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Journals / Journal of the Turkish Chemical Society Section A: Chemistry / 2026 / Issue: 2026-1

Spectrophotometric Method for the Determination of Bromhexine-HCl in Bulk and Dosage Forms Via Azo Dye Formation with 4'-Chloro-4-Hydroxychalcone

Muner Hamed(University of Kirkuk, College Science)0009-0004-9160-1449
Kameran Hussein(University of Kirkuk)0009-0004-5961-9673
Abdul Majeed Ahmed(University of Kirkuk)0000-0003-2013-2353
Pages
—
Publication Date
2026-01-15
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AI Summary & Key Takeaways

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(Too Long; Didn't Read)

With a minimum recovery rate of 99.4%, the approach effectively identified the pharmaceutical product containing Bromhexine (Solvodin@ tablets).

📌 3 Key Takeaways

🎯
Objective & Hypothesis:Bromhexine-HCl (BHH) can be determined in pharmaceutical formulations and in its pure form using a simple, quick, and affordable spectrophotometric approach.
📊
Key Findings & Data:New organic reagents are prepared for the investigation, and 4'-Chloro-4-hydroxychalcone (4-CHC) is chosen as the best reagent.
💡
Conclusion & Impact:With a minimum recovery rate of 99.4%, the approach effectively identified the pharmaceutical product containing Bromhexine (Solvodin@ tablets).
🔬Design:Research Article
📍Scope:Comprehensive Sample
⚙️Variables:spectrophotometric analysis · pharmaceutical · Bromhexine Hydrochloride

Abstract

Bromhexine-HCl (BHH) can be determined in pharmaceutical formulations and in its pure form using a simple, quick, and affordable spectrophotometric approach. New organic reagents are prepared for the investigation, and 4'-Chloro-4-hydroxychalcone (4-CHC) is chosen as the best reagent. A second stage in the process involves diazotizing BHH, which contains an (NH2) group, using NaNO2, and then reacting with the (4-CHC) reagent to form a stable, colored complex in basic media. The wavelength at which this combination shows the highest absorbance is 436 nm. The discovered method has a molar absorptivity of 1.9063×104 L /mol .cm and a linearity range of (2.0 to 18) μg/mL. The relative standard deviation (RSD) was less than 0.985%. Additionally, 0.280 μg/mL was shown to be the limit of detection (LOD). With a minimum recovery rate of 99.4%, the approach effectively identified the pharmaceutical product containing Bromhexine (Solvodin@ tablets).

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Cite This Article

Hamed, M., Hussein, K., Ahmed, A. M. (2026). Spectrophotometric Method for the Determination of Bromhexine-HCl in Bulk and Dosage Forms Via Azo Dye Formation with 4'-Chloro-4-Hydroxychalcone. Journal of the Turkish Chemical Society Section A: Chemistry, Issue: 2026-1. https://doi.org/10.18596/jotcsa.1811233

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  32. Talukdar A, Sarkar D, Sarkar D. Bromhexine: Into the spotlight. In: Viral, Parasitic, Bacterial, and Fungal Infections [Internet]. Elsevier; 2023. p. 719–31. Available from:.
  33. Tolouian R, Mulla ZD, Jamaati H, Babamahmoodi A, Marjani M, Eskandari R, et al. Effect of bromhexine in hospitalized patients with COVID-19. J Investig Med [Internet]. 2023 Oct 12;71(7):691–9. Available from:.
  34. Strózik M, Strzebońska M, Skiba K, Tatara W. Development and validation of the analytical methods for determination of bromhexine hydrochloride and related impurities in novel orodispersible tablets. Acta Pol Pharm - Drug Res [Internet]. 2022 Nov 21;79(4):455–64. Available from:.
  35. Lad M V., Jain V, Raj H. A review of analytical methods for determination bromhexine hydrochloride in pharmaceutical and biological samples. Pharma Tutor Mag [Internet]. 2014;2(11):35–41. Available from:.
  36. Al-Hafidh HAS, Albadgari RM. Development of a spectrophotometric method for the assay of bromhexine hydrochloride in its pure form and in its pharmaceutical preparations using diazotization-coupling reaction. J Teknol [Internet]. 2025 Aug 22;87(5):999–1006. Available from:.
  37. Kareem NK, Thani MZ, Al-Rawi KF. New microextraction methods for the evaluation of bromhexine HCl in pure and pharmacological formulations. Egypt J Chem [Internet]. 2022 Oct 5;65(4):209–19. Available from:.
  38. Sultan SH, Majed ZW. Spectrophotometric determination of bromhexine hydrochloride by diazotization and coupling method in its pharmaceutical preparations. Iraqi J Sci [Internet]. 2020 Sep 29;61(9):2172–81. Available from:.
  39. Mohammed SA, Almukhtar RF. Indirect spectrophotometric method for determination of bromhexine-HCl in pharmaceutical preparations. Rafidain J Sci [Internet]. 2018;27(2):116–26. Available from:.
  40. Siddappa K, Hanamshetty PC. Spectrophotometric quantitative determination of bromhexine hydrochloride in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage form using PDEAB reagent. Chem Sci Trans [Internet]. 2016 Jul 30;5(3). Available from:.
  41. Rele R V. Simultaneous UV-spectrophotometric estimation of bromhexine hydrochloride and salbutamol sulphate by area under curve method in combined dosage form. Der Pharm Sin [Internet]. 2015;6(5):8–14. Available from:.
  42. Tantawy MA, Abdulla SA, Mohamed OY, Abou Al-Alamein AM. Normal-phase TLC and gradient reversed-phase HPLC for the simultaneous determination of enrofloxacin and bromhexine HCl in presence of two of their official impurities. J Chromatogr Sci [Internet]. 2023 Jul 9;61(6):546–51. Available from:.
  43. Jain V, Sharma MC. Validated RP-HPLC method for determining the levels of bromhexine HCl, chlorpheniramine maleate, dextromethorphan HBr and guaiphenesin in their pharmaceutical dosage forms. J Taibah Univ Sci [Internet]. 2016 Jan 16;10(1):38–45. Available from:.
  44. Rao N, Gawde KD. Method development and force degradation studies for simultaneous estimation of salbutamol sulfate, etofylline and bromhexine hydrochloride in pharmaceutical dosage form using reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography method. Asian J Pharm Clin Res [Internet]. 2018 Aug 7;11(8):378–82. Available from:.
  45. Joshi H, A. S, Patel J, Patel S. Development and validation of analytical method for simultaneous estimation of bromhexine HCl and enrofloxacine in combined pharmaceutical dosage form. Eurasian J Anal Chem [Internet]. 2017 Oct 26;12(8):1631–8. Available from:.
  46. Obeid M, Allous I, Hirbali J. Validated PR-HPLC method for determination of bromhexine hydrochloride, terbulaine sulfate and guaiphenesine in pharmaceutical dosage forms. Asian J Pharm Anal Med Chem [Internet]. 2016;4(2):69–73. Available from:.
  47. Kong D, Han L, Wang Z, Jiang L, Zhang Q, Wu Q, et al. An electrochemical sensor based on poly(procaterol hydrochloride)/carboxyl multi-walled carbon nanotube for the determination of bromhexine hydrochloride. RSC Adv [Internet]. 2019;9(21):11901–11. Available from:.
  48. Mika J, Moreira JC, Nemeckova A, Zima J, Barek J, Dejmkova H. Determination of bromhexine at a glassy carbon paste electrode using differential pulse voltammetry and flow injection analysis with amperometric detection. Monatshefte für Chemie - Chem Mon [Internet]. 2015 Aug 8;146(8):1211–5. Available from:.
  49. Abdel-Ghani NT. Potentiometric flow injection analysis of bromhexine hydrochloride and its pharmaceutical preparation using conventional and coated wire ion-selective electrodes. Sci Pharm [Internet]. 2006;74(3):121–35. Available from:.
  50. Oliva DC, Torres Vélez K, Luisa A, Vázquez R. Simultaneous determination of bromhexine and amoxicillin in pharmaceutical formulations by capillary electrophoresis article. Chem Soc [Internet]. 2011;55(2):79–83. Available from:.
  51. Taha EA. Validated ATR-FTIR method for quantitative simultaneous estimation of terbutaline sulfate, guaiphenesin and bromhexine hydrochloride, in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage form. Egypt J Chem [Internet]. 2023 Mar 16;66(12):155–61. Available from:.
  52. Jiang Q, Nie F, Lu J. Chemiluminescence determination of bromhexine hydrochloride with morin as chemiluminescent reagent. Luminescence [Internet]. 2008 Jan 4;23(1):32–6. Available from:.
  53. Atiyah A, Hussein K, Ahmed AM. Spectrophotometric determination of meloxicam in pure form and its pharmaceutical formulation following azo dye formation with 4-nitroaniline. J Turkish Chem Soc Sect A Chem [Internet]. 2024 Dec 3;11(4):1461–72. Available from:.
  54. Atiyah AM, Ahmed A, Alrashidy M, Majeed A, Ahmed K. Spectrophotometric determination of meloxicam in pure form and its pharmaceutical preparations via oxidative coupling reaction. Bull Pharm Sci Assiut Univ [Internet]. 2024;47(2):1049–62. Available from:.
  55. Younes SR, Ahmed ID. Spectrophotometric determination of bromhexine via ion-pair complex formation with Eosin Y: Method development, validation, and pharmaceutical application. https://biojournals.us/index.php/AJBP/article/view/1415/1192 [Internet]. 2025;2(9):1–9. Available from:.
  56. Mohammed SA, Almukhtar RF. Spectrophotometric assay of bromhexine hydrochloride in pure and in pharmaceutical dosage forms by diazometry coupling reaction. J Educ Sci [Internet]. 2013;26(5):197–209. Available from:.
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  58. Othman N, Omer SA. Spectrophotometric determination of bromhexine hydrochloride by azo-dye formation reaction. J Educ Sci [Internet]. 2009 Mar 1;22(1):19–31. Available from:.