Journals / Sakarya Üniversitesi İşletme Enstitüsü Dergisi / 2026 / Cilt: 8 Sayı: 1

Gender Bias and Access to Finance for Women Entrepreneurs: A Qualitative Meta-Synthesis

Ebru Bekar(NISANTASI UNIVERSITY)0009-0003-5375-296X
Dilek Zamantılı Nayır(TURKISH - GERMAN UNIVERSITY)0000-0001-5382-4271
Pages
82–100
Publication Date
2026-06-30
🏛️Bibliographic metadata and full text access for this article are provided via DergiPark.
DergiPark Record ↗
✨

AI Summary & Key Takeaways

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(Too Long; Didn't Read)

This comprehensive analysis sheds light on the structural and cultural obstacles women face in the financial landscape and emphasizes the need for policy and institutional reforms to foster gender equality in entrepreneurial finance.

📌 3 Key Takeaways

🎯
Objective & Hypothesis:This qualitative meta-synthesis explores the multidimensional structure of gender bias and its impact on female entrepreneurs’ access to finance, synthesizing insights from 20 scholarly articles.
📊
Key Findings & Data:The findings highlight persistent gender biases in commercial bank lending and venture capital investments, significant societal and cultural barriers, and the essential role of social networks and institutional support in enhancing financial access for women entrepreneurs.
💡
Conclusion & Impact:This comprehensive analysis sheds light on the structural and cultural obstacles women face in the financial landscape and emphasizes the need for policy and institutional reforms to foster gender equality in entrepreneurial finance.
🔬Design:Derleme
📍Scope:Comprehensive Sample
⚙️Variables:Female Entrepreneurs · Access to Finance · Gender Bias

Abstract

This qualitative meta-synthesis explores the multidimensional structure of gender bias and its impact on female entrepreneurs’ access to finance, synthesizing insights from 20 scholarly articles. The study identifies six key themes including Gender Bias in Financial Access, Societal and Cultural Influences, Entrepreneurial Challenges and Opportunities, the Impact of Social Networks, Perceptions and Attitudes toward Entrepreneurial Finance, and the Role of Financial Institutions. These themes are analyzed across five levels including Individual, Institutional, Societal, Policy, and Economic. The findings highlight persistent gender biases in commercial bank lending and venture capital investments, significant societal and cultural barriers, and the essential role of social networks and institutional support in enhancing financial access for women entrepreneurs. By integrating fragmented empirical findings into a multi-layered interpretive framework, the study advances theoretical understanding of how gender bias operates across interconnected structural levels. This comprehensive analysis sheds light on the structural and cultural obstacles women face in the financial landscape and emphasizes the need for policy and institutional reforms to foster gender equality in entrepreneurial finance.

🔖

Cite This Article

Bekar, E., Nayır, D. Z. (2026). Gender Bias and Access to Finance for Women Entrepreneurs: A Qualitative Meta-Synthesis. Sakarya Üniversitesi İşletme Enstitüsü Dergisi, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 1, 82–100. https://doi.org/10.47542/sauied.1702164

📄 Full Text PDF Viewer

📄

PDF görüntüleyici hazırlanıyor...

References (38)

  1. Ahl, H. (2006). Why research on women entrepreneurs needs new directions. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 30(5), 595–621. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2006.00138.x
  2. Alesina, A., Giuliano, P., & Nunn, N. (2013). On the origins of gender roles: Women and the plough. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 128(2), 469–530. https://doi.org/10.1093/qje/qjt005
  3. Asiedu, E., Freeman, J. A., & Nti-Addae, A. (2012). Access to credit by small businesses: How relevant are race, ethnicity, and gender? American Economic Review, 102(3), 532–537. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.102.3.532
  4. Balachandra, L., Briggs, T., Eddleston, K., & Brush, C. (2019). Don’t pitch like a girl! How gender stereotypes influence investor decisions. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 43(1), 116–137. https://doi.org/10.1177/1042258717728028
  5. Becker-Blease, J. R., & Sohl, J. E. (2007). Do women-owned businesses have equal access to angel capital? Journal of Business Venturing, 22(4), 503–521. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2006.06.003
  6. Belleflamme, P., Omrani, N., & Peitz, M. (2015). The economics of crowdfunding platforms. Information Economics and Policy, 33, 11–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.infoecopol.2015.08.003
  7. Bergeron, S. (2003). The post-Washington consensus and economic representations of women in development at the World Bank. International Feminist Journal of Politics, 5(3), 397–419. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461674032000122759
  8. Bort, S., Schmitz, M., & Koziol, K. (2021). Gender differences in entrepreneurial finance: The case of high-tech startups. Small Business Economics, 57(1), 1–20.
  9. Bourdieu, P. (1986). The forms of capital. In J. G. Richardson (Ed.), Handbook of theory and research for the sociology of education (pp. 241–258). Greenwood Press.
  10. Brock, J. M., & De Haas, R. (2023). Discriminatory lending: Evidence from bankers in the lab. American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, 15(2), 31–68. https://doi.org/10.1257/app.20210180
  11. Brooks, A. W., Huang, L., Kearney, S. W., & Murray, F. (2014). Investors prefer entrepreneurial ventures pitched by attractive men. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 111(12), 4427–4431. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1321202111
  12. Carter, N. M., Brush, C. G., Greene, P. G., Gatewood, E. J., & Hart, M. M. (2003). Women entrepreneurs who break through to equity financing: The influence of human, social and financial capital. Venture Capital, 5(1), 1–28. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369106032000082586
  13. Carter, S., & Shaw, E. (2006). Women’s business ownership: Recent research and policy developments. Small Business Service.
  14. Carter, S., Mwaura, S., Ram, M., Trehan, K., & Jones, T. (2015). Barriers to ethnic minority and women’s enterprise: Existing evidence, policy tensions and unsettled questions. International Small Business Journal, 33(1), 49–69.
  15. Coleman, J. S. (1988). Social capital in the creation of human capital. American Journal of Sociology, 94, S95–S120. https://doi.org/10.1086/228943
  16. De Mel, S., McKenzie, D., & Woodruff, C. (2009). Are women more credit constrained? Experimental evidence on gender and microenterprise returns. American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, 1(3), 1–32. https://doi.org/10.1257/app.1.3.1
  17. Eddleston, K. A., Ladge, J. J., Mitteness, C., & Balachandra, L. (2016). Gender stereotypes and venture support decisions: The role of entrepreneurial motherhood. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 40(4), 659–683.
  18. Eisenhardt, K. M. (1989). Agency theory: An assessment and review. Academy of Management Review, 14(1), 57–74. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.1989.4279003
  19. Elson, D. (1995). Male bias in the development process. World Development, 23(11), 1827–1838.
  20. Groza, M. P., Groza, M. D., & Barral, L. M. (2020). Women backing women: The role of crowdfunding in empowering female consumer-investors and entrepreneurs. Journal of Business Research, 117, 432–442. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2020.06.013
  21. Hart, M. M., Gatewood, E. J., Brush, C. G., & Carter, N. M. (2003). Women entrepreneurs: Moving front and center: An overview of research and theory. Venture Capital, 5(2), 75–90
  22. Henry, C., Coleman, S., Orser, B., & Foss, L. (2022). Women’s entrepreneurship policy and access to financial capital in different countries: An institutional perspective. Entrepreneurship Research Journal, 12(3), 227–262. https://doi.org/10.1515/erj-2022-0234
  23. Irwin, K., McDowell, W., & Ribeiro-Navarrete, S. (2025). How can women entrepreneurs overcome funding challenges? The role of digitalization and innovation. Venture Capital. Advance online publication.
  24. Kabeer, N. (2005). Gender equality and women’s empowerment: A critical analysis. Gender & Development, 13(1), 13–24. https://doi.org/10.1080/13552070512331332273
  25. Khan, S. U., Subramanian, U., & Mutalib, P. A. (2024). Gender and access to bank credit around the world during the COVID-19 pandemic: The mediating role of digital transformation. Pakistan Journal of Commerce and Social Sciences, 18(1), 1–24.
  26. Klapper, L., & Demirgüç-Kunt, A. (2019). The role of financial inclusion in driving women’s economic empowerment. The Journal of Development Studies, 55(5), 1–18.
  27. Koziol, K., Schmitz, M., & Bor, S. (2024). Gender differences in entrepreneurial equity financing: A systematic review. Small Business Economics. Advance online publication.
  28. Malmström, M., Burkhard, B., Sirén, C., Shepherd, D., & Wincent, J. (2023). A meta-analysis of the impact of entrepreneurs’ gender on their access to bank finance. Journal of Business Ethics, 188(3), 567–589.
  29. Malmström, M., Johansson, J., & Wincent, J. (2017). Gender stereotypes and venture support decisions: How governmental venture capitalists socially construct entrepreneurs’ potential. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 41(5), 833–860. https://doi.org/10.1111/etap.12210
  30. Marlow, S., & Patton, D. (2005). All credit to men? Entrepreneurship, finance, and gender. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 29(6), 717–735. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2005.00105.x
  31. Nelson, T., Maxfield, S., & Kolb, D. (2009). Women entrepreneurs and venture capital: Managing the shadow negotiation. International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship, 1(1), 57–76. https://doi.org/10.1108/17566260910942345
  32. Nussbaum, M. (2000). Women and human development: The capabilities approach. Cambridge University Press.
  33. Perkins, D. D., & Zimmerman, M. A. (1995). Empowerment theory, research, and application. American Journal of Community Psychology, 23(5), 569–579. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02506982
  34. Putnam, R. D. (1995). Bowling alone: America’s declining social capital. Journal of Democracy, 6(1), 65–78. https://doi.org/10.1353/jod.1995.0002
  35. Ridgeway, C. L. (2011). Framed by gender: How gender inequality persists in the modern world. Oxford University Press.
  36. Sarfaraz, L., Faghih, N., & Majd, A. A. (2014). The relationship between women entrepreneurship and gender equality. Journal of Global Entrepreneurship Research, 4(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40497-014-0015-2
  37. Sen, A. (1990). Gender and cooperative conflicts. In I. Tinker (Ed.), Persistent inequalities (pp. 123–149). Oxford University Press.
  38. Sen, A. (1999). Development as freedom. Oxford University Press.