the method and appropriate rate of N for wheat, based on these specific objectives: 1) to evaluate an appropriate method and dose of N application for wheat and 2) to find out the effect of different N applications on growth and yield of wheat. In this regard, a field experiment was conducted at Wheat Section, Agriculture Research Institute Tandojam. There were 5 treatments examined on one variety (TD1) of wheat with three replications. The encapsulated urea was prepared manually in the laboratory of Department of Soil Science, Sindh Agriculture University Tandojam. Results revealed that wheat yield was markedly influenced by encapsulated urea as compared to surface applied urea. Maximum yield (40.5 % increment over control) was observed from encapsulated urea (N 140 kg ha -1 ). However, the difference between the rates of N was non-significant (p > 0.05). 

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Cite This Article

Babar, S. K., Hassanı, N. A., Rajpar, İ., Babar, S. A., Shah, Z., Khan, İ. (2019). Comparison of Conventional and Encapsulated Urea on Growth and Yield of Wheat (triticum aestivum l.). The Eurasia Proceedings of Science Technology Engineering and Mathematics, Volume: 6. https://ajindex.com/articles/1551483

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References (40)

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  22. Babar, S. K. (2016). Effects of Cu and Zn coated urea on rice production in acidic and alkaline soils. (Doctoral dissertation). http://ezproxy.upm.edu.my.
  23. Behera, S. N., Sharma, M., Aneja, V. P., & Balasubramanian, R. (2013). Ammonia in the atmosphere: a review on emission sources, atmospheric chemistry and deposition on terrestrial bodies. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 20(11), 8092-8131.
  24. Bouyoucos, G. J. (1962). Hydrometer method improved for making particle size analyses of soils. Agronomy Journal 54(5): 464-465.
  25. Chien, S., Prochnow, L. & Cantarella, H. (2009). Recent developments of fertilizer production and use to improve nutrient efficiency and minimize environmental impacts. Advances in Agronomy 102, 267-322.
  26. Fenn, L. and Miyamoto, S. (1981). Ammonia loss and associated reactions of urea in calcareous soils. Soil Science Society of America Journal 45: 537-540.
  27. Galloway, D. K., Özel, F., & Psaltis, D. (2008). Biases for neutron star mass, radius and distance measurements from Eddington-limited X-ray bursts. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 387(1), 268-272.
  28. Han, X., Chen, S., & Hu, X. (2009). Controlled-release fertilizer encapsulated by starch/polyvinyl alcohol coating. Desalination, 240(1-3), 21-26.
  29. Jackson, N. L. (1958). Soil chemical Analysis constable. Ltd. Co., London, 498. Jackson, M. L. (2005). Soil chemical analysis: advanced course. UW-Madison Libraries, Parallel Press.
  30. Kanwar, J. S. and Chopra, S. L. (1959). Practical agricultural chemistry. Khan, P., Memon, M., Imtiaz, M., Depar, N., Aslam, M., Memon, M. and Shah, J. (2012). Determining the zinc requirements of rice genotype Sarshar evolved at NIA, Tandojam. Sarhad Journal of Agriculture 28: 1-7.
  31. Laghari, G. M., Oad, F. C., Tunio, S., Gandahi, A. W., Siddiqui, M. H., Jagirani, A. W., & Oad, S. M. (2010). Growth, yield and nutrient uptake of various wheat cultivars under different fertilizer regimes. Sarhad Journal of Agriculture, 26(4), 489-497.
  32. Liu, X., Hua, X., Guo, J., Qi, D., Wang, L., Liu, Z.,. & Liu, G. (2008). Enhanced tolerance to drought stress in transgenic tobacco plants overexpressing VTE1 for increased tocopherol production from Arabidopsis thaliana. Biotechnology Letters, 30(7), 1275-1280.
  33. Mazhar, F., Buckles, D., & Satheesh, P. V. (2007). Food sovereignty and uncultivated biodiversity in South Asia: Essays on the poverty of food policy and the wealth of the social landscape. Academic Foundation. Medina, L. C., Obreza, T. A., Sartain, J. B., & Rouse, R. E. (2008). Nitrogen release patterns of a mixed controlled-release fertilizer and its components. HortTechnology, 18(3), 475-480.
  34. Nelson, K. A., Motavalli, P. P., & Nathan, M. (2014). Nitrogen fertilizer sources and application timing affects wheat and inter-seeded red clover yields on claypan soils. Agronomy, 4(4), 497-513.
  35. Oad, F. C., Siddiqui, M. H., & Buriro, U. A. (2007). Growth and yield losses in wheat due to different weed densities. Asian Journal of Plant Sciences, 6, 173-176. Pakistan Economic Survey. 2016-17. Economic adviser’s wing, finance division, Government of Pakistan, Islamabad. http://www.finance.gov.pk
  36. Ribeiro, V. J., Andrade, F. V., de Souza, C. H. E., & Sa Mendonca, E. (2016). Volatilization of ammonia in stabilized slow-release nitrogen fertilizer under controlled conditions. Australian Journal of Crop Science, 10(6), 793. Sato, S., & Morgan, K. T. (2008). Nitrogen recovery and transformation from a surface or sub-surface application of controlled-release fertilizer on a sandy soil. Journal of plant nutrition, 31(12), 2214-2231.
  37. Shah, W. A., Khan, H. U., Anwar, S., & Nawab, K. (2016). Yield and yield components of wheat as affected by different seed rates and nitrogen levels. Sarhad Journal of Agriculture, 27(1), 17-25.
  38. Shaviv, A. (2005). Controlled release fertilizers. In IFA International Workshop on Enhanced-Efficiency Fertilizers, pp. 28-30. Frankfurt. International Fertilizer Industry Association Paris, France. Sommer, S. G., Petersen, S. O., Sørensen, P., Poulsen, H. D., & Møller, H. B. (2007). Methane and carbon dioxide emissions and nitrogen turnover during liquid manure storage. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, 78(1), 27-36.
  39. Trenkel, M. E. (2010). Slow-and controlled-release and stabilized fertilizers: an option for enhancing nutrient use efficiency in agriculture. IFA, International fertilizer industry association. Van Drecht, G., Bouwman, A. F., Knoop, J. M., Beusen, A. H. W., & Meinardi, C. R. (2003). Global modeling of the fate of nitrogen from point and nonpoint sources in soils, groundwater, and surface water. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 17(4). Wang, S., Zhao, X., Xing, G., Yang, Y., Zhang, M., & Chen, H. (2015). Improving grain yield and reducing N loss using polymer-coated urea in southeast China. Agronomy for sustainable development, 35(3), 1103-1115.
  40. Wu, L., & Liu, M. (2008). Preparation and properties of chitosan-coated NPK compound fertilizer with controlled-release and water-retention. Carbohydrate Polymers, 72(2), 240-247.