Journals / Osmaniye Korkut Ata Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi / 2026 / Cilt: 9 Sayı: 1

The Role of Integrins in Breast Cancer Development and Treatment

Meme Kanseri Gelişiminde ve Tedavisinde İntegrinlerin Rolü

Yıldız Can Bal(ORDU ÜNİVERSİTESİ)
Ceren Dereli(Karabük Üniversitesi)
Zülal Atlı Şekeroğlu(ORDU ÜNİVERSİTESİ)
Pages
582–608
Publication Date
2026-01-14
🏛️Bibliographic metadata and full text access for this article are provided via DergiPark.
DergiPark Record ↗
✨

AI Summary & Key Takeaways

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(Too Long; Didn't Read)

In particular, it emphasizes how integrins regulate the interaction of tumor cells with the extracellular matrix and how these processes play a critical role in cancer metastasis and invasion.

📌 3 Key Takeaways

🎯
Objective & Hypothesis:Breast cancer is a significant disease that threatens women's health.
📊
Key Findings & Data:Despite significant advances in diagnosis and treatment, its poorly understood nature poses a major scientific and clinical challenge.
💡
Conclusion & Impact:In particular, it emphasizes how integrins regulate the interaction of tumor cells with the extracellular matrix and how these processes play a critical role in cancer metastasis and invasion.
🔬Design:Derleme
📍Scope:Comprehensive Sample
⚙️Variables:Meme kanseri · İntegrinler · İntegrin bağlayıcı proteinler

Abstract

Breast cancer is a significant disease that threatens women's health. Despite significant advances in diagnosis and treatment, its poorly understood nature poses a major scientific and clinical challenge. Integrins are a family of molecules that enable cells to attach to the extracellular matrix, support intercellular communication and signal transmission, and play a role in regulating cell movement, growth, and survival. They are also critical in the invasion and metastasis stages of cancer cells. This study highlights the effects of integrins on cellular signaling, focusing on the role of these molecules in the progression of breast cancer. In particular, it emphasizes how integrins regulate the interaction of tumor cells with the extracellular matrix and how these processes play a critical role in cancer metastasis and invasion.

Özet

Meme kanseri, kadın sağlığını tehdit eden önemli bir hastalıktır. Tanı ve tedavi süreçlerinde önemli ilerlemeler kaydedilmiş olmasına rağmen, tam olarak anlaşılamayan doğası sebebiyle büyük bir bilimsel ve klinik zorluk oluşturur. İntegrinler, hücrelerin hücre dışı matrise bağlanmasını sağlayan, hücreler arası iletişim ve sinyal iletimini destekleyen, hücre hareketinin, büyümesinin ve hayatta kalmasının düzenlenmesinde rol oynayan bir molekül ailesidir. Ayrıca kanser hücrelerinin invazyon ve metastaz aşamalarında da kritik noktalarda bulunmaktadır. Bu çalışma, integrinlerin hücresel sinyalleme üzerindeki etkilerini vurgulayarak, meme kanserinin ilerlemesinde bu moleküllerin rolüne odaklanmıştır. Özellikle, integrinlerin tümör hücrelerinin ekstraselüler matris ile etkileşimini nasıl düzenlediği ve bu süreçlerin kanser metastazı ve invazyonunda nasıl kritik bir rol oynadığı üzerinde durulmaktadır.

🔖

Cite This Article

Kasurka, C. B., Bal, Y. C., Dereli, C., Şekeroğlu, Z. A. (2026). The Role of Integrins in Breast Cancer Development and Treatment. Osmaniye Korkut Ata Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, Cilt: 9 Sayı: 1, 582–608. https://doi.org/10.47495/okufbed.1792794

📄 Full Text PDF Viewer

📄

PDF görüntüleyici hazırlanıyor...

References (103)

  1. Alanko J., Mai A., Jacquemet G., Schauer K., Kaukonen R., Saari M., Goud B., Ivaska J. Integrin endosomal signalling suppresses anoikis. Nature Cell Biology 2015; 17: 1412-1421.
  2. Annis MG., Ouellet V., Rennhack JP., L’Esperance S., Rancourt C., Mes-Masson AM., Andrechek ER., Siegel PM. Integrin-uPAR signaling leads to FRA-1 phosphorylation and enhanced breast cancer invasion. Breast Cancer Research 2018; 20(1): 9.
  3. Badaoui M., Mimsy-Julienne C., Saby C., Van Gulick L., Peretti M., Jeannesson P., Morjani H., Ouadid-Ahidouch H. Collagen type 1 promotes survival of human breast cancer cells by overexpressing Kv10. 1 potassium and Orai1 calcium channels through DDR1-dependent pathway. Oncotarget 2017; 9(37): 24653-24671.
  4. Bagati A., Kumar S., Jiang P., Pyrdol J., Zou AE., Godicelj A., Mathewson ND, Cartwright ANR, Cejas P, Brown, M, Giobbie-Hurder A., Dillon, D., Agudo, J., Mittendorf, EA, Liu X S, Wucherpfennig KW. Integrin αvβ6–TGFβ–SOX4 pathway drives immune evasion in triple-negative breast cancer. Cancer Cell 2021; 39(1): 54-67.
  5. Bahrami A., Khazaei M., Shahidsales S., Hassanian SM., Hasanzadeh M., Maftouh M., Ferns GA., Avan A. The therapeutic potential of PI3K/Akt/mTOR inhibitors in breast cancer: rational and progress. The Journal of Cellular Biochemistry 2018; 119: 213–222.
  6. Baltes F., Pfeifer V., Silbermann K., Caspers J., von Rekowski KW., Schlesinger M., Bendas G. β1-Integrin binding to collagen type 1 transmits breast cancer cells into chemoresistance by activating ABC efflux transporters. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)-Molecular Cell Research 2020; 1867(5): 118663.
  7. Beauvais DL., Ell BJ., McWhorter AR., Rapraeger AC. Syndecan-1 regulates αvβ3 and αvβ5 integrin activation during angiogenesis and is blocked by synstatin, a novel peptide inhibitor. J Exp Med 2009; 206(3): 691-705.
  8. Berardi DE., Raffo D., Todaro LB. Simian M. Laminin modulates the stem cell population in LM05-E murine breast cancer cells through the activation of the MAPK/ERK pathway. Cancer Research and Treatment: Official Journal of Korean Cancer Association 2017; 49(4): 869-879.
  9. Bray F., Laversanne M., Sung H., Ferlay J., Siegel RL., Soerjomataram I., Jemal A. Global cancer statistics 2022: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians 2024; 74(3): 229-263.
  10. Brooks PC., Strömblad S., Klemke R., Visscher D., Sarkar FH., Cheresh DA. Antiintegrin alpha v beta 3 blocks human breast cancer growth and angiogenesis in human skin. J Clin Invest 1995; 96(4): 1815-1822.
  11. Bui T., Rennhack, J., Mok S., Ling C., Perez M., Roccamo J., Andrechek Er., Moraes C., Muller WJ. Functional redundancy between β1 and β3 integrin in activating the IR/Akt/mTORC1 signaling axis to promote ErbB2-driven breast cancer. Cell Reports 2019; 29(3): 589-602.
  12. Burčík D., Macko JF., Podrojková N., Demeterová J., Stano M., Oriňak A. Role of cell adhesion in cancer metastasis formation: A review. ACS Omega 2025; 10: 5193-5213.
  13. Camorani S., Crescenzi E., Gramanzini M., Fedele M., Zannetti A., Cerchia L. Aptamer-mediated impairment of EGFR-integrin αvβ3 complex inhibits vasculogenic mimicry and growth of triple-negative breast cancers. Sci Rep 2017; 7 (1): 46659.
  14. Casalou C., Faustino A., Barral DC. Arf proteins in cancer cell migration. Small GTPases 2016; 7(4): 270-282.
  15. Cen J., Feng L., Ke, H., Bao L., Li LZ., Tanaka Y., Weng J., Su L. Exosomal thrombospondin-1 disrupts the integrity of endothelial intercellular junctions to facilitate breast cancer cell metastasis. Cancers 2019; 11(12): 1946.
  16. Cerqueira OLD., Botelho MCS., Fiore APZP., Osório CABT., Tomasin R., Morais MCC., López RVM., Cardoso EC., Vilella-Arias SA., Reis EM., Bruni-Cardoso A. Prognostic value of integrin αV expression and localization pattern in invasive breast carcinomas. Neoplasia 2022; 30: 100803.
  17. Chandran VI., Eppenberger-Castori S., Venkatesh T., Vine KL.,Ranson M. HER2 and uPAR cooperativity contribute to metastatic phenotype of HER2-positive breast cancer. Oncoscience 2015; 2(3): 207-224.
  18. Chaudhary P., Yadav K., Lee HJ., Kang KW., Mo J., Kim JA. siRNA treatment targeting integrin α11 overexpressed via EZH2-driven axis inhibits drug-resistant breast cancer progression. Breast Cancer Research 2024; 26(1): 72.
  19. Chen J., Feng WL., Mo WJ., Ding XW., Xie SN. Expression of integrin-binding protein Nischarin in metastatic breast cancer. Molecular Medicine Reports 2015; 12(1): 77-82.
  20. Chen Q., Manning CD., Millar H., McCabe FL., Ferrante C., Sharp C., Shahied-Arruda L., Doshi P., Nakada MT., Anderson GM. CNTO 95, a fully human anti αv integrin antibody, inhibits cell signaling, migration, invasion, and spontaneous metastasis of human breast cancer cells. Clin Exp Metastasis 2008; 25(2): 139-148.
  21. Chia WJ., Tang BL. Emerging roles for Rab family GTPases in human cancer. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)-Reviews on Cancer, 2009; 1795(2): 110-116.
  22. Cooper J., Giancotti FG. Integrin signaling in cancer: mechanotransduction, stemness, epithelial plasticity, and therapeutic resistance. Cancer Cell 2019; 35(3): 347-367.
  23. Cordone I., Masi S., Summa V., Carosi M., Vidiri A., Fabi A., Pasquale A., Conti L, Carapella CM., Villani V., Pace A. Overexpression of syndecan-1, MUC-1, and putative stem cell markers in breast cancer leptomeningeal metastasis: a cerebrospinal fluid flow cytometry study. Breast Cancer Research 2017; 19(1): 46.
  24. Costa RL., Han HS., Gradishar WJ. Targeting the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway in triple-negative breast cancer: A review. Breast Cancer Research and Treatment 2018; 169(3): 397-406.
  25. Covarrubias G., He F., Raghunathan S., Turan O., Peiris PM., Schiemann WP., Karathanasis E. Effective treatment of cancer metastasis using a dual-ligand nanoparticle. PLoS ONE 2019; 14(7): e0220474.
  26. dos Santos PB., Zanetti JS., Ribeiro-Silva A., Beltrão EI. Beta 1 integrin predicts survival in breast cancer: a clinicopathological and immunohistochemical study. Diagnostic Pathology 2012; 7: 104.
  27. Eid EM., Alanazi SA., Koosha S., Alrasheedy AA., Azam F., Taban IM., Khalilullah H., Sadiq Al-Qubaisi M., Alshawsh MA. Zerumbone ınduces apoptosis in breast cancer cells by targeting αvβ3 ıntegrin upon Co-administration with TP5-iRGD Peptide. Molecules 2019; 24(14): 2554.
  28. Eliyatkın N., Yalçın E., Zengel B., Aktaş S. Vardar E. Meme karsinomunda moleküler sınıflama: Gelenekselden yeni döneme yolculuk. Meme Sagligi Dergisi 2015; 11(2): 59-66
  29. Faraldo MM., Romagnoli M., Wallon L., Dubus P., Deugnier MA., Fre S. Alpha-6 integrin deletion delays the formation of Brca1/p53-deficient basal-like breast tumors by restricting luminal progenitor cell expansion. Breast Cancer Research 2024; 26(1): 91.
  30. Fournier HN., Dupé-Manet S., Bouvard D., Lacombe ML., Marie C., Block MR., Albiges-Rizo C. Integrin cytoplasmic domain-associated protein 1α (ICAP-1α) interacts directly with the metastasis suppressor nm23-H2, and both proteins are targeted to newly formed cell adhesion sites upon integrin engagement. Journal of Biological Chemistry 2002; 277(23): 20895-20902.
  31. Franco YL., Vaidya TR., Ait-Oudhia S. Anticancer and cardio-protective effects of liposomal doxorubicin in the treatment of breast cancer. Breast Cancer: Targets and Therapy 2018; 10: 131-141
  32. Gil-Bazo I., Catalán V., Páramo J., Quero C., Escriva de Romani S., Perez-Ochoa A., Arbea L., Navarro V., de la Cámara J., Garrán C., Espinós J., Rocha E., García-Foncillas J., Martín-Algarra S. Von Willebrand factor as an intermediate between hemostasis and angiogenesis of tumor origin. Revista de Medicina de la Universidad de Navarra 2003; 47(3): 22-28.
  33. Girnius N., Henstridge AZ., Marks B., Yu J., Gray K., Sander C., Zervantonakis I., Luna A. Cilengitide sensitivity is predicted by overall integrin expression in breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res 2024; 26: 187.
  34. GLOBOCAN. World fact sheets. Retrieved 27.12.2022, 2022, from https://gco.iarc.fr/today/data/factsheets/populations/900-world-fact-sheets.pdf. 2020.
  35. Gou S., Wu A., Luo Z. Integrins in cancer stem cells. Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 12: 1434378.
  36. Göthlin Eremo A., Lagergren K., Othman L., Montgomery S., Andersson G., Tina E. Evaluation of SPP1/osteopontin expression as predictor of recurrence in tamoxifen treated breast cancer. Scientific Reports 2020; 10(1): 1451.
  37. Hassan H., Greve B., Pavao MS., Kiesel L., Ibrahim SA., Götte M. Syndecan‐1 modulates β‐integrin‐dependent and interleukin‐6‐dependent functions in breast cancer cell adhesion, migration, and resistance to irradiation. The FEBS Journal 2013; 280(10): 2216-2227.
  38. Hedrick E., Lee SO., Doddapaneni R., Singh M., Safe S. NR4A1 Antagonists Inhibit β1-Integrin-Dependent Breast Cancer Cell Migration. Molecular and Cellular Biology 2016; 36(9): 1383-1394.
  39. Hou S., Isaji T., Hang Q., Im S., Fukuda T., Gu J. Distinct effects of β1 integrin on cell proliferation and cellular signaling in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. Scientific Reports 2016; 6(1): 18430.
  40. Humphries JD., Byron A., Humphries MJ. Integrin ligands at a glance. J Cell Sci. 2006; 119: 3901–3903.
  41. Hynes RO. The emergence of integrins: a personal and historical perspective. Matrix biology: journal of the International Society for Matrix Biology 2004; 23(6): 333.
  42. Hynes RO., Yamada KM. Fibronectins: multifunctional modular glycoproteins. The Journal of Cell Biology 1982; 95(2 Pt 1): 369-377.
  43. Ibrahim SA., Hassan H., Vilardo L., Kumar SK., Kumar AV., Kelsch R., Schneider C., Kiesel L., Eich HT., Zucchi I., Reinbold R., Greve B., Götte, M. Syndecan-1 (CD138) modulates triple-negative breast cancer stem cell properties via regulation of LRP-6 and IL-6-mediated STAT3 signaling. PloS One 2013; 8(12): e85737.
  44. Ignatoski KM., Maehama T., Markwart, SM., Dixon JE., Livant DL., Ethier SP. ERBB-2 overexpression confers PI 3′ kinase-dependent invasion capacity on human mammary epithelial cells. British Journal of Cancer 2000; 82(3): 666-674.
  45. Javid H., Oryani MA., Rezagholinejad N., Esparham A., Tajaldini M., Karimi-Shahri M. RGD peptide in cancer targeting: Benefits, challenges, solutions, and possible integrin–RGD interactions. Cancer Med 2024; 13(2): e6800
  46. Juliano RL., Reddig P., Alahari S., Edin M., Howe A., Aplin A. Integrin regulation of cell signalling and motility. Biochemical Society Transactions 2004; 32(3): 443-446.
  47. Kale S., Raja R., Thorat D., Soundararajan G., Patil T. V., Kundu G. C. Erratum: Osteopontin signaling upregulates cyclooxygenase-2 expression in tumor-associated macrophages leading to enhanced angiogenesis and melanoma growth via α9β1 integrin. Oncogene 2015; 34(42): 5408-5410.
  48. Katz E., Streuli CH. The extracellular matrix as an adhesion checkpoint for mammary epithelial function. The İnternational Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology 2007; 39(4): 715-726.
  49. Kechagia JZ., Ivaska J., Roca-Cusachs P. Integrins as biomechanical sensors of the microenvironment. Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology 2019; 20(8): 457-473.
  50. Kim A., Oh JH., Cho J. QSOX2 Upregulated in triple-negative breast cancer exacerbates patient prognosis by stabilizing integrin β1. Heliyon 2024; 10(2024): e27148
  51. Kovacheva M., Zepp M., Schraad M., Berger S., Berger M. R. Conditional knockdown of osteopontin inhibits breast cancer skeletal metastasis. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 2019; 20(19): 4918.
  52. Kračun D., Rieß F., Kanchev I., Gawaz M., Görlach A. The β3-integrin binding protein β3-endonexin is a novel negative regulator of hypoxia-inducible factor-1. Antioxidants & Redox Signaling 2014; 20(13): 1964-1976.
  53. Kwon A., Chae IH., You E., Kim SH., Ahn SY., Lee OJ., Park ZY., Rhee S., Huh YH., Song WK. Extra domain A‐containing fibronectin expression in Spin90‐deficient fibroblasts mediates cancer‐stroma interaction and promotes breast cancer progression. Journal of Cellular Physiology 2020; 235(5): 4494-4507.
  54. Lahlou H., Muller WJ. β1-integrins signaling and mammary tumor progression in transgenic mouse models: implications for human breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res 2011; 13: 229-229.
  55. Lautenschlaeger T., Perry J., Peereboom DM., Li B., Ibrahim A., Huebner A., Meng W., White JR., Chakravarti A. In vitro study of combined cilengitide and radiation treatment in breast cancer cell lines. Radiat Oncol 2013; 8: 246-246.
  56. Li D., Das S., Yamada T., Samuels HH. The NRIF3 family of transcriptional coregulators induces rapid and profound apoptosis in breast cancer cells. Molecular and Cellular Biology 2004; 24(9): 3838-3848.
  57. Li J., Qiu J., Han J., Li X., Jiang Y. Tumor microenvironment characterization in breast cancer identifies prognostic pathway signatures. Genes 2022; 13(11): 1976.
  58. Li L., Li X., Qi L., Rychahou P., Jafari N., Huang C. The role of talin2 in breast cancer tumorigenesis and metastasis. Oncotarget 2017; 8(63): 106876.
  59. Li M., Wang Y., Li M., Wu X., Setrerrahmane S., Xu H. Integrins as attractive targets for cancer therapeutics. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica B 2021; 11(9): 2726-2737.
  60. Li Z., Levine KM., Bahreini A., Wang P., Chu D., Park BH., Oesterreich S., Lee AV. Upregulation of IRS1 enhances IGF1 response in Y537S and D538G ESR1 mutant breast cancer cells. Endocrinology 2018; 159(1): 285-296.
  61. Lipscomb EA., Mercurio AM. Mobilization and activation of a signaling competent α6β4integrin underlies its contribution to carcinoma progression. Cancer Metastasis Review 2005; 24(3): 413-423.
  62. Liu H., Zhang J., Zhao Y., Fan Z., Yang Y., Mao Y., Yang J., Ma S. CD93 regulates breast cancer growth and vasculogenic mimicry through the PI3K/AKT/SP2 signaling pathway activated by integrin β1. Journal of Biochemical and Molecular Toxicology 2024; 38(4): e23688.
  63. Lo SH., Weisberg E., Che LB. Tensin: a potential link between the cytoskeleton and signal transduction. Bioessays 1994; 16(11): 817-823.
  64. Lu X., Lu D., Scully M., Kakkar VV. The role of ıntegrins in cancer and the development of anti-ıntegrin therapeutic agents for cancer therapy. Perspect Med Chem 2008; 2: 57-73.
  65. Lu Z., Schiemann WP. ECO/siRNA nanoparticles and breast cancer metastasis. Oncoscience 2015; 2: 823-824.
  66. Malek-Hosseini Z., Jelodar S., Talei A., Ghaderi A., Doroudchi M. Elevated Syndecan-1 levels in the sera of patients with breast cancer correlate with tumor size. Breast Cancer 2017; 24(6): 742-747.
  67. Mardilovich K., Shaw LM. Hypoxia regulates insulin receptor substrate-2 expression to promote breast carcinoma cell survival and invasion. Cancer Research 2009; 69(23): 8894-8901.
  68. Michaels E., Chen N., Nanda R. The role of immunotherapy in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). Clinical Breast Cancer 2024; 24(4): 263-270.
  69. Miskin RP., Warren JS., Ndoye A., Wu L., Lamar JM., DiPersio CM. Integrin α3β1 promotes invasive and metastatic properties of breast cancer cells through induction of the Brn-2 transcription factor. Cancers 2021; 13(3): 480.
  70. Monroy MF., Krumpoch M., Mcteague TA., Fee A., Lee D., Zhou ZS., Lin F. Bi-functional integrin degraders cause stronger anti-proliferative effects than a blocking antibody by modulating distinct downstream signaling. mAbs 2025; 17: 2575849.
  71. Moreno-Layseca P., Icha J., Hamidi H., Ivaska J. Integrin trafficking in cells and tissues. Nature Cell Biology 2019; 21(2): 122-132.
  72. Nisticò P., Di Modugno F., Spada S., Bissell MJ. β1 and β4 integrins: from breast development to clinical practice. Breast Cancer Research 2014; 16(5): 459.
  73. Ohtoshi A., Maeda T., Higashi H., Ashizawa S., Yamada M., Hatakeyama M. β3-Endonexin as a novel inhibitor of cyclin A-associated kinase. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 2000; 267(3): 947-952.
  74. Pang X., He X., Qiu Z., Zhang H., Xie R., Liu Z., Gu Y., Zhao N., Xiang Q., Cui Y. Targeting integrin pathways: mechanisms and advances in therapy. Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy 2023; 8(1): 1.
  75. Park HJ., Helfman DM. Up-regulated fibronectin in 3D culture facilitates spreading of triple negative breast cancer cells on 2D through integrin β-5 and Src. Scientific Reports 2019; 9(1): 19950.
  76. Peeney D., Jensen SM., Castro NP., Kumar S., Noonan S., Handler C., Kuznetsov A., Shih J., Tran AD., Salomon, DS., Stetler-Stevenson WG. TIMP-2 suppresses tumor growth and metastasis in murine model of triple-negative breast cancer. Carcinogenesis 2020; 41(3): 313-325.
  77. Perou CM., Sørlie T., Eisen MB., Van De Rijn M., Jeffrey SS., Rees CA., Pollack JR., Ross DT., Johnsen H., Akslen L A. Molecular portraits of human breast tumours. Nature 2000; 406(6797): 747-752.
  78. Pio GM., Xia Y., Piaseczny MM., Chu JE., Allan AL. Soluble bone-derived osteopontin promotes migration and stem-like behavior of breast cancer cells. PLoS One 2017; 12(5): e0177640.
  79. Porter HA., Perr, A., Kingsley C., Tran NL., Keegan, AD. IRS1 is highly expressed in localized breast tumors and regulates the sensitivity of breast cancer cells to chemotherapy, while IRS2 is highly expressed in invasive breast tumors. Cancer Letters 2013; 338(2): 239-248.
  80. Pucci S., Zoli M., Clementi F., Gotti C. α9-Containing Nicotinic Receptors in Cancer. Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience 2022; 15: 15.
  81. Raab-Westphal S., Marshall JF., Goodman SL. Integrins as therapeutic targets: successes and cancers. Cancers 2017; 9(9): 110.
  82. Radisky ES., Radisky DC. Matrix metalloproteinases as breast cancer drivers and therapeutic targets. Frontiers in Bioscience (Landmark Edition) 2015; 20: 1144.
  83. Rathinam R., Alahari SK. Important role of integrins in the cancer biology. Cancer and Metastasis Reviews 2010; 29(1): 223-237.
  84. Samaržija I., Dekanić A., Humphries JD., Paradžik M., Stojanović N., Humphries MJ., Ambriović-Ristov A. Integrin crosstalk contributes to the complexity of signalling and unpredictable cancer cell fates. Cancers 2020; 12(7): 1910.
  85. Sato H., Higashi S., Miyazaki K. Amino-terminal fragments of laminin γ2 chain stimulate migration of metastatic breast cancer cells by interacting with CD44. Clinical & Experimental Metastasis 2015; 32(5): 405-415.
  86. Sayyad MR., Puchalapalli M., Vergara NG., Wangensteen SM., MooreM., Mu L., Edwards C., Anderson A., Kall S., Sullivan M., Dozmorov M., Singh J., Idowu MO., Koblinski JE. Syndecan-1 facilitates breast cancer metastasis to the brain. Breast Cancer Research And Treatment 2019; 178(1): 35-49.
  87. Schaffner F., Ray AM., Dontenwill M. Integrin α5β1, the fibronectin receptor, as a pertinent therapeutic target in solid tumors. Cancers 2013; 5(1): 27-47.
  88. Seguin L., Desgrosellier JS., Weis SM., Cheresh DA. Integrins and cancer: regulators of cancer stemness, metastasis, and drug resistance. Trends in Cell Biology 2015; 25(4): 234-240.
  89. Shattil SJ., Kim C., Ginsberg MH. The final steps of integrin activation: the end game. Nature reviews Molecular Cell Biology 2010; 11(4): 288-300.
  90. Singh D., Assaraf YG., Gacche RN. Long non-coding RNA mediated drug resistance in breast cancer. Drug Resistance Updates 2022; 63: 100851.
  91. Spangenberg C., Lausch EU., Trost TM., Prawitt D., May A., Keppler R., Fees SA., Reutzel D., Bell C, Schmitt S., Schiffer IB., Weber A., Brenner W., Hermes M., Sahin U., Türeci Ö., Koelbl H., Hengstler JG., Zabel BU. ERBB2-mediated transcriptional up-regulation of the α5β1 integrin fibronectin receptor promotes tumor cell survival under adverse conditions. Cancer Research 2006; 66(7): 3715-3725.
  92. Stewart RL., O’connor KL. Clinical significance of the integrin α6β4 in human malignancies. Laboratory Investigation 2015; 95: 976.
  93. Suter R., Marcum JA. The molecular genetics of breast cancer and targeted therapy. Biologics: Targets and Therapy 2007; 1(3): 241-258.
  94. Tai YL., Chu PY., Lai IR., Wang MY., Tseng HY., Guan JL., Liou JY., Shen TL. An EGFR/Src-dependent β4 integrin/FAK complex contributes to malignancy of breast cancer. Scientific Reports 2015; 5(1): 16408.
  95. Trikha M., Zhou Z., Nemeth JA., Chen Q., Sharp C., Emmell E., Giles-Komar J., Nakada MT. CNTO 95, a fully human monoclonal antibody that inhibits αv integrins, has antitumor and antiangiogenic activity in vivo. Int J Cancer 2004; 110(3): 326-335.
  96. Velázquez-Quesada I., Ruiz-Moreno AJ., Casique-Aguirre D., Aguirre-Alvarado C., Cortés-Mendoza F., de la Fuente-Granada M., García-Pérez C., Pérez-Tapia SM., González-Arenas A., Segura-Cabrera A., Velasco-Velázquez MA. Pranlukast antagonizes CD49f and reduces stemness in triple-negative breast cancer cells. Drug Des Devel Ther 2020; 14: 1799-1811.
  97. Wang W., Lei B., Li L., Liu J., Li Z., Pang Y., Liu T., Li Z. Single-cell proteomic profiling ıdentifies nanoparticle enhanced therapy for triple negative breast cancer stem cells. Cells 2021; 10(11): 2842.
  98. Wang Z., Li Y., Xiao Y., Lin H., Yang P., Humphries BA., Gao T., Yang C. Integrin α9 depletion promotes β‐catenin degradation to suppress triple‐negative breast cancer tumor growth and metastasis. Int J Cancer 2019; 145(10): 2767-2780.
  99. Wei, R., Wong, JPC., Kwok HF. Osteopontin--a promising biomarker for cancer therapy. Journal of Cancer, 2017; 8(12): 2173.
  100. Wu GY., Xiao MZ., Hao WC., Yang ZS., Liu XR., Xu DS., Peng ZX., Zhang LY. Drug resistance in breast cancer: Mechanisms and strategies for management. Drug Resistance Updates 2025; 83: 101288.
  101. Xu J., Yu C., Zeng X., Tang W., Xu S., Tang L., Yu T. Visualization of breast cancer-related protein synthesis from the perspective of bibliometric analysis. European Journal of Medical Research 2023; 28(1): 461.
  102. Yousefi H., Vatanmakanian M., Mahdiannasser M., Mashouri L., Alahari NV., Monjezi MR., Ilbeigi S., Alahari SK. Understanding the role of integrins in breast cancer invasion, metastasis, angiogenesis, and drug resistance. Oncogene 2021; 40(6): 1043-1063.
  103. Zhu K., Wu Y., He P., Fan Y., Zhong X., Zheng H., Luo T. PI3K/AKT/mTOR-targeted therapy for breast cancer. Cells 2022; 11(16): 2508.