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Journals / Journal of the Turkish Chemical Society Section A: Chemistry / 2026 / Issue: 2026-1

Monitoring of ethyl sulfate biomarker for the estimation of community alcohol consumption via wastewater using a direct injection method

Duygu Nur Mert(İSTANBUL ÜNİVERSİTESİ-CERRAHPAŞA, ADLİ TIP VE ADLİ BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ, FEN BİLİMLERİ ANABİLİM DALI)0000-0002-5861-8212
Merve Kuloğlu Genç(İSTANBUL ÜNİVERSİTESİ-CERRAHPAŞA, ADLİ TIP VE ADLİ BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ)0000-0002-3670-3168
Mihriban Dilan Kılıç(İSTANBUL ÜNİVERSİTESİ-CERRAHPAŞA, ADLİ TIP VE ADLİ BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ, FEN BİLİMLERİ ANABİLİM DALI)0009-0004-7242-7641
Tuğba Tekin Bülbül(İSTANBUL ÜNİVERSİTESİ-CERRAHPAŞA, ADLİ TIP VE ADLİ BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ)0000-0002-2535-8039
Selda Mercan(ISTANBUL UNIVERSITY-CERRAHPASA)0000-0002-0431-6972
Pages
—
Publication Date
2026-04-25
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AI Summary & Key Takeaways

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(Too Long; Didn't Read)

These findings highlight the value of WBE as a cost-effective, non-invasive, and population-level tool that complements conventional epidemiological and sales data, providing real-time evidence to support alcohol-related public health strategies and policy development.

📌 3 Key Takeaways

🎯
Objective & Hypothesis:Wastewater-based epidemiology provides an objective and complementary means of monitoring community alcohol consumption by measuring alcohol biomarkers excreted by the population.
📊
Key Findings & Data:The improved direct injection method was validated and successfully met all analytical performance criteria.
💡
Conclusion & Impact:These findings highlight the value of WBE as a cost-effective, non-invasive, and population-level tool that complements conventional epidemiological and sales data, providing real-time evidence to support alcohol-related public health strategies and policy development.
🔬Design:Research Article
📍Scope:2019 Verileri
⚙️Variables:Alcohol consumption · Ethyl sulfate · Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry

Abstract

Wastewater-based epidemiology provides an objective and complementary means of monitoring community alcohol consumption by measuring alcohol biomarkers excreted by the population. This approach enables the assessment of temporal and regional trends, offering valuable insights into consumption behavior and its public health implications. In this study, a previously established analytical method based on liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for the quantification of ethyl sulfate was re-optimized to enhance sensitivity and reduce analysis time, ensuring its effective applicability for routine monitoring. The improved direct injection method was validated and successfully met all analytical performance criteria. It was then applied to wastewater samples collected from a treatment plant across four seasons in 2019, 2020, and 2021 to estimate population-level alcohol consumption. Mean annual consumption ranged between 0.62 and 87.84 L/day/1000 inhabitants. A pronounced decline in estimated alcohol use was observed within the catchment area served by the monitored wastewater treatment plant over the monitoring years, potentially associated with the combined influence of the COVID-19 pandemic and increased alcohol taxation. These findings highlight the value of WBE as a cost-effective, non-invasive, and population-level tool that complements conventional epidemiological and sales data, providing real-time evidence to support alcohol-related public health strategies and policy development.

🔖

Cite This Article

Mert, D. N., Genç, M. K., Kılıç, M. D., Bülbül, T. T., Mercan, S. (2026). Monitoring of ethyl sulfate biomarker for the estimation of community alcohol consumption via wastewater using a direct injection method. Journal of the Turkish Chemical Society Section A: Chemistry, Issue: 2026-1. https://doi.org/10.18596/jotcsa.1822598

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References (72)

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  43. Tegner M, Ott IR, Guterres F de S, de Barros VM, Linden R, Antunes MV. Determination of ethyl glucuronide and ethyl sulfate in dried blood spots by UHPLC–MS-MS: Method validation and assessment of ethanol exposure in postmortem samples from road traffic victims. J Anal Toxicol [Internet]. 2023 Jan 24;46(9):e223–31. Available from:.
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  49. Zuccato E, Chiabrando C, Castiglioni S, Bagnati R, Fanelli R. Estimating community drug abuse by wastewater analysis. Environ Health Perspect [Internet]. 2008 Aug;116(8):1027–32. Available from:.
  50. Zheng Q, Tscharke BJ, Krapp C, O’Brien JW, Mackie RS, Connor J, et al. New approach for the measurement of long-term alcohol consumption trends: Application of wastewater-based epidemiology in an Australian regional city. Drug Alcohol Depend [Internet]. 2020 Feb 1;207(3):107795. Available from:.
  51. López-García E, Pérez-López C, Postigo C, Andreu V, Bijlsma L, González-Mariño I, et al. Assessing alcohol consumption through wastewater-based epidemiology: Spain as a case study. Drug Alcohol Depend [Internet]. 2020 Oct 1;215:108241. Available from:.
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  53. Yao Y, Wang J, Zhong Y, Chen W, Rao Y, Su M. Investigating alcohol consumption in China via wastewater-based epidemiology. Environ Geochem Health [Internet]. 2024 Jan 15;46(1):24. Available from:.
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  55. Mercan S, Kuloglu M, Tekin T, Turkmen Z, Dogru AO, Safran AN, et al. Wastewater-based monitoring of illicit drug consumption in Istanbul: Preliminary results from two districts. Sci Total Environ [Internet]. 2019 Mar 15;656(2):231–8. Available from:.
  56. Daglioglu N, Atasoy A, Asadi A, Guzel EY, Dengiz H. Estimating alcohol consumption by using wastewater-based epidemiology in Adana province, Turkey. Environ Sci Pollut Res [Internet]. 2020 Sep 6;27(25):31884–91. Available from:.
  57. Asicioglu F, Kuloglu Genc M, Tekin Bulbul T, Yayla M, Simsek S, Adioren C, et al. Investigation of temporal illicit drugs, alcohol and tobacco trends in Istanbul city: Wastewater analysis of 14 treatment plants. Water Res [Internet]. 2021 Feb;190:116729. Available from:.
  58. Kuloglu Genc M, Mercan S, Yayla M, Tekin Bulbul T, Adioren C, Simsek SZ, et al. Monitoring geographical differences in illicit drugs, alcohol, and tobacco consumption via wastewater-based epidemiology: Six major cities in Turkey. Sci Total Environ [Internet]. 2021 Nov;797:149156. Available from:.
  59. Daglioglu N, Guzel EY, Atasoy A, Gören İE. Comparison of community illicit drug use in 11 cities of Turkey through wastewater-based epidemiology. Environ Sci Pollut Res [Internet]. 2021 Mar 23;28(12):15076–89. Available from:.
  60. Pihlström T, Fernández-Alba AR, Ferrer Amate C, Erecius Poulsen M, Lippold R, Carrasco Cabrera L, et al. Analytical quality control and method validation procedures for pesticide residues analysis in food and feed SANTE 11312/2021 v2026. 2021; Available from:.
  61. van Wel JHP, Gracia-Lor E, van Nuijs ALN, Kinyua J, Salvatore S, Castiglioni S, et al. Investigation of agreement between wastewater-based epidemiology and survey data on alcohol and nicotine use in a community. Drug Alcohol Depend [Internet]. 2016 May;162:170–5. Available from:.
  62. Wilson MK, Phung K, Chappell A, Pilkington LI. Wastewater‐based epidemiology to investigate spatio‐temporal trends in alcohol consumption in aotearoa, New Zealand. Chem – An Asian J [Internet]. 2024 Mar 15;19(6):e202301120. Available from:.
  63. Psichoudaki M, Tzelios D, Savvidou M, Mina C, Michael C, Fatta-Kassinos D. The first wastewater-based epidemiology study for alcohol monitoring in Cyprus: Temporal and spatial consumption trends from a one-year study. Sci Total Environ [Internet]. 2025 Sep;995:180113. Available from:.
  64. Tscharke BJ, O’Brien JW, Ort C, Grant S, Gerber C, Bade R, et al. Harnessing the power of the census: Characterizing wastewater treatment plant catchment populations for wastewater-based epidemiology. Environ Sci Technol [Internet]. 2019 Sep 3;53(17):10303–11. Available from:.
  65. Quireyns M, Boogaerts T, Giraldo JSP, Van Wichelen N, Feremans L, Benaissati I, et al. Comparing the applicability of de facto population markers for spatiotemporal trend analysis in wastewater-based epidemiology. J Hazard Mater [Internet]. 2025 Sep;496:139332. Available from:.
  66. Baz-Lomba JA, Di Ruscio F, Amador A, Reid M, Thomas K V. Assessing alternative population size proxies in a wastewater catchment area using mobile device data. Environ Sci Technol [Internet]. 2019 Feb 19;53(4):1994–2001. Available from:.
  67. Ramalho R. Alcohol consumption and alcohol-related problems during the COVID-19 pandemic: A narrative review. Australas Psychiatry [Internet]. 2020 Oct 28;28(5):524–6. Available from:.
  68. Anderson P, Llopis EJ, O’Donnell A, Kaner E. Impact of COVID-19 confinement on alcohol purchases in great britain: Controlled interrupted time-series analysis during the first half of 2020 compared with 2015–2018. Alcohol Alcohol [Internet]. 2021 Apr 29;56(3):307–16. Available from:.
  69. Bade R, Simpson BS, Ghetia M, Nguyen L, White JM, Gerber C. Changes in alcohol consumption associated with social distancing and self‐isolation policies triggered by COVID‐19 in South Australia: A wastewater analysis study. Addiction [Internet]. 2021 Jun;116(6):1600–5. Available from:.
  70. White HR, Stevens AK, Hayes K, Jackson KM. Changes in alcohol consumption among college students due to COVID-19: Effects of campus closure and residential change. J Stud Alcohol Drugs [Internet]. 2020 Nov;81(6):725–30. Available from:.
  71. Ammar A, Brach M, Trabelsi K, Chtourou H, Boukhris O, Masmoudi L, et al. Effects of COVID-19 home confinement on eating behaviour and physical activity: Results of the ECLB-COVID19 international online survey. Nutrients [Internet]. 2020 May 28;12(6):1583. Available from:.
  72. Calina D, Hartung T, Mardare I, Mitroi M, Poulas K, Tsatsakis A, et al. COVID-19 pandemic and alcohol consumption: Impacts and interconnections. Toxicol Reports [Internet]. 2021;8:529–35. Available from:.