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Journals / Journal of the Turkish Chemical Society Section A: Chemistry / 2026 / Volume: 12 Issue: 2

Determination of Copper in Hydroponic Nutrient Solutions by UV-Visible Spectrophotometry and Flow Injection Analysis

Seda Karapınar(Istanbul Technical University)0000-0002-7198-7522
Seda Deveci0000-0002-4227-868X
Ebru Çetinkaya0000-0001-7295-6210
Birsen Demirata Öztürk(İSTANBUL TEKNİK ÜNİVERSİTESİ, FEN BİLİMLERİ ENSTİTÜSÜ)0000-0002-0978-0977
Pages
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Publication Date
2025-05-31
DOI
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AI Summary & Key Takeaways

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(Too Long; Didn't Read)

This method was successfully applied to the determination of copper in hydroponic nutrient solutions.

📌 3 Key Takeaways

🎯
Objective & Hypothesis:Copper (Cu) is a micronutrient that plays an important role in the growth of plants.
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Key Findings & Data:A spectrophotometric analysis method has been developed to determine Cu2+ in hydroponic nutrient solutions. 4-(2-pyridylazo)-resorcinol (PAR), 1-(2 pyridylazo)-2-naphthol (PAN) and 1-(2-thiazolylazo)-2-naphthol (TAN) ligands were studied as co-complexants that will enable determination of Cu2+.
💡
Conclusion & Impact:This method was successfully applied to the determination of copper in hydroponic nutrient solutions.
🔬Design:Research Article
📍Scope:Comprehensive Sample
⚙️Variables:Micronutrients · hydroponic nutrient solution · spectrophotometry

Abstract

Copper (Cu) is a micronutrient that plays an important role in the growth of plants. A spectrophotometric analysis method has been developed to determine Cu2+ in hydroponic nutrient solutions. 4-(2-pyridylazo)-resorcinol (PAR), 1-(2 pyridylazo)-2-naphthol (PAN) and 1-(2-thiazolylazo)-2-naphthol (TAN) ligands were studied as co-complexants that will enable determination of Cu2+. Each microelement has an optimum pH value at which it forms a complex with the ligand. By studying the effect of pH on the metal-ligand complex, the optimum pH values at which maximum absorbances were obtained were determined. The interference effects of foreign ions in the nutrient solution were examined. 4-(2-pyridylazo)-resorcinol (PAR) complexes were found to be more resistant to foreign ion interference. For this reason, validation studies of the method developed for 4-(2-pyridylazo)-resorcinol (PAR) complexes were carried out. Afterwards, the developed method was adapted to the flow injection analysis system. The procedure is simple, rapid and reliable. This method was successfully applied to the determination of copper in hydroponic nutrient solutions.

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Cite This Article

Karapınar, S., Deveci, S., Çetinkaya, E., Öztürk, B. D. (2025). Determination of Copper in Hydroponic Nutrient Solutions by UV-Visible Spectrophotometry and Flow Injection Analysis. Journal of the Turkish Chemical Society Section A: Chemistry, Volume: 12 Issue: 2. https://ajindex.com/articles/1514352

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References (40)

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  22. Savvas D, Ntatsi G, Passam HC. Plant nutrition and physiological disorders in greenhouse grown tomato, pepper and eggplant. Eur J Plant Sci Biotechnol [Internet]. 2008;2(1):45–61. Available from:.
  23. Putra PA, Yuliando H. Soilless culture system to support water use efficiency and product quality: A review. Agric Agric Sci Procedia [Internet]. 2015;3:283–8. Available from:.
  24. Li H, Cheng Z. Hoagland nutrient solution promotes the growth of cucumber seedlings under light-emitting diode light. Acta Agric Scand Sect B — Soil Plant Sci [Internet]. 2015 Jan 2;65(1):74–82. Available from:.
  25. Nazir F, Hussain A, Fariduddin Q. Hydrogen peroxide modulate photosynthesis and antioxidant systems in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) plants under copper stress. Chemosphere [Internet]. 2019 Sep;230:544–58. Available from:.
  26. Zhang D, Liu X, Ma J, Yang H, Zhang W, Li C. Genotypic differences and glutathione metabolism response in wheat exposed to copper. Environ Exp Bot [Internet]. 2019 Jan;157:250–9. Available from:.
  27. Lillo F, Ginocchio R, Ulriksen C, Dovletyarova EA, Neaman A. Evaluation of connected clonal growth of Solidago chilensis as an avoidance mechanism in copper-polluted soils. Chemosphere [Internet]. 2019 Sep;230:303–7. Available from:.
  28. Ameh T, Sayes CM. The potential exposure and hazards of copper nanoparticles: A review. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol [Internet]. 2019 Oct;71:103220. Available from:.
  29. Akmese B, Aydin R, Asan A. A simple flow injection spectrophotometric procedure for direct determination of copper(II) in environmental samples. Asian J Chem [Internet]. 2014;26(12):3653–6. Available from:.
  30. Prasertboonyai K, Liawraungrath B, Pojanakaroon T, Liawraungrath S. Mercury(II) determination in commercial cosmetics and local Thai traditional medicines by flow injection spectrophotometry. Int J Cosmet Sci [Internet]. 2016 Feb 2;38(1):68–76. Available from:.
  31. Locatelli M, Kabir A, Perrucci M, Ulusoy S, Ulusoy HI, Ali I. Green profile tools: Current status and future perspectives. Adv Sample Prep [Internet]. 2023 May;6:100068. Available from:.
  32. Mansour FR, Płotka-Wasylka J, Locatelli M. Modified GAPI (MoGAPI) tool and software for the assessment of method greenness: Case studies and applications. Analytica [Internet]. 2024 Sep 6;5(3):451–7. Available from:.
  33. Teshima N, Gotoh S, Ida K, Sakai T. One-shot flow injection spectrophotometric simultaneous determination of copper, iron and zinc in patients’ sera with newly developed multi-compartment flow cell. Anal Chim Acta [Internet]. 2006 Jan;557(1–2):387–92. Available from:.
  34. Páscoa RNMJ, Tóth I V., Rangel AOSS. Spectrophotometric determination of zinc and copper in a multi-syringe flow injection analysis system using a liquid waveguide capillary cell: Application to natural waters. Talanta [Internet]. 2011 Jun;84(5):1267–72. Available from:.
  35. Santos IC, Mesquita RBR, Rangel AOSS. Micro solid phase spectrophotometry in a sequential injection lab-on-valve platform for cadmium, zinc, and copper determination in freshwaters. Anal Chim Acta [Internet]. 2015 Sep;891:171–8. Available from:.
  36. Granado-Castro MD, Díaz-de-Alba M, Chinchilla-Real I, Galindo-Riaño MD, García-Vargas M, Casanueva-Marenco MJ. Coupling liquid membrane and flow-injection technique as an analytical strategy for copper analysis in saline water. Talanta [Internet]. 2019 Jan;192:374–9. Available from:.
  37. Purachat B, Liawruangrath S, Sooksamiti P, Rattanaphani S, Buddhasukh D. Univariate and simplex optimization for the flow-injection spectrophotometric determination of copper using nitroso-R salt as a complexing agent. Anal Sci [Internet]. 2001 Mar 23;17(3):443–8. Available from:.
  38. Youngvises N, Suwannasaroj K, Jakmunee J, AlSuhaimi A. Multi-reverse flow injection analysis integrated with multi-optical sensor for simultaneous determination of Mn(II), Fe(II), Cu(II) and Fe(III) in natural waters. Talanta [Internet]. 2017 May;166:369–74. Available from:.
  39. Ni Y, Wang Y, Kokot S. Application of multivariate calibration methods for the simultaneous multiwavelength spectrophotometric determination of Fe(II), Cu(II), Zn(II), and Mn(II) in mixtures. Anal Lett [Internet]. 2007 May;40(6):1209–26. Available from:.
  40. Ghasemi E, Kaykhaii M. Determination of zinc, copper, and mercury in water samples by using novel micro cloud point extraction and UV-Vis spectrophotometry. Eurasian J Anal Chem [Internet]. 2016 Dec 27;12(4):313–24. Available from:.